Ataimbidwa pa July 9, 1868, Kusintha kwa 14th Constitution ku United States mwinamwake ndiko kukonzanso kwakukulu kowonjezera pa chikalata chokhazikitsidwa. Iko kunakonzanso kwambiri unansi pakati pa boma ndi maboma, kugwirizanitsa malamulo a unzika, kulingana, ndi kukondera kwakukulu kuumirira malamulo a America. Pamene ulendo wake wadzaza ndi kulimbana, kumasulira, ndi kutsutsana kwakukulu kwa ndale, Indandasimende idakali chipangizo chachikulu chotetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense ndi kutsimikizira chilungamo chofanana pansi pa lamulo. Kupendedwa kumeneku kumapereka kuyang'ana komvekera bwino pa mmene kusintha kumeneku kumasinthira dongosolo lalamulo lerolino.

Nkhani Zolembedwa m’Malemba Apamwamba: N’chifukwa Chiyani Lamulo la 14 Lowonjezera Linafunika?

Pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni inasiya United States mumkhalidwe wa mavuto aakulu. Pamene kuli kwakuti Kusintha kwa khumi ndi atatu kunathetsa ukapolo mu 1865, maiko a Kum’mwera mwamsanga adakhazikitsa "Malamulo Akuda" olinganizidwira kuletsa mowopsa ufulu ndi zoyenera za Aafirika omasulidwa chatsopano. Malamulo ameneŵa anakhazikitsa ziletso zamphamvu pa kukhala ndi katundu, kulinganiza ufulu wa katundu, ndi kulinganiza, kuyambitsa njira yovomerezedwa mwaufuko ya ntchito yokakamiza ndi kuyandikira ku ufulu wa anthu a ku Africa.

Poyankha, Repashacal Republican Reliclation Congress inakhazikitsa Chikalata cha Civil Rights mu 1866, chimene chinalengeza kuti anthu onse obadwa ku United States (osatsatira Eni America) anali nzika za dziko ndipo anali ndi ufulu wolingana. Pulezidenti Andrew Johnson anatsutsa kuti mfundo zimenezi zinapitirira ulamuliro wa boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti Nyumba za Malamulo zinapambana ufulu wa dziko, kukayikira kosalekeza za malamulo a boma ndi za kanthaŵi kochepa kapangidwe ka malamulo a boma zinasonkhezera oimira malamulo a bomawo kuchitapo kanthu. Iwo anayesa kuika malamulo ameneŵa kwamuyaya kuposa kulephera kusintha kwa mphepo zandale mwa kuwaika mwachindunji ku malamulo. Mapetowo anali olinganizidwa kuti apange ufulu wa dziko, ulamuliro, ulamuliro, ndi kukonzanso bwino tanthauzo lenileni launzika launzika.

Kusweka kwa Lamulo Losintha Zinthu Pamodzi

M’chikalata cha 14 cha Amereka munapangidwa zigawo zisanu zosiyanasiyana, ngakhale kuti Chigawo 1 chili ndi makonzedwe odziŵika kwambiri ndi ovomerezedwa mofala. Chigawo chilichonse chinakonzedwa mosamala kuti chithetse kulephera kwa malamulo oyambirira ndi mavuto a panthaŵi yomweyo a kukonzanso zinthu.

Chigawo 1: Kukhala Nzika, Kutsatira Zomwe Zikuchitika, ndi Kutetezedwa Kofanana

Chigawo 1 chili ndi mfundo zitatu zimene zimapangitsa kuti malamulo amakono a m’Baibulo azigwiritsidwa ntchito.

Ufulu wa Unyinji

Chigamulo cha Ufulu wa Ufulu wa Dziko Lonse chinalamulira mwachindunji lamulo la Supreme Court Dred Scott v. Sandford [1857] [] chigamulo, chimene chinakhala chakuti Aafirika a ku America sangakhale nzika za United States ndi za Boma kumene amakhala. Chigamulochi chimakhazikitsa lamulo lomveka, lachimodzi: [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [2]] [anthu onse]]" "anthu obadwira kapena obadwa ku United States, ndi ogonjera ku ulamuliro wawo, ndiwo nzika za United States ndi za dziko limene amakhalamo. [[5] Khoti lambiri ya makolo osakhala a m'dziko. [Makolo:]

Mmene Claus Amayendera

Status Process Claus imaletsa kulanda "munthu aliyense moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda lamulo. Mawu osavuta ameneŵa ali ndi mafotokozedwe aŵiri osiyana ndi amphamvu.

Projectal Accordial Access imafuna boma kutsatira njira zolungama ndi zokhazikitsidwa lisanachotse moyo wa munthu, ufulu, kapena katundu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti anthu ali ndi ufulu wa kuzindikira ntchito ya boma yoyandikira, mwaŵi wa kumvedwa, kuzenga mlandu kolungama pamaso pa bwalo lopanda tsankho, ndi kuyenera kupereka umboni. Mwachitsanzo, boma lisanachotse ufulu wa kholo, kuchotsa ufulu wa ku nyumba ya onse, kapena kuchotsa laibulale ya zaluso, liyenera kupereka chitetezo chokwanira. Zofunika zenizenizo zozikidwa pa mkhalidwe wa chiwongola ndi kuwopsa kwa kusoŵa.

Substantive Accounting Access ndi chiphunzitso chotsutsana kwambiri. Ilo limanena kuti ufulu wina waukulu wazikidwa kwambiri m'mbiri ya dziko ndi miyambo ya ufulu wakuti boma silingawatsutse, ngakhale ngati njirayo ili yolungama. Malamulowa agwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi Khoti Lalikulu kuswa malamulo amene amasokoneza ufulu wa munthu mwini, kuphatikizapo kuyenera kwa kugwiritsa ntchito njira yoletsa kulera, ndi kuyenera kwa kukweza ana. Kutsatira kwa Bill of Rights of the, kodziŵika monga chiphunzitso, kwaikidwanso m'malamulo a Claus a KGenea, monga momwe kumatetezera "bertli" ndi lamulo lapadera la "body" lotsimikizira.

Kuteteza Claus Kofanana

Mwinamwake chida champhamvu koposa cha chilungamo cha anthu, Aumetic Protection Claus imalamula kuti palibe boma limene liyenera "kugonjera munthu aliyense wokhala m’manja mwake kuchinjiriza kofanana kwa malamulo. Ndilo lilongosoledwe lalamulo la lonjezo lakuti lamulo liyenera kuchitira anthu onse ulemu wofanana ndi kuti boma silingatenge mizera yolekanitsa anthu m’magulu chifukwa cha kuchitiridwa mosayenera.

Khoti Lalikulu lakhazikitsa dongosolo lofufuza lotsatizana lopendera malamulo otsutsidwa pansi pa Chitetezo cha Auncial Claus:

  • Scricy : [FLT :1] Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kugaŵira kozikidwa pa fuko, chiyambi cha mtundu, kapena zoyenerera zazikulu. Pansi pa muyezo umenewu, lamulo limalingaliridwa kukhala losagwirizana ndi boma pokhapo ngati boma lingatsimikizire kuti nlokonzeka kutumikira chiwonero chokakamiza cha boma. Muyezo umenewu unatulukira kuchokera ku zochitika zonga brown v. Board of Education (11954]) ndi [FLT:] . Virginia [FLT:]
  • [[FLT: 0] Muyezo umenewu unakhazikitsidwa mu [[FLT:] Craig . Boren[FLT :] ['6] ndipo pambuyo pake unagwiritsidwa ntchito mu [[FLT:] United States v. Virginia (1969]), imene inasokoneza lamulo la amuna pa Virginia Merika.
  • Rasal Basis Review: [[FT:1] Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito ku magawo ena onse (mlongo, malamulo a zachuma, msinkhu, kupunduka). Lamulo limalingaliridwa kukhala lalamulo ndipo lidzachirikizidwa ngati liri logwirizana ndi chikondwerero cha boma lovomerezedwa. Ili ndi muyezo wapamwamba kwambiri, ndipo malamulo ambiri adakalipo popendedwapo.

Poyamba, buku la Kuteteza Akapolo la Acimerede linali ndi cholinga choteteza akapolo amene angomasulidwa kumene, koma lemba lake ("munthu aliyense) linalola kuti lizingothandiza anthu ambiri kuti atetezedwe ndi boma.

Zigawo 2 -5: Kufuna Kupeza Zochita, Kusokonezeka, Ngongole, ndi Kukakamiza

Chigawo 1 chimalamulira nkhani yapoyera, mbali zotsala za Msonkhano wa 14 wa Kukonzanso ndi kufotokoza mbali za kukonzanso.

Kumasulira 2 ikulankhula za kugaŵidwa kwa oimira m'Congress . Inayesa kupereka chilango ku maboma amene anakana kuyenera kwa kuvota kwa nzika zachimuna zokalamba mwa kuchepetsa kuimira kwawo. Ngakhale kuti makonzedwe ameneŵa sanakakamizidwe mogwira ntchito mwa kuchepetsa kuimira, imagogomezera cholinga cha opanga ma framers kusungitsa ufulu wosankha ndi kugwirizana mphamvu za ndale zadziko ndi kugwirizanitsa kuchepetsa kwa anthu.

Kumasulira 3 kumaletsa munthu aliyense amene walumbira kuchirikiza Malamulo ndiyeno kuukira kapena kupanduka kulowa mu ofesi ya boma kapena ya asilikali. Chigawochi, chomwe chinakhala chopanda ntchito kwa zaka zoposa zana limodzi, chinayambiranso kugamula kwa mtundu wonse pambuyo pa January 6, 2021, kuukira U.S. Capitol. Chagwiritsiridwa ntchito m'makhoti ndi boma kulepheretsa akuluakulu ena kunyamula malo awo amtsogolo ogwirizana ndi ntchito yawo m'mabungwe a nkhondo, kuyambitsa mkangano waukulu walamulo pa malo ake ndi kusungidwa kwake.

Kumasulira 4 kutsimikizira kuyenera kwa ngongole ya dziko la United States ndi kukana poyera ngongole za Confederacy, kuletsa akale osunga akapolo ndi opereka ufulu kukhala ndi malamulo osafuna malipiro kaamba ka kutayikiridwa kwawo "kuyenerera" kupyolera mwa chipanduko kapena kuperekedwa kwa akapolo.

Kumasulira 5 kumapatsa Nyumba ya Malamulo mphamvu yosungitsa makonzedwe a kusinthako kupyolera mwa lamulo loyenerera. Chigawo chimenechi chimapanga maziko alamulo a malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe a boma, kuphatikizapo Chikalata cha Chikomyunizimu cha 1964 ndi Chikalata cha Zolowera Kulamulira cha 1965. Ukulu wa Nyumba za Malamulo pansi pa Gawo 5 wakhala mutu wa Khoti Lapamwamba lodziwitsa, ndi makhoti oletsa kukulitsa ufulu wa boma kuposa umene ja ja Voting Rights Act 1 .

Chiphunzitso Chogwirizanitsa: Kugwiritsira Ntchito Chikalata cha Ufulu Wachibadwidwe ku United States

Poyambirira, Bill of Rights (zobweza khumi zoyambirira) zinagwira ntchito ku boma la boma lokha. Mu Barron v. Baltimore (1833), Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall anakhulupirira kuti kusintha kumeneku sikunaumirize maboma. Demendment ya 14th Demendment inasintha kwambiri unansi umenewu mwa kuyambitsa lingaliro la kukhala nzika ndi chitetezo cha boma pa boma lopanda chiwembu.

Kupyolera m’njira yodziŵika kukhala yosankha, Bwalo Lapamwamba lagwiritsira ntchito Accommunment of the 14th Amendment kugwiritsira ntchito makonzedwe ambiri a Bill of Rights ku maboma. Khotilo lalingalira kuti ufulu wolingaliridwa kukhala wofunika kwambiri ku chitaganya cha democracy kapena wozikidwa kwambiri pa lingaliro la mtundu la ufulu wolamulidwa uli wotsimikiziridwa kotheratu ndi "liberty" yotetezedwa ndi Gemetermeter.

Zinthu zofunika kwambiri pophatikiza:

  • Gitlow v. New York (1925): [Kusintha kwa Malamulo Oyamba] Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zotetezera kulankhula zaufulu ku maboma.
  • Mapp v. Ohio [FLT :2] (1961): [FLT: 3] Kugwiritsira ntchito lamulo la Kusintha kwa Kane, kutanthauza umboni wopezedwa mosemphana ndi lamulo sungagwiritsiridwe ntchito m’khoti la boma.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright [1] (1963): Anagwiritsa ntchito ufulu wa Kukonzanso kwa Sikisi kuti apereke uphungu, kufunidwa kwa maboma kupereka maloya kwa oimbidwa mlandu osakhoza kugula.
  • [FLT .1] Mira v. Arizona [1] (66): Anagwiritsa ntchito mwaŵi wa Kusintha kwa Gawo Lachisanu pokana kudzitsutsa pa mayeso a apolisi, kukhazikitsa chiyeneretso cha "Mernda."
  • [FLT]McDonald v. Chicago (2010): Anagwiritsa ntchito ufulu wachiŵiri wa Kusintha zinthu kusungirira ndi kunyamula zida zodzitetezera kutsutsana ndi boma ndi maboma akuno.

Zimenezi zimachititsa kuti chikalata cha 14 Demetrition chikhale choyambirira kukhazikitsa ufulu wa boma pa boma ndi malo ena, ndipo zimenezi zimasokoneza kwambiri mphamvu za boma la America.

Otsutsana Amakono ndi Nkhondo za Bwalo Lamilandu Lalikulu

Kumasulira kwa Lamulo la 14 la Kusintha kwa Dziko la America kukupitirizabe kutsutsidwa mowopsa m’zaka za zana la 21, kukuchititsa mikangano ina yogaŵanitsa malamulo ndi ndale m’chitaganya cha America.

Ntchito Yotsimikizira

Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, Aumelt Protection Claus inali malo apakati a nkhondo yovomereza malamulo. Khoti Lapamwamba nthaŵi zonse linakhulupirira kuti kusankhana mitundu, ngakhale zija zofuna kuthetsa tsankho lapapitapo, ziyenera kupulumuka kuyang'anitsitsa kosatsutsidwa. Zotsatira za Fair Adgistrations, Inc. v. Pulezidenti ndi Anzake a Harvard College a Harvard [1] [FLL:1] [2023]), Khotilo linamaliza pulogalamu ya fuko kuvomereza maphunziro apamwamba. Khotilo linakhulupirira kuti maprogramumboni otero anaswa chitetezo cha Fair Active Adgictive, Inc. Zolinga zosafunika ndipo zinadalira pa kusagwirizana kwa mafuko. Zimenezi zimaimira kusinthasinthasintha kwakukulu m'malemba la 114491.

Kuvomereza Ufulu

Kuphatikizapo pakati pa Kusintha zinthu kwa 14 ndi 15 kwa Gawo la Malamulo n’kofunika kwambiri pankhani za kuvota. Shelby County v. Holer (2013]), Khoti Lapamwamba linagamula chigamulo chachikulu cha Lamulo la Boma la ufulu wachibadwidwe la 1965 lomwe linafuna maboma ena ndi mbiri ya kusankhana mitundu kuti apeze malamulo awo opangira mavoti. Khoti linanena kuti njira yofufuzira imene inagwiritsidwa ntchito kugamula kuti maboma ayambe apena ndi yachikale ndipo linaswa malamulo a boma ogwirizana ndi Demetription. Chigamuchi chachititsa kuti pakhale chiletso chatsopano ndi chiletso cha oletsa kuvota ndi oyendetsa zinthu m'dziko lonselo, linatsutsa kupyola pa pepala la Exmageal Claus.

Kubadwa ndi Kusamukira Kudziko Lina

Chigawo cha Claus chakhala maziko a mkangano wa dziko lonse pa mfundo za kusamuka. Anthu ena andale ndi akatswiri a zamalamulo atsutsa kuti ufulu wa mwana suyenera kugwira ntchito kwa ana a anthu osamukira kudziko. Komabe, chivomerezo chalamulo chofala, chochirikizidwa ndi malemba omveka a amendement (" ndi kulamulidwa kwake") ndi chitsanzo chokhazikitsidwa mu [FLT: 0] United States v. Wong Kim Ark [1] [18:1], ndi chakuti ana onse obadwa ku U.S. Dziko lapansi ndi nzika. Mwachidule nlokhazikitsiratu anthu osalamuliridwa ndi ulamuliro wonse wa U.S., monga ana a adani panthaŵi ya nkhondo kapena yogwirizana ndi dziko lachilendo.

Njira Yoyenerera ndi Yochotsa Mimba

Kuyenera kwa kuchotsa mimba, kumene kunapezedwa kale kutetezeredwa ndi Accounting Accompliste ya 145 Classie mu Roe v. Wade [1972] ndi Kubadwa kwa mwana. Casey , adalamulidwa [[FLT]] mu Breans v. Jackson’s Health Organization [[FLT:] [2022] [20]). Khoti Lapamwamba linakhulupirira kuti kuyenera kwa kuchotsa mimba sikunachokera kwambiri m'mbiri ya mbiri ya dziko kapena mwambo ndipo silikuyenerera kukhala ngati "yali ya kumanja pansi pa 149" chigamulo cha kuchotsa mimba. Chigamulo chakubwereranso cha zaka 50, ndi kumbuyo kwa kumbuyo kwa kuyendetsa ntchito yolamulira ya lamulo la dziko lonse.

LGBTQ+ Ufulu ndi Kulingana kwa Ukwati

Chitetezero Cholingana ndi Chisamaliro ndi Makonzedwe a Claus zakhala maziko a kupita patsogolo LGBTQ+ zoyenera. Obergefell v. Hodges [1] (2015, Khoti Lapamwamba linavomereza kuti Kusintha kwa Zakugonana kwa 145 kumapereka ufulu waukulu womwewo wa kukwatira. Khoti linagwiritsira ntchito zonse ziŵiri Claus (kuteteza ufulu wa kukwatira) ndi kutetezera Claus (kukondera kukondera kwa okwatirana amodzi). Posachedwapa, Boszekszer. County . County . County . Commation , Division ya Directive ya Ziyeso za Omangiration of Civil Active Active, kapena kuteteza kwambiri kwa anthu apabanja, kulongosola bwino kwambiri za ufulu wa anthu amakhalidwe, ndi chitetezero chachikulu kwambiri ponena za kukhazikitsa ufulu wa za kuthanga, ndi chiteteze cha kuthanga kwa onse, ponse pa zigawo, makamaka, Chisungi chaku

Choloŵa Chokhalitsa cha Kusintha kwa Zamphumphu kwa Zaka 14

Demetrie Wachinayi amapanga malo opezerapo ufulu wa anthu amakono ndi ufulu ku United States. Ndiwo malembo a lamulo amene amagwiritsiridwa ntchito kwambiri m'makhoti otokosa boma ndi malo akwawo. Malamulo ake agwiritsiridwa ntchito kuchotsa sukulu zopatulidwa, kusungidwa kwa ufulu wa kuvota, kutsimikizira ziyeso zopanda chilungamo, kutetezera zachinsinsi, ndi kuwonjezera ulingana kwa ukwati. National Archivess imasunga chigamulo choyambirira choperekedwa cha boma ndi cha boma. monga chikumbutso cha malonjezo aakulu opangidwa mkati mwa Reconformation ndi nkhondo yaitali kuti akwaniritse zimenezo.

Tanthauzo la Kusintha kwa Zamphumphu kwa 14 sikumasinthasintha. Malingaliro opitirizabe pakati pa kuyambika kwa Chikhristu . Malingaliro akuti kusintha kuyenera kumasuliridwa mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo la anthu oyambirira panthaŵi ya kukongola kwake . ndi lingaliro lachikhalidwe chachikhalidwe, lomwe limavomereza kuti mawu ake aakulu monga "liberty" ndi "chitetezero cholingana" ayenera kuyambika kuti agwirizane ndi mikhalidwe yatsopano ya chikhalidwe. Kuloŵa mozama m'ziyeneretso za malamulo oyambika pansi pa chiganizo, [[FLT:] Cornell Information Institute imapereka kusanthula kofala kwa malamulo .

Kuchokera ku chosinthira chapadera cha Brown v. Board of Education ku kulingana kwa ukwati kulamulira mu Obergefell v. Hodges , kukonza kwa khumi ndi wiri kwakhala chiwiri kwa masinthidwe alamulo a dzikolo. Pamene United States ikukhala yosiyana ndi yocholoŵana, Kusintha kwa 147 kudzatsala pakati pa kuyesayesa kopitirizabe kwa mtunduwo kupanga [[FLT:]] yokwanira" Union " mwa kutsimikizira kuti malonjezo a ufulu ndi kufanana akugwira ntchito pa munthu aliyense pansi pake.