Monga momwe makompyuta a magetsi akupitira m'mbali zonse za moyo wamakono, upandu wa pakompyuta wakula kuchokera ku ntchito ya umisiri yapadziko lonse yosaŵerengeka kufika ku kampani ya makompyuta yapadziko lonse. Kuukira kobwezera kwa zipatala kufikira ku kuswa kwa boma, mabungwe osungitsa malamulo amayang'anizana ndi mavuto osayerekezereka m'kufufuza ndi kuyang'anira milandu. Komabe zipangizo ndi mphamvu zofunikira kuthetsa ziwopsezozo, kuyang'anira, kuyang'anira kosamalitsa, chidziŵitso chosatha, kuchotsa ufulu wa democracycyism umene mabungwe a democracyism amasunga chiyero. Pamtima pa njira imeneyi pali: Lamulo ndi malamulo oyenera kukana kuti palibe munthu aliyense adzalandidwa moyo, ufulu, kapena chuma popanda ufulu ndi kuvomerezedwa mwalamulo. M'kachitidwe wofufuza nkhani zalamulo, si kuyenerera kuyenerera kwa lamulo; kutsimikizira kuti njira yoyenerera kutsimikizira kuti njira yoyenerera, ndi kuyenera kusungidwa kwa anthu onse, ndi kusungika kwa anthu, kuyenera kwa anthu onse, ndi kukana kusungika kwa anthu.

Maziko a Kachitidwe Koyenera Kofufuza Makompyuta

Kutsatira njira yoikidwiratu ya ziphunzitso ziŵiri zosiyana koma zogwirizana: njira zofunikira (machitidwe achibadwa) ndi njira yofunikira (kufufuza mwachibadwa). M'nkhani za kufufuza kwa manambala, njira zoikidwiratu zofunikira kutsatiridwa ndi lamulo lakutsatira malamulo okhazikitsidwa , kudziŵitsa anthu, kusunga umboni wofunikira (palinopo njira zofunikira zotetezera boma zopanda lamulo kapena zochita zotsendereza, monga ngati kufufuza chipangizo popanda chifukwa chenicheni kapena kugwiritsa ntchito njira za magetsi. Zitetezero zimenezi zimaikidwa m'malamulo monga ngati Kukonzanso Komphiritsira kwa Chachinayi ku United States (kutetezera kufufuza kosayenera ndi kudwala), Arti ya Convention pa ufulu wa munthu (kulemekeza ufulu wa m’banja ndi waumwini), ndi malamulo a madera ambiri a m'dziko.

Khoti Lapamwamba la United States latsimikizira mobwerezabwereza kuti chidziŵitso cha manambala chiri ndi ufulu wa kutetezera koyenera. M' Riley v. California (2014, Khoti linavomereza kuti apolisi ayenera kupeza chilolezo nthaŵi zonse asanafufuze foni ya cella kuti agwire, kuzindikira kuti zipangizo zimenezi zili ndi "zinthu zochuluka zaumwini. Mofananamo, mu Carcenter v. United States [FLT]] (2013]), Bwalo linafunikira chilo cha kupezeka m'malekyuta ya mbiri yakale, kutsimikizira kuti munthu amayembekezera kukhala ndi chiyembekezo chachinsinsi cha zinthu zonse zakuthupi. Zosankha zimenezi zimagogomezera ntchito ya kupenda malamulo amwambo. Zikalata zamakono sizingathe kugwiritsa ntchito njira ya kukonzanso malamulo amakono.

M'mayiko ambiri, Khoti la European Court of Human Rights lathandizanso kukhazikitsa miyezo yoyenerera. Zakharov v. Russia [1] (2015), Khoti linapeza kuti njira ya kuyang'anira mwachinsinsi ya Russia inaswa Mfundo 8 chifukwa chakuti inalibe umboni wokwanira, chidziŵitso, ndi mankhwala. Malamulo otere amakhazikitsa malamulo alionse ovomerezeka a pa Intaneti ofufuza afunikira kuphatikizapo malamulo omveka bwino ovomerezeka, ofufuza odziimira paokha, ndi odziŵitsa za kutumiza mauthenga a paposi kuti ikhudze anthu kulikonse kumene kuli kotheka.

Zitetezo Zachibadwa

Zofunika za Uyang’aniro wa Oweruza ndi Zopereka Zosatha

Chiyeso chosonyeza kuti chiwiyachi chili ndi umboni wa upandu. Kufufuza kwa pa Intaneti ndi kutsimikizira kuti anthu akufufuza zinthu pakompyuta, pafoni, kapena pa wailesi ya thambo, kukhazikitsa lamulo kuyenera kupereka chilolezo kwa woweruza amene satengako mbali iliyonse. Mwachitsanzo, chikalata chosonyeza kuti chipangizochi chili ndi umboni wa upandu. Kufufuza kumeneku kumateteza anthu kuti asasochere ndi kutsimikizira kuti atha kufunafuna zinthu zinazake.

Komabe malo okhala apadera amavuta. Nthaŵi zambiri aumboni amakhala pa anthu amene akum’mayiko ena, ndipo osunga mitambo angakakamizidwe kutulutsa zokwaniritsidwa mu malamulo otsutsana. Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. likhoza kukakamiza kampani kupanga mameseji osungidwa kunja kwa dziko. Ntchito ya CLT ikhoza kukonza mapangano a mwamsanga mwa kupanga mapulogalamu a data yotsegulira m'tsogolo. (208) (208) (amene agwirizana ndi malamulo a CLOUD Act) amakhudzana ndi ufulu wa anthu, ndipo ayenera kupendanso ndi kukonzanso. Chikalatachi chisonyezero chapamwamba chimenechi.

Komabe, kusiyapo pa chiyeneretso cha lamulo chiripo, ndipo angawone njira yoyenerera. Mikhalidwe yachisawawa (m.m., kuletsa chiwonongeko chayandikira cha umboni) imalola kufunafuna kosatsimikizirika, koma mtolowo uli pa boma kulungamitsa kusiyanitsa. Malamulo amafufuza mosamalitsa kulakwa kwa chiphunzitso. Lingaliro la "tanthauzira" limagwiranso ntchito: ngati mkulu wa asilikali awona mwalamulo maina oweruza (m.m., chithunzithunzi cha mwana cha zithunzithunzithunzithunzithunzi chowoneka pa kanema yosatseguka), chingagwiriridwe popanda chilo. Makhoti akusanthula mosamalitsa njira zotero m'makompyuta kuti awaletse kumira lamulolo.

Kudziŵa ndi Mwaŵi Wokakumana Nawo

Pakafukufuku wa pa Intaneti, mfundo imeneyi imatsutsidwa ndi malamulo achinsinsi (malamulo a chinsinsi) amene amaletsa ogula kuti asauze makasitomala kuti akufunika kuwauza zinthu zolembedwa mwachidule ndi kuonekera kwambiri, kuonetsa kuti kubisa chinsinsi n’koyenera kuchotsa kukayikira kapena kunyalanyaza kufunsa, kuchuluka kwa malamulo ameneŵa kuyenera kukhala kochepa.

Mofananamo, kukhoza kutsendereza umboni wopezedwa motsutsana ndi njira yoyenerera kuli njira yotsimikizirika. ngati lamulo lipeza chilolezo popanda chifukwa chenicheni, kapena kupitirira ukulu wa chilolezocho, woyambukiridwayo angapemphe khoti kuchotsa umboniwo pa mlandu. Lamulo limeneli, ngakhale kuti limatsutsana, lidakali chisonkhezero champhamvu kwa ofufuza kulemekeza chitetezo cha procedage.

Ukapolo wa Udindo ndi Umboni wa Kukhulupirika

Umboni wamakono ndi wochepa kwambiri . Ikhoza kusinthidwa, kuchotsedwa, kapena kuipitsidwa. Pamafunika kusamala kwambiri kuti asungidwe kuti atsimikizire kuti mfundo zoperekedwa m’khoti ndizo zimene zinagonjetsedwa, zosatsimikizirika ndi zolondola. Malamulo apamwamba monga kupanga chithunzithunzi champhamvu cha kuyendetsa galimoto, kugwiritsa ntchito chithunzithunzi, ndi kuchisunga m'malo otetezedwa ndizo njira zovomerezeka. Bungwe la National Institute of Direfective and Technology (NIST) ndi Scientific Group on Digical Evice (SWGE) lafalitsa malangizo atsatanetsatane amene kaŵirikaŵiri amavomerezedwa ndi makhoti apamwamba. Kulephera kulondola njira zimenezi kungatsogolere kulondola malo otetezedwa kapena osatetezedwa, zomwe zingapangitse umboni kapena ngakhale kuchotsa milandu.

Malamulo a milandu akusonyeza zotsatira za kulephera. United States v. Ganias [1] (2014, chigawo chachiŵiri chigawo chinagamula kuti boma likhale ndi lamulo loletsa kuyendetsa zinthu mwamphamvu kuposa mmene chilolezocho chinayenera kukhalira, pamene linakhazikitsa kulanda kosiyana. Khotilo linagogomezera kuti njira yoyenera ikufuna kuti boma libwerere kapena liwonongetse chidziŵitso chimene sichikukwaniritsidwa ndi lamulolo. Zimenezi zimagwira ntchito monga chikumbutso chakuti kusonkhanitsa umboni wa manambala kuyenera kukhala kovomerezeka ndi koyenera.

Zopangapanga Zopanga Zidutswa ndi Zida Zapadziko Lonse

Kuchitira Chinyengo ndi Kuchitira Nkhanza kwa Pakompyuta ku United States (CFAA) ndi Kulingalira Kwake

CFAA (18 U.S.C. .Ili lamulo lalikulu la boma loletsa kuswa malamulo ku United States. Imawononga kulowa kwa makompyuta ndi kuba chidziŵitso. Zitokoso zogwirizana ndi CFAA zazikidwa pa mafotokozedwe ake a "opanda chilolezo" . Ndi mawu akuti Khoti Lapamwambalo lakhala lotsekedwa mu [[FL:0] Van v. United States [201]. Khoti linakhulupirira kuti CFAA silinagwiritsidwe ntchito kwa anthu amene ali ndi ufulu woloŵa m'kompyuta koma amagwiritsira ntchito chidziŵitso chimene amapeza (G.g., wapolisi akuyang'anira laisensi ya laisensi ya munthu payekha). Chigamuchi chigamu chigamunso lamulo choyenera kuletsa lamulo laupandu.

Komabe, zilango za CFAA n’zoopsa, ndipo zofunikira zikupitirizabe kudera nkhaŵa ponena za kugwiritsa ntchito kwake "kuloleza kulowa m'malo mwalamulo" zochitika. Makhoti ang'onoang'ono amapitirizabe kulimbana ndi ngati kuswa malamulo a pawebusaiti yautumiki kuli mlandu [1] funso lakuti chigamulo cha Van Bullen sichikuyankhidwa. DOJ anapereka malangizo akukati achepetse kuweruza milandu yotero, koma malamulo akufunika kutsimikizira kuti njira yoyenerera siipereka chifukwa cha kugamula mlandu.

Komiti ya U.S. ya U.S. ya Yuropu yotetezera kubwereranso (GDPR) ndi kupezeka kwa lamulo lokakamiza

GDPR, ngakhale kuti kwakukulukulu ndi lamulo lakutetezera, lili ndi ziyambukiro zazikulu za kusungitsa ufulu wa munthu mwini. Pansi pa GDPR Artic 23, maboma angapereke malamulo oletsa ufulu wakutiwakuti (m’chitsanzo, kuyenera kwa kulowa) kaamba ka zifukwa za kufufuza kwa upandu, koma kokha ngati ziletsozo ziri zofunika ndi kugwirizanitsa ndi kulemekeza kulinganiza kwa kusungidwa kwa ufulu walamulo. Kuwonjezera apo, Lamulo Enforcedment Directive (LED) imakhazikitsa malamulo otsimikizirika a kulinganiza kwa makompyuta ndi akuluakulu a milandu, kufunikira zifukunsi zomveka bwino, kuchepetsa machitidwe a makompyuta, ndi uyang'aniro wodziimira. Malamulo ameneŵa amathandiza kuti kusonkhanitsa kwa zinthu zilizonse za pa kositala kuyenera kuonedwa kukhala koyenera, kotetezedwa, ndi kovuta ndi kochitidwa ndi ovuta ndi ogwirizana ndi nkhani za m'zo.

Kulimbana koyenera kumachitika pamene lamulo la U.S. lifuna chidziŵitso kuchokera ku kampani yozikidwa pa EU. EU-U . Data squality Officey ntchito [1] (2023) inapangidwa njira yodutsa madata a ku United States, koma makonzedwe ake a kusungitsa lamulo akhalabe otsutsana. Makhoti a ku Ulaya nthaŵi zonse amafuna kuti maiko osakhala a EU apereke zotetezera zoyenerera kwa anthu a mu EU.

Msonkhano wa ku Budapest pa Chilango

Bungwe la ku Ulaya linakhazikitsa mu 2001 Convention ya Cybercrime [1] Ndilo pangano lofunika kwambiri la padziko lonse lolankhula za upandu wa makompyuta. Limagwirizanitsa malamulo aupandu ang'onoang'ono (mphindi, kulowa kopanda lamulo, kusokoneza ubongo) ndi kukhazikitsa zida zotetezera zinthu monga kusungidwa kwa zinthu, malamulo opanga, ndi kulowa m’malo mwa pulogalamu yosunga. Mwachisawawa, msonkhanowu umafuna kuti zikhale pansi pa mikhalidwe ndi kuteteza ufulu wa anthu. Mfundo 15 imalamula kuti magulu apange kukhazikitsa ndi kuteteza zinthu za "mabanki ndi kuteteza" kuti ufulu wa anthu, kuphatikizapo njira yodzitetezera.

Makonzedwe a Budapest Convention pa chithandizo chalamulo cha aŵiri (MLA) alinso ofunika kwambiri pa kachitidwe kabwino. Pamene dziko lifunafuna chidziŵitso kuchokera kwa wina, boma lopemphalo liyenera kupereka tsatanetsatane wa kulakwako, maziko alamulo, ndi kufunika kwa chidziŵitso. Boma lopemphedwalo liyenera kupenda ngati pempholo nlogwirizana ndi miyezo yakeyake yofunikira, makamaka ngati mlanduwo uli wandale kapena ngati pempholo liswa zoyenera zapadera. Chilengedwechi, pamene kuli kwakuti chisakonzeke, chimakhazikitsa njira yoyenerera pamlingo wa dziko lonse, kuletsa kuthamanga kwa fuko kukafika kumapeto kumene ofufuza a puloma kaamba ka chitetezo chofooka kwambiri.

Kuthetsa Mavuto Amene Amachitika Pakachitika Upandu

Malangizo Olemba Mabuku ndi Owapeza

Kumaliza kulembedwa kwa mawu olembedwa pamapeto kwakhala malo ofotokozera ofunikira. Malamulo amanena kuti zipangizo zolembedwa mobisa ndi ma aupopu amapanga "kupitirizabe mdima" zochitika kumene sangapeze umboni ngakhale ndi chilolezo chomveka. Poyankha, maboma akhazikitsa kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo ofuna makampani a luso la zopangapanga kupanga maluso kuti apeze mawu kapena kupereka mawu omveka olembedwa. Malamulo omveka "kufikira". Applev v. FBI [1] (2016] Kutsutsana ndi kutsegulira San Bernarnardoo flarse' i Phonex Develoption. Applie inatsutsa lamulo la khoti la malamulo kuti apange mapulogalamu amene angapiti opitikitse chitetezo, kutsutsana ndi lamulo lomveka kuti achititse kumbuyo kwa ogwiritsa ntchito onse.

Kuchokera ku njira yoyenerera, maoda oyendera adzutsa nkhaŵa zambiri. Choyamba, lamulolo liyenera kukhala lolunjika kampani kuthandiza kuchotsa chidziŵitso kuchokera ku chiwiya china. Chachiŵiri, thandizo lofunikira liyenera kukhala lotheka ndi losalemetsa. Chachitatu, payenera kukhala maziko a malamulo a dongosolo, amene mu United States amaperekedwa ndi All Writs Act (AWA) koma ndi malire otsutsidwa. FBI imataya nkhani ya Apple pambuyo popeza njira ina, koma nkhani yalamulo imakhala yosathetsedwa. [FLT:] 20222] chitsogozo cha ku khowudiyake chimene chiyenera kufunafuna "ASPH" ndi malamulo ovomerezedwa ndi makampani ovomerezeka, koma popanda kugamula kwa kaundulana ndi njira yachitatu.

Maiko ena akhala aukali kwambiri. United Kingdom’s Investigation Powers Act 2016 (IPA) imaphatikizapo makonzedwe okakamiza operekera chithandizo kuti achotse chitetezo chamagetsi, kuphatikizapo kumasulira. Osuliza, kuphatikizapo UN Special Rapporteur pa ufulu wa kukhala chinsinsi, achenjeza kuti maulamuliro otero amaswa malamulo achinsinsi mwa kulola malamulo achinsinsi ndi kuyang'anira kochepa kwa aweruza. European Court of Human Rights sinalamulire pa IPA, koma kutsutsana pakati pa kulembedwa ndi kupezeka kwalamulo kuyenera kufunikira njira zatsopano zoyenerera za padziko lonse.

Luntha Lopanga ndi Kuneneratu za Kutsogolo

Kugwiritsa ntchito nzeru zopeka (II) pofufuza pa Intaneti , monga ngati kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa makampani okayikira, kutulukira njira zachinsinsi za makompyuta, kapena kuneneratu kuti zigaŵengazo zidzachitika mtsogolo. Ngati njira ya AI ikuvomereza kuti munthu wina angalakwitse pa Intaneti, ndipo kupendako kumatsogolera ku kufunsira kapena kumangidwa, kodi ndimotani mmene nkhaniyo imatopetsa kudalirika kwa maalgorime?

Khoti Lapamwamba la United States silinalongosole mwachindunji ndi njira yoyenera, koma makhoti aang'ono ayamba kulimbana ndi nkhaniyo. United States v. Johnson (2021], khoti la chigawo linapeza kuti kugwiritsira ntchito "kupeka mawu" pulogalamu ya DNA kusanthula umboni wa DNA sikunawonongeke chifukwa chakuti woimbidwa mlanduyo ali ndi kupezeka kwa chidziŵitso chapansi ndipo anali wokhoza kuwolokera kutsogolo kwa katswiri amene anaigwiritsira ntchito. Komabe, ziwiya za pa Intaneti, monga momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito kuwonetsera ziwopsezo, zingaphatikizepo mapulo aumboni kuti sakuona kapena kutsimikizira. Ngati njira ya kupenda zinthu yoimbidwa yolondolayo si yovomerezeka.

Zimene Zimapemphedwa Kuti Zikhale Pagulu ndi Zimene Zinachitika pa CLOUD

CLOUD Act (Kupereka Malamulo Olamulira Kugwiritsira Ntchito Act of Data) ya 2018 imalola malamulo a United States kupeza zokwaniritsidwa kuchokera ku opereka utumiki ozikidwa ku U.S. mosasamala kanthu kuti ndi kumene asungidwa, malinga ngati kampaniyo yaperekedwa ndi chilolezo. Ilo limavomerezanso U.S. kuloŵa m'mapangano audindo ndi maboma akunja . "Kudziwitsa maboma achilendo"" (kukwaniritsa miyezo yoyenerera, kulola malamulo awo kupempha chidziŵitso cha mwachindunji kuchokera ku U.S. Antchito popanda kudutsa ku MLA. Monga 2024, U.S. Wasaina mapangano otero ndi United Kingdom ndi Australia.

Zotetezera zofunikira kuti boma lachilendo lilingalingaliridwe "kukhazikitsa" ziphatikizepo: chilolezo chalamulo cha malamulo oletsa anthu a ku United States, kuchepetsa njira zosungira ndi kufalitsa chidziŵitso, ndi njira zotsutsira lamulo la lamulo. Komabe otsutsa amatsutsa kuti CLOUD Act mokhutiritsa U.S. Zitetezero za malamulo ku madongosolo alamulo achilendo amene sangapereke chitetezo chofanana. ACLU yazindikira kuti Act ilibe chiyeneretso cha kukayikira anthu ena kaamba ka malamulo osakhala U. Anthu, mwina akulola mafunsidwe aakulu a zinthu. Nyumba ya malamulo ya ku Ulaya yasonyeza nkhaŵa kuti CLUD Act ingawombane ndi GPR, kutsogolera ntchito yofunikira ya malamulo oyenera kuimbidwa ndi ntchito yoyenerera.

Kulinganiza Ubwino ndi Ufulu Woyenera: Makhalidwe Abwino Kwambiri

Kufufuza Zinthu Zochepa

Makonzedwe a kuŵerengera afuna kuti miyeso ikhale yolingana ndi upandu wofufuzidwa. M'malo a manambala, zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti lamulo liyenera kusonkhanitsa kokha mfundo zimene zili zofunika kukhazikitsa mfundo. Mwachitsanzo, chilolezo cha nkhani ya zachikhalidwe ya anthu okayikira ayenera kutchula deti ndi mitundu ya zikwangwani zimene zikufunidwa, mmalo mwa kulola kukopa kope lambiri la mbiri yonse. Lamulo la kuchepetsa chidziŵitso, loikidwa m'malamulo a GDPR ndi malamulo ambiri otetezera a dziko, liyenera kutsogolera ponse paŵiri kukonza ndi kuyendetsa zinthu. Operekera ndalama ayeneranso kulingalira mochepera asanafune njira zonse zodziŵira mbiri.

Kuona Bwino Malo ndi Kusimba

Kuoneka bwino ndi maziko a ntchito yofunikira. Nzika zili ndi ufulu wodziŵa kuti ndi kangati pamene malamulo amatsata makompyuta, pansi pa maulamuliro alamulo, ndi zotsatira zake. Mayiko ambiri tsopano amafuna makampani kufalitsa malipoti a kuonekeratu kwa boma. Dipatimenti ya Zolungama imatulutsanso Mabuku a pachaka, ngakhale kuti zivutozi ndizo zokha zimene zimafunidwa ndi malamulo a makompyuta. Kufalitsa lipotilo kuti kuphatikizapo mitundu yonse ya maumboni a manambala, magetsi, thambo, , thambo, ndi chipangizo chothandiza kuyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira miyezo yoyenerera. [[FLT:] Office yachinsinsi ndi ya Stock . [FLT]

Uyang’aniro Wodziimira

Palibe boma lokwanira popanda uyang'aniro. Izi zingatenge njira yoŵerengera maprogramu a lamulo, makomiti alamulo amene amayang'anira maprogramu ofufuza, kapena kudziimira kwaumwini ndi mabungwe a ufulu wa anthu. Insicy ndi Civil Liberation Overst Board (PCOB) ku United States, yokhazikitsidwa pambuyo pa kusonkhanitsa kwa bungwe la USA PATRIOTT, kupenda maprogramu oletsa uganda. Komabe, ukulu wake ngwochepa, ndipo wachepetsedwa ndi kuikidwa pansi pa polisi. Mitundu ina, monga Netherlands, iri ndi "Chomscrect ya Useast of the Sectiventigitiventiventiventivements" imene imayang'anira kusonkhanitsa masamu a malamulo. Mabungwe ameneŵa angaperekeze kuletsa machitidwe oswa, monga ngati kugwiritsa ntchito kwa ziŵitso zina zapansi kwa lamulo.

Kumaliza

Kutsatira si njira yapadera; iko kumasintha monga kulinganiza kwa upandu ndi kufufuza. Malamulo a kufufuza kwa pa Intaneti ayenera kupitirizabe kulinganiza kulinganiza bwino pakati pa kukhazikitsa malamulo kuti apitirize kusungitsa chilungamo ndi kutetezera anthu pa ntchito za boma yogamula. Kuchokera ku kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi malamulo auchete ku malamulo a mapangano a mayiko ndi kumasulira mawu otsatizana, njira yoyenerera imapereka nzeru zimene zingatsimikizire nthaŵi ndi mmene boma lingaloŵere m’moyo wathu wamakono. Pamene ziwopsezo za pa Intaneti zikukula kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya kuyang'anira zinthu, kusungidwa kwa njira yoyenerera kudzatsimikizira ngati maiko akhalabe aufulu ndi abwino m'nyengo ya chidziŵitso. Oweruza, oweruza, ndi atsogoleri a malamulo a lamulo a boma ayenera kukhazikitsa chitetezo chimene chikulimbana ndi kukhoza kuchepetsa mphamvu ya kuchepetsa mphamvu zamakono ndi kuchepetsa ufulu wa kuyenera kuyenera kuperekedwa kwa kuyenera kwa kuyang'''kufufuza koyenera kutsutsana kwa otsutsa otsutsa malamulo.