Mphamvu yandale ndi ndalama yolamulira — kukhoza kupanga malamulo, kugaŵira chuma, ndi kumvera m'chitaganya. Kwa ophunzira a mbiri yakale, sayansi yandale, ndi kayendetsedwe ka anthu, kumvetsetsa njira zimene mphamvu imagonjetsedwapo n’kukhalabe nkofunika kumvetsetsa mmene mitundu imayambira, kugwa, ndi kusintha. Kupeza ndi kusungidwa kwa mphamvu zandale sikuli njira zosinthasinthasintha; kumasintha ndi chikhalidwe, mikhalidwe ya zachuma, ndi kusintha kwa luso la zopangapanga. Nkhaniyi imapereka kusanthula kozama kwa mphamvu zimenezi, kujambula ziphunzitso zakale, ndi kufufuza kwamakono kuonetsa njira zimene zathandiza ponse paŵiri kulinganiza ndi kuyendetsa magalimoto kuyang'anira boma.

Kuchokera pa bokosi la pepala la mapepala mpaka ku nyumba ya asilikali, kuyambira pa kutsutsa kwamtendere mpaka kugwiritsa ntchito makina okopa mabodza, njira zopezera mphamvu zimasinthasintha. Komabe pansi pa nthaka, njira zofala, zimayamba. Kaya mwa kusankha maufumu, kusintha kwa zankhondo, kapena cholowa cha ankhondo, chilichonse chimene chikuyenda bwino, chimafuna kuti anthu agwirizane kwambiri, kukulitsa ufulu, ndi kukhazikitsanso maluso ena. Kusunga mphamvuzo kumafuna kuti anthu azichita zinthu zosiyanasiyana — kuyang'anira zinthu, kulamulira zinthu, ndiponso, kupondereza, kutsutsa. Nkhaniyi imafufuza mfundo zimenezi mozama, ikugwiritsa ntchito nzeru kuchokera ku Max Weber, Nicquelâvillill, ndi Antonio, monga zitsanzo za masiku ano kuchokera kuzungulira dziko.

Kupeza Mphamvu ya Zandale

Njira imene anthu kapena magulu andale amapezera ulamuliro yaikidwa m’magulu osiyanasiyana, ndipo iliyonse ili ndi mfundo zake za makhalidwe abwino ndi zovuta zake.

Kusankha Zandale

M'mademokrase ogwirizana, masankho ndiwo njira yaikulu yopezera ulamuliro wandale. Kampeni zimamenyedwa kuti apeze chichirikizo cha osankhidwa, ndipo chipambano kaŵirikaŵiri chimafuna kuphatikizana kwa kutumiza mauthenga kogwira mtima, nyumba yogwirizana, ndi kusonkhanitsa zinthu. Kupambana m'masankho a democracy kaŵirikaŵiri kumadalira pa zinthu zofunika zingapo:

  • [[FLT: 0] Campaign Strategy : Ndawala zamakono zimadalira pa chidziŵitso chapamwamba kuti zipezere ovota ofufuza, kuyang'anira kukhalapo kwa mayanjano, ndi nkhani zaluso. Mkupiti wa Obama, mwachitsanzo, wa 2008, kukonzanso mipeni ya udzu ya makompyuta ndi kutembenuza .
  • [[FLT: 0] Kufikira ochirikiza ku zofufuza — kaya kupyolera mwa kuseŵeretsa khomo ndi khomo, mabanki a telefoni, kapena njira zovotera zoyambirira — kungakhale kusiyana pakati pa chipambano ndi kugonjetsedwa. Posankha, kusankha zochita kwa anthu ena, kaŵirikaŵiri amasankha zotsatira zake.
  • Paritical Parities ndi Alliances : Makina amphamvu amapereka oyembekezera kukhala ndi madongosolo okhazikitsidwa, ndalama, ndi kutchuka kwa malingaliro. Nyumba ya coalition, monga momwe ikuwonedwa m'madongosolo a nyumba za malamulo monga India kapena Germany, imalola maphwando kupanga maboma ngakhale popanda unyinji wonse.

Komabe, masankho a democracy salephera kusokoneza zinthu monga kupotolera, kupondereza malamulo a ovota, ndi kulowerera kwa mayiko ena (monga ngati makampani a zaumoyo wa anthu a ku Russia pa chisankho cha 2016 U.S.) angasokoneze zofuna za anthu.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zinthu Zosiyanasiyana

Si mphamvu zonse zimene zimapezedwa mwamtendere, chifukwa chakuti kulanda zigaŵenga — mwa kulanda boma, kuukira zida, kapena kuukira boma kwakhala mbali ya mbiri yakale. Pamene kuli kwakuti kaŵirikaŵiri kutsutsidwa ndi chitaganya cha mitundu yonse, njira zoterozo zingakhale zogwira mtima m’kanthaŵi kochepa, makamaka pamene maboma amene alipowo ali ofooka kapena achinyengo.

  • M''Ayireti yoloŵerera [1]: Coup d’état, monga aja a ku Igupto (203) kapena Myanmar (2021), imaphatikizapo magulu ankhondo kuchotsa boma la anthu wamba ndi kuika mtsogoleri wa junta kapena zidole. Kupambana kumadalira pa kugwirizana kwa asilikali ndi kulamulira chuma cha boma.
  • Kutsenderezedwa kwa Kusavomereza [1]: Ofuna kuletsa chitsutso asanayambe kulamulira. Izi zingaphatikizepo kumanga, kutseka mawailesi, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zachitetezo kuwopseza othekera kutsutsa.
  • Control of Information [[FLT :1] . Kupeza mphamvu ya magetsi kumaloŵetsamo kulanda njira zolankhulirana. Pambuyo pa kulanda boma, mawailesi ndi mawailesi a wailesi yakanema ali pakati pa mitu yoyamba, popeza kulamulira nkhani nkofunika kuletsa kukana.

Mbiri imasonyeza kuti ngakhale kuti kugwiritsa ntchito makampani opanga magalimoto kukhoza kukhala kofulumira, kaŵirikaŵiri kumayambitsa kusakhazikika kwa nthaŵi yaitali. Atsogoleri amene amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu mokakamiza amakumana ndi ziwopsezo zopitirizabe kuchokera ku zitsutso zotsutsana ndi boma, zipwirikiti za anthu, ndi ziletso za padziko lonse.

Kusintha kwa Mayanjano ndi Chisinthiko

Kuukira kotchuka ndi magulu a anthu kungachititsenso atsogoleri atsopano kukhala ndi mphamvu, makamaka pochita zinthu mopondereza.

  • Grasroots Organing : A Alab Spring (0-2012) anasonyeza mmene madongosolo a ochirikiza a mayanjano angasonkhezerere mamiliyoni ambiri m'zitsutso zapoyera molimbana ndi maulamuliro ozikika. Ngakhale kuti zambiri za zipanduko zimenezi pambuyo pake zinasinthidwa kapena kusokonezedwa ndi magulu amphamvu, iwo anachitira fanizo za kuthekera kwa magulu a anthu.
  • Kulimbana ndi ufulu ndi Lobbing [1]: M'makonzedwe owonjezereka, magulu achifuniro ndi mabungwe osakhala a boma angasonkhezere kusintha mphamvu mwa kusintha maganizo a anthu ndi kutsendereza anthu apamwamba. Gulu lotsutsa kuphatidwa kwa maufumu ku South Africa linaphatikiza ziphwete za m'banja ndi kutsutsa kwa mitundu yonse kuti athetse boma.
  • Kusonyeza kwa Public [[FLT :1]: Mlingo waukulu, wochirikizidwa ungachititse malingaliro a kusatsimikizirika, kupangitsa maulamuliro kupunduka kapena magulu a zachitetezo kukana malamulo. Anthu a Power Revolution ku Philippines, imene inachotsa Ferdinand Marcos, idakali chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri.

Magulu a anthu sapanga mphamvu zokhazikika okha; kwenikweni afunikira kusintha kukhala mabungwe andale kapena kugwirizana ndi magulu apamwamba amene alipo.

Mphamvu ya Chitsanzo ndi Mphamvu Yobadwa Nayo

Mwambo wa mwambo umachitanso mbali ina m'kupeza ulamuliro. M'maufumu a monarchy, zikhalidwe, ndi maiko ambiri pambuyo pa kutha kwa ulamuliro, mphamvu zimapititsidwa ku mabanja. Pamene kuli kwakuti kukhazikitsa ndi primegeneti sikofala m'madongosolo a demokrase amakono, ndale zadziko zikukhalabe m'maiko onga India (banja la Nehru-Gandy), Japan (Nyumba ya Imperial), ndi United States (Kennedys, Bushes, ndi Clintons). Mapindu a mphamvu ya ndale zadziko amaphatikizapo kudziŵika, madongosolo a kachitidwe kachitidwe ka zinthu, ndi kukhulupirika kwa gulu. Komabe, madongosolo otero amaika moyo pachiswe ndi kuchepetsa mlandu, monga ngati kuŵerengera kwa banja.

Kusintha Kwalamulo

Kupeza mphamvu kupyolera m'malamulo — monga mavoti a nyumba ya malamulo opanda chidaliro, kutsatizana kwa lamulo pambuyo pa imfa kapena kutha kwa pulezidenti, kapena mwa kuikidwa ku gulu la prezidenti limene pambuyo pake limatenga mphamvu — nkofalanso. Njira zimenezi zimatengedwa kukhala zovomerezeka koma zimapatsa chitukuko ndi kupitirizabe. Kusintha kwamtendere kwa mphamvu pambuyo pa masankho a U.S. (kufikira pa kupikisana 2020) ndiko chizindikiro cha njira imeneyi. Komabe kusintha kwalamulo kungaswedwenso: pamene mtsogoleri agwiritsira ntchito malamulo omwe alipo kukhazikitsa iwo eni (chitsanzo, kusintha kwa malamulo a lamulo mu 202020 kubwezeretsa malire ake), mzera pakati pa democracycyism ndi kutulukira makompyuta.

Kuchirikiza Mphamvu zandale

Kupeza mphamvu ndi mbali ya nkhondoyo. Kuipirira kumafuna chisamaliro chosalekeza, kuzoloŵera, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri kufunitsitsa kulolera kapena kukakamiza. Atsogoleri amene amalephera kusunga ulamuliro wawo kaŵirikaŵiri amavutika ndi chimodzi cha zinthu zitatu zopanda pake: kutayikiridwa ndi kuyenera, kutayikiridwa kwa zisonkhezero, kapena chitsutso chachipambano. Tikupenda njira zingapo zosungira mphamvu pansipa.

Kuphwanya Malamulo ndi Kuvomereza

Max Weber anatchuka kwambiri magwero atatu a ulamuliro: mwambo, mphamvu ya kutumiza anthu, ndi kutumiza lamulo. Mphamvu ya lamulo njosavuta kuisunga chifukwa imachepetsa kufunika kwa kukakamiza kosalekeza. Atsogoleri amachirikiza lamulo kupyola:

  • Kutseguka kwa Chilamulo [1]: kugwiritsira ntchito kosasintha malamulo, ngakhale kwa ogwirizana amphamvu, zizindikiro zakuti palibe amene ali pamwamba pa dongosolo. Komabe, zimenezi zingakhale zopinga kuŵirikiza kaŵiri — oima ndi oyendetsa kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito lamulo kuwonekera moyenerera pamene akugwiritsira ntchito kuswa adani.
  • Service [FLT : Kufufuza maganizo kwanthaŵi zonse, kuyang'anira wailesi, ndi ntchito zowoneka ndi maso zimathandiza kuchirikiza chivomerezo. Atsogoleri a Populist onga Jair Bolsoonaro kapena Donald Trump anasunga maziko olimba mwa kulankhulana kwachindunji, kwa malingaliro ndi ochirikiza, kupitirira osunga zipata amwambo.
  • Mafomu a mu Firmature'a'[FOR:]: Nyumba za malamulo zokhwima, atsatiri a komiti, ndi manyuzipepala aulere zingakhazikitse mphamvu mwa kupereka macheke ndi kulinganiza — komanso zimakakamiza atsogoleri. Chotero maulamuliro ambiri amachotsa malowa pamene akusunga kaonekedwe kawo (kachitidwe kofotokozedwa ndi akatswiri kukhala “demokrase”).

Malamulo angakulitsidwe mwa zochita zophiphiritsira: maholide a dziko, zikumbutso, ndi miyambo ya anthu imene imagwirizanitsa ulamuliro wamakono ndi mbiri yakale yauchinyama.

Kulamulira Chuma

Mphamvu sizimasudzulidwa ndi ndalama. Atsogoleri amene amalamulira bajeti ya boma, chuma chachilengedwe, ndi ntchito za anthu angapatse ogwirizana nawo, kugula zinthu zimene zingawapatse adani awo, ndi kulanda anthu amene angawapeze.

  • [[FLT :0] Apriciotic Policies [FLT: 1]: Malo a chuma kaamba ka zinthu zapadera, kuwonjezereka kwa penshoni, kapena ntchito za anthu onse zingatulutse chiyamikiro ndi kukhulupirika. Maboma a mafuta a ku Persian Gulf — Saudi Arabia, UAE, Kuwait — adagwiritsira ntchito maulamuliro a zachuma kuchepetsa kukakamiza kwa ndale zadziko.
  • Kugawana za Zisonero [1]: Madongosolo a kampani amene boma limatsogolera mapangano, ntchito, ndi kuyanja magulu ena a mafuko kapena zigawo angapange mgwirizano wa ogula a ngongole. Zimenezi nzofala kwambiri m'zachuma zotukuka monga Nigeria, kumene ntchito ya ndale zadziko kaŵirikaŵiri imagwira ntchito monga njira yopezera chuma.
  • [[FLT: 0] Mabaudi Othandiza Ogwirizana [[FLT: 1] : Gawo la boma lingatumikire monga chida cholamulira. Ku China, Chipani cha Komyunizimu chimayang'anira ntchito yokwezedwa ndi kuikidwa kwa ntchito za boma kuti chitsimikizire kukhulupirika. M'maiko ambiri, ntchito za boma zimaperekedwa chifukwa cha kukhulupirika kwa pagulu mmalo mwa kuyenerera.

Komabe, kuchepetsako chuma sikuli kotheratu.

Kutsekerezedwa kwa Chitsutso

Ngati chivomerezo chitakhala chosakwanira, mphamvu kapena chiwopsezo cha mphamvu chimakhala chogwira ntchito. Regimes amasunga mphamvu mwa kuyang’anira, kuopseza, kupundula, kapena kuchotsa adani.

  • Kugwiritsa ntchito mawu a Kusavomereza [1]: Malamulo olembedwa mofala otsutsa “uchigaŵenga,”“ uchigaŵenga,” kapena “kusokoneza mtsogoleri” amagwiritsidwa ntchito kumanga atolankhani, ochirikiza ndale, ndi otsutsa ndale zadziko. Kugwiritsira ntchito kwa “mtsogoleri wa dziko la Hungary ndi kugwetsa malamulo kapena kugwetsa kwa Hungary magulu a anthu a boma ndi zitsanzo zaposachedwapa.
  • Surveillance ndi Kupima [1]: Zida zoyendera zamakono zimalola maulamuliro kutumiza mauthenga, kuneneratu zitsutso zotentha, ndi kudziŵikitsa atsogoleri. Dongosolo la mayanjano a China la ngongole ndi chigwirizano chachikulu cha CCTV ku Xinjiang ziri pakati pa zopinga zambiri.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kulamulira nkhani Zandale za kanema [1]: Kupyolera mwa kukhala ndi nyuzi, kusanthula kwa pa Intaneti, ndi kulima mapulogalamu okhulupirika, maulamuliro amaumba zimene nzika zimakhulupirira. Fox News ku U.S. ndi wailesi ya boma ku Russia, iliyonse imatumikira kutsimikizira nkhani inayake imene imachirikiza kulimba kwa anthu.

Kutsendereza kwa Brutal kungabweretse mavuto, monga momwe kwawonedwa mu Biananmen Square (19989) kapena kuukira kwa Aramu (2011), kumene kunaloŵa m'nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni. Kupondereza kungapangitse ofera chikhulupiriro ndi otsutsa olinganiza. Kupondereza kosalekeza kaŵirikaŵiri kumafuna kuphatikizana ndi kukakamizana ndi kugwirizanitsa.

Kutha kwa Mphamvu ya Zinthu Zamoyo ndi Mphamvu Yochepa

A Antonio Gramsci akufotokoza mmene magulu a anthu amasungira mphamvu osati kokha mwa mphamvu komanso mwa kupangitsa lingaliro lawo la dziko kuoneka ngati lopindulitsa. Sukulu, mayunivesite, mayunivesite, ndi manyuzipepala a nyukiliya amafalitsa makhalidwe amene amagwirizana ndi lamulo lolamulira. Mwachitsanzo, lingaliro lakuti “udani uli ndi ufulu wa anthu a kumayiko ena" linali nkhani yamphamvu kwambiri yokhudza mayiko akumadzulo pankhondo ya Mawu. Komanso atsogoleri a ku China amachirikiza “chikomyunizimu chokhala ndi makhalidwe a ku China” ndi“ kukhazikitsa lamulo limodzi lovomerezeka ndi lalamulo lalamulo lalamulo. Atsogoleri amagwiritsanso ntchito mphamvu za mayiko ena — kutumiza chithandizo chakunja, maphunziro akudziko — kupanga chithunzi chabwino chimene chimalimbitsa ulemu wa dziko. Kusunga ulemu kumafuna kukonzanso, monga kutsutsa mwambo wachipembedzo.

Patronage ndi Chikomyunizimu cha Apresiteriya

Makamaka m'maiko ocheperapo, atsogoleri amapindula mwakuthupi kaamba ka kukhulupirika kwa ndale zadziko pa maziko a munthu kapena gulu. Mabungwe a Patronage amapanga pyramid ya kudalirana: mabwana akuno amapereka mavoti posinthana ndi ndalama za boma, ndipo mtsogoleri wa dziko amadalira pa mabwana amenewo kuyang'anira. Njira imeneyi imatayidwa ndi mabwana a dziko la Mexico kuti asunge. Chigwirizano cha Relievolution Party (PRI) chinalamulira kwa zaka zoposa 70 kudzera m'dongosolo lapamwamba la corpotagement — maukwati, zigwirizano za anthu wamba, ndi makampani amalonda onse anagwirizana. Njira imeneyi ndi yotayitsa ndalama; monga chuma, dongosolo la dwindle, lingaphwane.

Kufufuza za Mphamvu ya Zandale

Zitsanzo zenizeni za dziko zimasonyeza mmene njira zonenedwa pamwambapa zikugwirira ntchito. Magulu atatu aakulu amasonyeza kusiyanasiyana kwa mphamvu zamphamvu m’maulamuliro ndi nyengo zosiyanasiyana.

Kuunikiridwa kwa Akonzi: Vladimir Putin’s Russia ndi Xi Jinging’s China

Pompatin ndi Xi akusonyeza kugwirizanitsa mphamvu kwa madongosolo pambuyo pa kusonkhanitsa. Putin adalowa mu 2000 Boris Yeltsin atasiya ntchito; iye anagonjetsa mofulumira oligarchs, opeputsa, ndi kubweretsa wailesi yakanema pansi pa boma. Pazaka makumi aŵiri, iye ali ndi ulamuliro wokhazikika mwa kusintha kwa malamulo, kutsendereza anthu otsutsa monga Alexei Navalny, ndi chiphunzitso cha dziko chimene chimaimira Russia monga malinga ozingidwa. [[FT: 0] Chigwirizano cha wailesi yakanema: [FLT:] [FLT] [FLT]] [2]

Xi Ji Gining, atatenga mphamvu mu 2012, adakhazikitsa malire amwaŵi a magawo aŵiri a atsogoleri a China, kupanga zigamulo zapamwamba m'makomiti aang'ono, ndi kuyambitsa ndawala yolimbana ndi ziphuphu yomwe inachotsapo zitsutso pamene inali kulamulira Chipani cha Komyunizimu. Iye walimbikitsanso kagulu ka umunthu ndi kaganizidwe katsopano (“Xini Jiling Treaty on Chinosticism of China Specials for Nthaka Yatsopano”. [FLT: 0] kugwirizana ndi: [FLT:]] [B] phrogio: XIN: Zink'ss .

Kuchirikiza Demokalase: Hungary ndi Poland

Si mphamvu zonse zimene zimakhazikitsidwa mwa kukhazikitsa malamulo aupapa. Viktor Orbán ku Hungary ndi Lamulo ndi Chilungamo (Pis) ku Poland anasonyeza mmene mabungwe a demokrase angapasulidwe mkati mwa. Orbán, woyamba kusankhidwa mu 2010, anagwiritsira ntchito lamulo lapamwamba kwambiri lolembanso malamulo, kuika makhoti ndi odalirika, kulamulira , ndi kutsendereza anthu. Njirayo inali yapang'onopang'ono, malamulo, ndi yotchuka pakati pa maziko amene anasiidwa ndi democracy. PiS mofananamo kupeputsa ufulu wa kuweruza ndi kulengeza. Nkhani ziŵirizo zimasonyeza kuti kusungidwa kwa mphamvu kungayendetsedwe bwino mwa kuyendetsa malamulo ndi kuyendetsa zachuma, malinga ndi kupitiriza kwa anthu kuchirikiza gulu lolamulira. [FLD: FFFF:]

Magulu a Opopa ndi Kulimba Kwawo

Ofufuza apeza mphamvu mwa kunena kuti amaimira “anthu enieni” ndi anthu apamwamba achinyengo, koma amayesayesa kusungitsa. Chilakiko cha chisankho cha 2016 ku United States chinadalira pa luso lotsutsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa makampani, kutchuka kwa anthu, ndi pa koleji yosankhidwirapo yaing'ono. Pambuyo pa ofesi, Trump anasunga maziko odalirika a zoulutsira nkhani zanthaŵi zonse, kuukira mabungwe, ndi malamulo apamwamba, koma analephera kukhazikitsa makina osatha a ndale zadziko kapena kusungitsanso chisankho. Mo wa ku India amapitirizabe kuvomerezedwa ndi mawonekedwe a Chihindu, maprogramungwe a zachisungidwe, ndi zipani zotsutsa zipani ndi za m'za chuma. Poplust, amayang'anizana ndi mavuto a m'chilengedwe, powandang'ka, powa akulamulira machitaka; iwonso amapeza kuti akuyenda m’ka.

Kumaliza

Mphamvu zikhoza kuwonongeka ndi kulimba. Atsogoleri amene amapulumuka mwa masankho amtendere, kulanda boma mwachiwawa, kuyendetsa makampani, kapena choloŵa cha ascale — njira iliyonse imayambitsa zisonkhezero ndi ziphuphu zosiyanasiyana. Kusunga kuti mphamvu zimafuna kuphatikizana, kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu, kupondereza, ndi kukopana. Atsogoleri amene amapulumuka pakalipabe ndi amene amasintha njira zawo kusintha mikhalidwe, kuchepetsa kuponderezana ndi mphamvu zandale, ndiponso nthaŵi zonse kuteteza mgwirizano wa pakati pa anthu. Kwa nzika za m'mayiko a democracy, phunziro n’laŵa: Kusamala kuti mphamvu za kutulukira ndi kukonza zinthu zikhale zooneka bwino ndi zodziwirira. Anthu amene akuphunzira mbiri yakale, njirazo n’zosinthanso — ndipo amatikumbutsa kuti kulimbana pankhondo zandale zandale sikutha.