Madongosolo a chisankho ndiwo maziko a ulamuliro wa democracy, amasankha mmene mavoti amatembenuzira ku ulamuliro wandale zadziko ndi kuimira. Kusankhidwa kwa malamulo a votor kuumba mkhalidwe wa dziko wa ndale zadziko, kusonkhezera khalidwe la wovota, ndi kuyambukira kukhazikika kwa maboma. Kuchokera ku njira zosavuta kuchuluka kufika ku njira zogwirizana, maiko atengera dongosolo lamitundu yambiri yogwirizana ndi zochitika zawo za m'mbiri, miyambo, ndi zolinga za ndale. Kumvetsetsa kusiyana kumeneku nkofunika osati kokha kwa asayansi andale komanso kwa nzika zimene zimafuna kuchita zinthu mogwirizana ndi dongosolo la democrase.

Mitundu Yochuluka ya Njira Zosankha

Madongosolo a Electoral angagawidwe m'magulu ambiri autali, limodzi ndi madongosolo osiyanasiyana, mapindu, ndi malonda. Mademokrase ambiri amagwiritsira ntchito njira zinayi zazikulu: Kuyamba-Past-Portonal Imelotion , Facted Cholor Voting , kapena Mixed Electoral Systems. Pansipa timasanthula imodzi ndi imodzi mwa njira zinayi zazikulu.

Kuyamba-Past-the Post (FPTP)

Woyamba ndi Past-the Post, yemwe amadziŵikanso kukhala mbali imodzi, ndi dongosolo lapamwamba kwambiri losankhira. M'FPTP, dziko limagaŵidwa m'zigawo chimodzi, ndipo voti amavotera munthu mmodzi. Wosankha amene ali ndi voti zambiri. Ngakhale ngati ndi wocheperapo kwa unyinji . Dongosololi limagwiritsiridwa ntchito mu United Kingdom, United States, Canada, ndi India, pakati pa ena.

FPTP phindu lake lalikulu ndilo kufeŵetsa kwake: mavoti ngosavuta kuwamvetsetsa, ndipo zotulukapo zake zingamveke mofulumira. Nthaŵi zambiri zimatulutsa zinthu zazikulu, kutheketsa maboma amodzi okhazikika. Komabe, imaimira magawo aakulu ndi zigawo zazing'ono, zimene zimatsogolera ku kusiyana pakati pa kugawana ndi kukhala ndi malo amodzi. Otsutsa amanena kuti FPPP imalimbikitsa kuvota kwa machenjera ndi kusiya mawu awo ambiri akuwonongeka. Mwachitsanzo, m'mavoti 2019, Conservative Par Party inapambana 43.6% ya voti koma inagwidwa 56.2% ya mipando, pamene kuli kwakuti ma Dedera a Liberalmocracra anapambana 11.5% ya mavoti okha.

  • Malo apamwamba: Kusintha, zotsatirapo zamwamsanga, kugwirizana kwamphamvu pakati pa oimira ndi oimira, chikhoterero cha kutulutsa mbali yaikulu imodzi.
  • Malo olondola: Zotsatirapo, kusakaza mavoti, kusankha wovota, ndi kulephera kuyendetsa zinthu.

Kuimira kwa Malamulo (PR)

Kuimira propotigalamu kuli ndi cholinga chofanana ndi phesenti ya mavoti a chipani chimene chimalandira ndi magawo amene chili nawo m'nyumba ya malamulo. Njira yofala kwambiri ndi ya PR ya gulu, kumene ovota amasankha chipani, ndipo magawo amalandira mipando mogwirizana ndi mavoti awo. Mayiko onga Sweden, Norway, Israel, ndi South Africa amagwiritsa ntchito ma PR osiyanasiyana.

Madongosolo a PR amapanga malamulo amene molongosoka amasonyeza malingaliro a ofufuza osiyanasiyana. Iwo amatsogolera ku mbali zochepa ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amatsogolera ku chivoti chapamwamba. Komabe, PR ikhozanso kutulukapo nyumba zogaŵikana kumene palibe gulu limodzi limene limapambana maboma ambiri, kukhazikitsa mgwirizano. Pamene kuli kwakuti magulu angalimbikitse kulolera molakwa, angatsogolerenso ku kusakhazikika kapena kutsenderezedwa kwa malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, m'Israel, khoti lotsika losanthula (pakali pano 3.25%) latulutsa magulu ambiri ang'onoang'ono ndi kukambirana kwa nthaŵi zambiri. [FT:0] ID International EA shoketem .

  • Malo apamwamba: Kuimira, kuimira kwakukulu, kuchepetsa mavoti otayidwa, kulimbikitsa mbali zambiri za demokrase.
  • Malo oyenerera: Angagawidwe pandale, kugwirizana kosalimba, ndi kuvuta kwa kuŵerengera mavoti.

Kutulutsa Malo Okongola

Kuvota kodziŵikanso monga kuvota kwa nthaŵi yomweyo, kusankhidwa kosankhidwa kumalola ovota kugamula oyembekezera kuti asankhe. Ngati wosankha salandira voti zambiri za apapa oyamba, wofunsira amene ali ndi zosankha zoŵerengeka zoyamba amachotsedwa, ndipo oponyawo amaperekedwa ku chikonda cha ovotawo. Njira imeneyi imabwereza kufikira munthu mmodzi atafika ochuluka. RCV imagwiritsiridwa ntchito m'masankhoti a boma ku Australia ndi kupangira masankhoti a kumaloko m'mizinda yambiri ya U.S.

Ochirikiza a IV amanena kuti RCV imalimbikitsa oitanidwa kukopa kuposa pa maziko awo, kuchepetsa ndawala yotsutsa ndi kuchirikiza kuvomereza. Olemba nkhani anganene zokonda zowona popanda kunyalanyaza mavoti awo. Komabe, RCV ndi yocholoŵana kwambiri kutsogolera ndi kufuna maphunziro a ovota. M'zochitika zina, kutopa kwa ofunsira (pamene osankha sasankha njira zokwanira) kungasiye wopambana ndi kuchuluka kwa mavoti, kuchepetsa lamulo lalikulu. Fairvote [1] Fairvote [1]

  • Malo oonera: Zotsatira zazikulu, kuchepetsa kuvota kwapadera, kuchepetsa ndawala yotsutsa, ndi kuimira bwino kwambiri wovota.
  • Malo oyenerera: Kucholoŵana, mtengo wapamwamba wa uyang'aniro, kuthekera kwa kutopa, ndi nyengo zotalikirapo.

Njira Zosiyanasiyana Zoyendera

Makompyuta osanganiza mapulogalamu a FPTP ndi PR kuti agwirizane ndi mphamvu zonse ziŵiri. Chivoticho chimakonda kugwiritsa ntchito njira yophatikizana (MMP) yogwirizanitsidwa ndi mbali zosiyanasiyana, yogwiritsidwa ntchito ku Germany ndi New Zealand. Mavota adapanga mavoti awiri: mmodzi wa wofunsira (kaŵiri FPTP) ndi mmodzi wa zigawo. Chisankhocho chimasankha mipando yonse mu nyumba za malamulo, pamene mavoti a chigawo a chigawo akukhala. Kulephera kulikonse pakati pa mavoti ndi mipando yachigawo kumakonzedwa mwa kuwonjezera “pamwamba-kukwera" mipando ya gulu.

MMP imasungabe kuimira kwa FPTP kwa dzikolo pamene ikutsimikizira kulinganiza. Ingapange mapangano ndi kutulukapo kawirikawiri pa malamulo olinganiza. Komabe dongosololo nlovuta, ndipo kuwonjezera mipando ya ndandanda kungawonjezere ukulu wa nyumba yopangira malamulo. Ku Germany, Bundestag yakula kwambiri chifukwa cha mipando yochuluka ndi yolinganiza, vuto limene kusintha kwayesa kukamba. ACECENTal Knowlectal Knownet Comment imapereka chitsogozo chabwino kwambiri ku madongosolo osanganizidwa.

  • Malo apamwamba: Muyalo wa kumaloko ndi kulinganiza, kuchepetsa mavoti otayidwa, ndi kupatsa ovota kusankha mbali ziŵiri.
  • Malo oyenerera: Kucholoŵana, kuthekera kwa kujambula, ndi kuthekera kwa makina aakulu.

Kusiyana kwa Madera ndi Mbiri Yake

Ngakhale kuti njira zikuluzikulu za makompyuta zimapereka njira zosiyanasiyana, masankho amasiyanasiyana kwambiri chifukwa cha dera la atsamunda, chikhalidwe cha ndale, ndi mmene zinthu zinapangidwira.

North America

United States ndi Canada ndi malo a FPTP. U.S. imagwiritsira ntchito zigawo chimodzi kaamba ka Nyumba ya Oimira, ndi wopambana Electoral College kaamba ka chisankho cha pulezidenti. Izi zazika dongosolo la mbali ziŵiri, kumene magulu achitatu amayang'anizana ndi zopinga zazikulu. Canada mofananamo amagwiritsira ntchito FPTPP pa mlingo wa boma, ngakhale kuti dziko liri ndi dongosolo ladongosolo lamphamvu la magawo ambiri chifukwa cha magulu onga Bloc Québébécois. Mafoni a gulu la osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa m'maiko onse aŵiri apezamo mapepala osintha zinthu koma osungidwa chifukwa cha kuzoloŵera ndi kusintha malamulo okhazikitsidwa.

Ulaya

Yuropu ndi New Zealand (kaŵirikaŵiri imagwirizana ndi Ulaya m'maphunziro oyerekezera) imagwiritsira ntchito MP. United Kingdom ndi France Agedical adagwiritsira ntchito FPTP , koma France tsopano akugwiritsira ntchito njira ziŵiri za tsatanetsatane pa Msonkhano wa National. Kuchokera ku Eastern Europe, kusintha kwa PPMmunist kaŵirikaŵiri kutengera kusanganizidwa kapena madongosolo a PR kuti apeŵe kuperekedwa kwa mphamvu. Yuropu Union yeniyeni imagwiritsira ntchito mtundu wa PR kaamba ka nyumba yake, ndi maiko a m’dziko amene amaloledwa kusankha njira zawoyawo kwa nthaŵi yaitali monga momwe kuliri.

Asia

Asia imapereka chithunzi chosiyana. India, demokrase yaikulu koposa padziko, imagwiritsira ntchito FPTP yobadwa nayo kuchokera ku ulamuliro wa Briteni . Izi zathandizira ku dongosolo lamphamvu la mbali yaikulu ya mbiri yake yambiri (Indian National Congress) ndipo pambuyo pake magawo ogaŵanika koma aŵiri ogaŵanika pamlingo wa dziko. Japan imagwiritsira ntchito njira yofanana yosankha (mixtPP) kumene ovota ali ndi FPPP imodzi ndi voti imodzi ya PR ya chigawo; zigawo ziŵirizo nzosiyana ndi MMP. Southern Korea imagwiritsiranso ntchito njira yosiyana koma yaposachedwapa kuwonjezera chiwonjezeko. Maiko ambiri a ku Southeast Asia, monga Thailand ndi Indonesia, atenga njira zochotikana kapena zosiyanasiyana za PR kuti ayang'enze mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi madera osiyanasiyana.

Africa

Madongosolo a votilansi a mu Africa amasonyeza maulamuliro a atsamunda ndi kudalirana kwa pambuyo pa kusankhidwa. Mayiko ambiri a Anglophphone (m’chitsanzo, Ghana, Nigeria , Kenya) amagwiritsa ntchito FPTP, imene ingathe kusiyanitsa mafuko mwa kupanga mapangano opambana. Mosiyana ndi, South Africa inatenga dongosolo lapadera la PR pambuyo pa kusankhana mitundu. Maiko ena, monga Lesotho ndi Ethiopia, amagwiritsira ntchito njira zosanganiza. Nthaŵi zambiri kagwirizanitsidwa ndi zigamu zamphamvu: maiko a PR mu Africa amapanga maboma ambiri ophatikizidwa, pamene maiko a FPP angayang'ane ndi chiwawa chofala kwambiri. [FL:]

Latin America

Maiko ambiri a ku Latin America amagwiritsira ntchito kuimira kwa ndandanda, kaŵirikaŵiri yokhala ndi mindandanda yotseguka imene imalola ovota kusankha opita ku mapwando . Brazil, Argentina, ndi Mexico ndi zitsanzo. Deralo liri ndi mbiri ya dongosolo la prezidenti, malamulo osankhidwa kaamba ka kugwirizanitsa ndi mphamvu ya maulamuliro amphamvu. Maiko ena, mofanana ndi Chile, achoka ku dongosolo la binominmeal kupita ku ndandanda yowonjezereka yowongokera. Kufalikira kwa PR kwathandizira ku madongosolo osiyanasiyana komanso ku madongosolo a pulezidenti omwe angakhale osalimba.

Oceania

Australia imawonekera kaamba ka kugwiritsira ntchito kwake chisankho chosankhidwa cha Nyumba ya Oimira ndi mtundu wa PR (voti yosamutsidwa imodzi) ya Nyumba ya Malamulo. Makonzedwe aŵiri ameneŵa amatsimikizira ponse paŵiri boma lokhazikika ndi kuimira kwa ndandanda m'nyumba yapamwamba. New Zealand inasiya FPTP pa MMP mu 1996 pambuyo pa mendendum , ndipo chiyambire pamenepo yakumana ndi maboma ogwirizana kwambiri ndi nyumba ya malamulo yosiyana kwambiri. Maiko a Pacific Island kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito FPTPP kapena kuchuluka kwa madera amodzi, nthaŵi zina ndi zipukunja zamwambo zamwambo zikusonkhezera zotulukapo.

Chiyambukiro pa Ulamuliro ndi Demokrase

Madongosolo a zinthu a kudziko amachita zambiri kuposa kungoika mipando; amaumba mkhalidwe wa demokrase, kuyendetsa bwino zinthu, ndi kutomerana kwa nzika.

Kuimira ndi Kugwirizanitsa

Madongosolo a PR a Sweden nthaŵi zonse amachititsa mabwalo a malamulo amene amasonyeza chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi malingaliro a anthu. Akazi, mafuko ang'onoang'ono, ndi zipani zazing'ono amapata mipando yambiri pa PR kuposa pa FPTP. Mwachitsanzo, dongosolo la PR la Sweden lakhala likutulutsa kuimira akazi koposa 40% m’nyumba yake ya malamulo. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, FPTP kaŵirikaŵiri imaletsa akazi ndi oyembekezera ochepa omwe chifukwa chofuna kupata malo amodzi opambana. Komabe, FPTP ikhoza kukweza kuimira dziko, monga momwe chigawo chirichonse chili ndi woimira woŵerengera mwachindunji.

Kukhazikika kwa Boma ndi Kugwira Mtima

Kukonda kwa FPTP kutulutsa mbali yaikulu imodzi kaŵirikaŵiri kumatsogolera ku kutsimikizira, kokhazikika kumene kungagwiritsiridwe ntchito mwamsanga. Koma maboma aakulu anganyalanyazenso zikondwerero za anthu ochepa ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo akuti agaŵanitsa anthu. Madongosolo a PR, poyerekeza, kukakamiza ndi kulolerana mwa kugwirizana. Pamene kuli kwakuti zimenezi zingapangitse kugamulako pang'onopang'ono, kaŵirikaŵiri kumatuluka m'malamulo amene amasangalatsa kugwirizana kokulira. Maiko onga Jeremani akhala ndi zigwirizano zosasintha kwa zaka makumi ambiri, pamene kuli kwakuti ena, mofanana ndi Israyeli, akumana ndi masankhoti obwerezabwerezabwereza kaŵirikaŵiri chifukwa cha kusweka. Kusintha kwakukulu sikuli njira yokha koma madongosolo andale ndi ziungwe.

Kusintha ndi Kugwirizana

Kufufuza kochitidwa mokhazikika kumasonyeza wovota wamkulu m'maiko ndi kuimira kolingana ndi aja a FPP. Izi zili choncho chifukwa chakuti PR imachepetsa mavoti otayidwa ndi kupatsa ovota zosankha zatanthauzo. Kusankha kosankha kumawonjezeranso kugaŵiridwa mwa kulola ovota kuchirikiza achichepere popanda kutaya mphamvu. Komabe, kucholoŵa m'miyambo kungaletse osankha; ku Australia, kukakamiza kuvota kuyambukiridwa kwa RCV pa kutsegulidwa.

Kuŵerengera ndi Chinyengo

FPP imapanga kugwirizana kwachindunji pakati pa woimira ndi chigawo cha malo, kumene kungawonjezere kuŵerengera kwawo: ovota amadziŵa amene adzapereka mphotho kapena kulanga. Koma maboma ogwirizana m'madongosolo a PR angatsekereze kuŵerengera, monga momwe ovota sakudziŵa kuti ndi gulu liti loyenera kupatsa ndalama kapena liweruziro. Kumbali ina, madongosolo a PR okhala ndi mpambo wotseka angachititse munthu aliyense kudziŵerengera mlandu, pamene atsogoleri a gulu la osankha. Kutsegulira PR kuyesa kuthetsa zimenezi mwa kulola ovota kusonyeza zikhumbo za ofunsira. Miyezo ya katanga ya kape siikedwe kogwirizana ndi dongosolo; mfundo zapadera monga malamulo a ndawala ndi odziimira ali zofunika kwambiri.

Kusintha Zinthu

Madongosolo a Electoral sakusintha. Maine asintha posachedwapa madongosolo awo kuti athetse zophophonya zooneka. Kusintha kwa New Zealand kuchoka ku FPTP kupita ku MMP mu 1990 kuli chitsanzo chosiyana. Canada adatsutsana mobwerezabwereza, ngakhale kuti sipakhala kusintha kwa mtundu. Maboma ndi mizinda ina yasankha kuvota, ndipo Maine akugwiritsa ntchito zimenezi pa masankho onse a boma. Ku Africa, malamulo a Kenya akuyambitsanso dongosolo lophatikizapo demokrase ndi kudalirana kwa makompyuta ena. Kukondanso kuwonjezereka kwa democracy ndi (kusankha kwa mapulaneti). Kusankha kwa zasayansi, monga ngati kusanthula ndi makompyuta, kungawonjezerenso mmene masankhoti a boma amachitidwira, ngakhale kuti asungidwa ndi odalira kwambiri.

Kumaliza

Madongosolo a masankho osiyanasiyana padziko lonse amasonyeza kuvuta kwa ulamuliro wa demokrase. Dongosolo lililonse limaphatikiza malonda otsatizana pakati pa kufewa ndi kulingana, kukhazikika ndi kuima, kuŵerengera ndi kuimira. Palibe dongosolo limodzi langwiro; chosankha chabwino kwambiri chimadalira pa mbiri ya dziko, kakhalidwe ka anthu, ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri za ndale. Kwa ophunzira, aphunzitsi, ndi nzika, kuzindikira kusiyana kumeneku ndiko njira yoyamba ya kudziŵana ndi kutengamo mbali m'moyo wa demokrase. Pamene mitundu ikupitirizabe kusinthira, choteronso njira zimene anthu awo amasankha nazo atsogoleri awo. Kugwirizana ndi madongosolo ameneŵa, makamaka ndi mphamvu za ndale zadziko. Kwa ophunzira, aphunzitsi, ndi anthu, omwe ali ndi mphamvu zawo za ndale kuti alimbitse masinthidwewo kuti alimbitsedi demokrase ndi kupanga kuŵerengera kulikonse.