Chiyambi

Kusintha maziko a kuimira demokalase. Pambuyo pa kuŵerengera kwa zaka za chaka chimodzi ndi chimodzi, boma la boma limalembanso malire a magawo a malamulo kuti aone ngati anthu akusinthasintha. Zimenezi sizitanthauza kuti anthu akugwirizana pa zandale, kuti masankho amakhala otani, ndiponso ngati mfundo ya “munthu mmodzi, voti imodzi imalemekezedwa. Chifukwa chakuti kupeputsa malamulo kumasintha mphamvu za anthu kwa zaka khumi, kuzindikira bwino lomwe ndi zotsatira zake n’zofunika kwa aliyense wophunzira masankhoti a ku America kapena kugawa.

Kodi Kuchepetsa Nchiyani?

Kusintha ndi njira yalamulo ndi ya ndale zadziko yopanganso masankho a chigawo. Maboma a United States amafuna kuti mipando ya m'Nyumba ya Oimira igawidwe pakati pa maiko ozikidwa pa anthu, ndipo Khoti Lapamwamba lafutukula kufunika kofanana kwa anthu kuti boma likhale ndi zigawo za malamulo. Zaka khumi zilizonse, pambuyo pa kutha kwa kuŵerengedwa kwa dziko, maboma ayenera kusintha mizera yawo yachigawo kotero kuti chigawo chilichonse chili ndi chiŵerengero chofanana ndi cha anthu. Cholinga nchakuti chitsimikizire kuti voti ya nzika iliyonse ikhale ndi kulemera kofanana .

Kupatula pa kulingana kwa anthu, kulinganiza kuyenera kukwaniritsanso ziyeneretso zina zamwambo. Zimenezi zimasiyana ndi boma koma kaŵirikaŵiri zimaphatikizapo kugwirizana (chigawo chimodzi chiyenera kukhala gawo limodzi logwirizana), kugwirizana (kusinthasintha kwa mikhalidwe), kulemekeza magaŵano a ndale zadziko (monga ngati mzera wa chigawo kapena mzinda), ndi kusungidwa kwa anthu okondwerera (magulu a anthu okhala ndi malingaliro a kakhalidwe amodzi, chuma, kapena chikhalidwe). Mkhalidwe woyambirira woperekedwa ku muyezo uliwonse ungasinthe kwambiri mkhalidwe wa mapu.

Maziko a Mbiri ndi Malamulo

Kukonzanso kunali ntchito yapamwamba, yopanda uyang'aniro wa boma. Chimene chinasintha ndi chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu 1962 mu Baker v. Carr, chomwe chinakhazikitsa kuti makhoti a boma akayang'anitsitsa mavuto osintha pansi pa Kuteteza Claus. 1964 kulamulira mu [FLT:] Reynolds v. Sims anafutukula “munthu mmodzi, chivoti chimodzi cha kukhazikitsa zigawo za malamulo. Pambuyo pake, Vogation Grigition Act of United Nations Act (Chopedie 2) yoletsa mapulanidwe opeka a kusanthula kwa fuko kapena chinenero chamakono. Omalamulo ameneŵa anakhazikitsa gulu la mapepala otchuka, lofiira.

Chifukwa Chake Tiyenera Kuchepetsa Zinthu

Kusintha si ntchito ya abusa okha. Ndi chochitika chapamwamba cha ndale zadziko chomwe chili ndi zotsatirapo zakutali.

  • Kuimira: popanda kulinganiza kwanthaŵi zonse, kusintha kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu kungapange madera okhala ndi ukulu wosalingana kwenikweni, kuswa lingaliro la demokrase lamaziko lakuti mavoti onse ayenera kukhala ofanana.
  • Parisan Parisan Balation: Malamulo amaikidwa angatsimikizire kuti ndi chipani chiti chimene chimalamulira nyumba ya malamulo kwa zaka khumi, kusonkhezera lamulo la zaumoyo ndi lokhudza ufulu wovota.
  • Mizere ya chigwirizano: imene imalemekeza malo okhala, mafuko, kapena madera a zachuma imalola magulu kukhala ndi zikondwerero zofanana kwa oimira osankhidwa amene amamvetsetsa zosoŵa zawo.
  • Umboni: [[FLT :1] [1] Pamene zigawo zili za mpikisano, akuluakulu osankhidwa amavomereza kwambiri ku madera. Pamene zigawo zili zotetezereka, anthu osalimba amayang'anizana ndi chitsenderezo chochepa cha kulolera molakwa kapena kuyambitsanso.
  • Khoti Lalamulo: Maboma amene amaphwanya miyezo yosintha zinthu, amaika pangozi milandu yokwera mtengo, kuloŵerera kwa boma, ndi / nkhani zoipitsitsa . "Kujambulanso mapu ndi mbuye wapadera.

Njira Yowongolera

Ngakhale kuti nthawi yeniyeni imene anthu amayendera imakhala yosiyanasiyana malinga ndi mmene dziko limaonera, nthawi zambiri kukonza malowo kumakhala kotsatira dongosolo lolondola limene limachitika patatha miyezi 18 mpaka 24 kuchokera pamene anthu awerengedwa.

Mfundo Yoyamba: Kulemba ndi Kutulutsa Zinthu

Kachitidwe ka kuŵerengera kwa zaka za m'ma 1990 kanayamba ndi kuŵerengera kwa anthu kochitidwa ndi bungwe la Censuretion Bureau la U.S. Ataŵerengera munthu aliyense wokhalamo, Bureau imatulutsa mapepala aŵiri ofunika: P.L. 9471 pulogalamu, imene imatumiza anthu onse omwe akuchuluka kufika pa mlingo wa matanthwe, ndi chidziŵitso chachidziŵitso chochuluka chogwiritsa ntchito kutsimikizira kugwirizana ndi maofesi a ufulu wa anthu. Chifukwa cha malamulo, maboma ambiri satha kumaliza mapu awo kufikira atalandira chidziŵitso chimenechi, makamaka podzafika kumapeto kwa chaka chapangika. [[FLT:] The Rebitual Bureaual’s Regialing Office Office Office [FLD:1] imagaŵira zida ndi malangizo a .

Mfundo Yachiwiri: Kudziwa Chiŵerengero cha Maseats

Congressgational carebration . "Kugaŵidwa kwa mipando ya nyumba 435 pakati pa maiko [1] ndi kuŵerengera kwa bungwe la Census Bureau pogwiritsa ntchito njira yotchedwa njira yofanana. Maboma amene apeza anthu angalandire mipando yowonjezereka, pamene kuli kwakuti anthu angataye malo okhalirako. Kututa kumeneku kumayambitsa kufunika kwa kufiira m'boma lililonse, ngakhale aja amene alibe kusintha kwa anthu, chifukwa chakuti kusintha kwa anthu a m’dzikolo kumayambukiranso zigawo za boma za malamulo.

Sitepe 3: Kujambula Mapu

Iyi ndi mbali yoimbidwa mlandu kwambiri pa zandale. M'mayiko ambiri, bungwe la boma limalemba mapu, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi kazembe amene amayendetsa pulogalamu. Komabe, chiŵerengero chomakulakula cha mayiko asintha mabukhadi a ufulu kapena a bipartisan kuti achepetse mphamvu za anthu. Madrowa amagwiritsira ntchito mapulogalamu apadera amene amasunga mitapo ya anthu, masamu, zotsatira za masankhomo, ndi mizere ya chigawo yapita. Iwo ayenera kulinganiza zinthu zambiri pamene akuyesa kupeza phindu la ma projekiti , pamene atenga malo oyenera kukhala oyenerera.

Sitepe 4: Mawu Olankhulidwa ndi Anthu Onse ndi Akumva

Mayiko ambiri amafuna kuti anthu aziwamvetsera mapu asanayambe kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Anthu ndi magulu a anthu olankhulana ndi anthu angapereke umboni, kutumiza mapu awo ongofuna kuwapereka, ndi kuyambitsa zitsutso zokhudza tsankho la fuko kapena losiyana. Mayiko angapo agwiritsa ntchito mapu a pa Intaneti omwe amathandiza munthu aliyense kujambula ndi kutumiza mapu. Mfundo za anthu ndi chitetezo chachikulu, koma zotsatira zake zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi kuoneka kwa njirayo ndiponso ngati gulu la anthu ambiri likufuna kufotokoza mfundo zake.

Sitepe 5: Kuvomerezedwa ndi Kupenda Mwalamulo

Pambuyo pomaliza mapu, opanga malamulo a boma, mavoti a boma a kuvomereza. Maboma atsopanowo kenaka amakhala lamulo, koma amakhala pafupifupi oyenera kuyang'anizana ndi zitokoso za lamulo. Malamulo angapereke lamulo la fuko, kuchepetsa, kusalingana kwa anthu, kapena kuswa malamulo a Boocle Rights Act. Makhoti a boma angatseke kapena kusintha mapu amene amaswa malamulo. M'mizere ina, makhoti atenga njira yonse yotetezera pamene malamulo apanga malamulo atsekera kapena mapu oletsedwa.

Mfundo 6: Kukwaniritsa Zomwe Mungakonde

Mapu ovomerezedwa amagwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa nthaŵi yoyamba m'dongosolo la chisankho chotsatira. Opanga mapepala ayenera kugamula kuti ndi chigawo chiti chimene amakhalamo, ndipo ovota angadzipeze kukhala m'madera atsopano ndi oimira atsopano. Zimenezi zingadzetse chisokonezo, makamaka pamene zigawo zidutsa malire ozoloŵereka. Oyang'anira bungwe la bungwe la Commoration akonzanso zolembetsa ndi malire a chigawo mogwirizana ndi pulogalamu.

Kusankha Zofunika

Ubwino wa Kugaŵana ndi Kusintha

Kusintha malo kumapereka chiŵiya champhamvu cha kutsendereza kwa otsutsa. Mwakulonga ovota a otsutsa m'zigawo zingapo (kuchotsa) ndi kufalitsa ochirikiza a chipani chochuluka kuzungulira madera ambiri (kugwetsa), chipani chingasungitse chiŵerengero chochuluka cha mipando yogwirizana ndi kugawana kwake. Zimenezi, zotchedwa kutembenuza gegerrymaning , zakhala zaluso kwambiri ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mamepu apamwamba ndi a alganic . Brennan Center ya Chikalata cha Chilungamo cha Chilungamo cha Boma. Kuyesayesa kumeneku kukonzanso gerrymerman kupyolera ku kupyolera makomiti ndi makampani odziimira.

Partisan gergermaning imakhala ndi chiyambukiro choipa pa mpikisano wa voti. Pamene zigawo zikukopedwa kukhala zosunga mosatekeseka (mt., chigawo chimene nthaŵi zonse chimavota > 55% kwa chipani chimodzi), masankho amwambo amakhala osatsutsika. Amaika maganizo pa kusanthula kwakukulu, kutsogolera ku malo opambanitsa. Voter angaletsedwe chifukwa chakuti nzika zawo zilingalira kuti mavoti awo saa kanthu. Khoti lalikulu lalamula kuti makhoti a boma sangamve mawu akuti [[FLT:] Ruucro v. Chidziŵitso chachi. [FFLD:1], 20, koma makhoti ndi mabwanawa ayamba kukambirana.

Chitetezo cha Kusadziletsa

Madrowa angalembe mizere imene imateteza andale mwa kuphatikiza maadiresi awo a panyumba ndi kuwonjezera ovota aubwenzi pamene akuchotsa madera audani. Kachitidwe kameneka, kotchedwa kuti kutetezedwa kwa thumba, kamachepetsa kuyang'anira ndipo kangateteze opanga malamulo kuti asadziwike. M'mayiko kumene malamulo amalamulira kupendedwa kwa redi, kuchuluka kwa anthu ambiri kumafuna kutetezedwa kwambiri. Maboma ena amaletsa molunjika kugwiritsira ntchito maadiresi a m'thumba monga muyezo.

Kuimira Kochepa

Voing Rights Act ikufuna kuti magulu a anthu ochepa akhale ndi mpata wofanana kwa osankha. M’njira zambiri, zimenezi zimatanthauza kuyambitsa madera a anthu a mafuko ambiri kumene gulu la anthu a fuko kapena chinenero cha anthu ochepa limapanga nzika zambiri za anthu osankha. Ochirikiza atsutsa kuti zigawo zimenezi zawonjezera kwambiri chiŵerengero cha anthu akuda, Hispanishi, ndi oimira Asia. Otsutsa amanena kuti akhoza kupha anthu ochepa ovota m’zigawo, mwakutero kuchepetsa mphamvu yawo m’zigawo zozungulira . Kusamala ufulu wa anthu ochepa osankha kulowa mavoti ndi kupeŵa ufulu wa fuko la Ggerrydering ndi imodzi mwa nkhani zotchuka kwambiri m'nkhani zofiira.

Kusintha ndi Kugwirizana

Kusintha kumakhudza mmene osankha amaonera chisonkhezero chawo. Pamene madera ali opikisana kwambiri, ovota angalingalire mavoti awo kukhala atanthauzo ndipo angapite pamlingo wapamwamba. Mosiyana, pamene zigawo zili zotetezeka kwambiri kwa chipani chimodzi, makamaka m’mayiko kumene madera ambiri sachita mpikisano, wovota angavutike. Kuwonjezera apo, kusintha malire kaŵirikaŵiri kungasokoneze osankha: anthu sangadziŵe chigawo chimene akukhalamo kapena amene akufuna kuloŵa mpikisano wawo, kutsogolera ku ku kuchepetsa kutenga nawo mbali mpikisano wa mpikisano wa mpikisano wa mpikisano.

Mavuto a Kukonzanso Zinthu

Gerrymandering

Gerrymanindering idakali chitokoso chosalekeza. Pamene kuli kwakuti onse aŵiri aakulu akhala ndi chizoloŵezi pamene akulamulira ntchitoyo, matembenuzidwe amakono amadalira pa chidziŵitso chachikulu ndi pulogalamu yolondola ya mapu. Magawo ena akhala ndi mawonekedwe otchuka opangidwa ndi mawonekedwe [1] kamodzi kokha sindiko chizindikiro chodalirika cha kuphwanya lamulo. Partisan gerrymanning ilibe mankhwala a boma pambuyo pa [[FLT:]] Ruko , chotero nkhondoyo yapita ku bwalo lamilandu ndi miyezo. Magulu a ndale ochirikiza kusungidwa kwa Redition [FLT:]

Mavuto a M’malamulo Ndiponso Kukhumudwa

Pafupifupi kayendedwe kalikonse ka kukonza zinthu kamachititsa kuweruzana kwa zaka. Zovuta zingapereke mamepu a kanthaŵi koikidwa ndi khoti. Kukayikira kumeneku kumasokoneza kulinganiza ndawala ya kampeni ya mtundu, muyezo wa voti imodzi , kapena kulephera kujambula mapu mogwirizana ndi malamulo a boma. Maboma ambiri anaona mapu akugwedezeka ndi makhoti oletsa kusamvera malamulo a boma.

Kudalirana kwa Anthu Onse ndi Kuonana Kwabwino

Kusintha zinthu kaŵirikaŵiri kumachitika kumbuyo kwa zitseko, popanda kuyang'aniridwa kwa anthu. M'mayiko opanda ntchito, chipani chochuluka chingawone mapu mobisa, kutsogolera ku zinenezo za ntchito za m'nyumba. Ngakhale pamene akumva, angamve ngati masinthidwe. Akatswiri aitana njira zoonekera kwambiri, kuphatikizapo zipangizo zopangira mapu a anthu, makutu okhalitsa, ndi ntchito zaumwini. Pamene nzika zilingalira kuti redipriging sil, kudalira dongosolo lonse la pulogalamu ya .

Kusintha kwa Anthu ndi Kusintha kwa Mademographic

United States ikuchuluka kwambiri ndipo ikuyendera madera osiyanasiyana. Kuwonjezeka kwa anthu m'madera a m'madera a m'madera a m'midzi ndi m'madera a Rust Belt, kumayambitsa mavuto a chigawo. Maonekedwe akuchuluka m'madera ambiri, koma nthaŵi zambiri amaŵerengedwa kapena kuikidwa m'madera amene amachepetsa mphamvu yawo. Kuwonjezera apo, mliri wa CHOVID-19 unasokoneza kalembera kochititsa kuti achedwe ndi mapulogalamu ovuta kujambula mapu. Maboma sakanatha kumaliza kujambula mutu wapamwamba, milandu yalamulo, ndi masankhomo aakulu.

Luso ndi Luso la Zaluso

Kupanga mapu opita patsogolo kwa makompyuta kumathandiza ndi kulepheretsa kukonza malo abwino. Kumbali ina, kumalola madrowa kupanga anthu ofanana ndendende ndi kugwirizana ndi malamulo. Kumbali ina, kumapanga opaleshoni yowonjezereka. Ma-algoritime angapange mapu zikwizikwi amene angapangitse masamu owonjezereka ndi kusankha amene amawonjezera phindu pamene akukhalabe m'mipatuko yalamulo. Maboma ena ayesa kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta a KGBDS polemba mapu, koma malamulo ngovuta. Kuwonjezereka kwa mapulogalamu a pulogalamu yopanga mapulogalamu achititsa kuti atse mapulation ndi kuonekera kwa mapulogalamu.

Zoyesayesa za Kusintha ndi Tsogolo la Kuchepetsa Malo

Poyankha ku kuchuluka kwa anthu osintha zinthu, kuwonjezeka kwa kusintha kwawonjezeka. Kuyambira 2000, mayiko oposa 12 apanga makampani odziimira okha kapena a bipartisan redrificieformation, kuchotsa ntchitoyo kwa opanga malamulo. Makinamiti a California Redicounting Commission ndi Service Redicialing Commission ya Michigan kaŵirikaŵiri amatchulidwa kukhala zitsanzo. Mabungwe ameneŵa amasunga mayeso a anthu, amagwiritsira ntchito mfundo zomveka bwino, ndipo amafuna mavoti apamwamba kuti avomereze mapu. Umboni woyambirira umasonyeza kuti mapu a bungwe la ojambula ali opikisana, osachepera pa Khirion, ndi oyang'anizana ndi mavuto ochepa a zamalamulo.

Maballot akhazikitsanso ziletso pa mmene zigawo zingapangidwire, monga ngati kuletsa mapu amene amayanja chipani. Malingaliro ena amapitabe patsogolo, kukakamiza kupeputsa kumene kumachotsa kukondera kwa anthu. Komabe njira za algorithm zili ndi mavuto awo. Malamulo oloŵetsedwa ndi opanga zosankha akusonyezabe makhalidwe a anthu, ndipo “algorith mes dala angatulutse mapu amene amalepheretsa magulu ena.

Pamlingo wa boma, mafaindi onga For the People Act ndi John Lewis Voting Rights Advement Act ayesa kupangitsa malamulo osintha mtunduwo kukhala oyenera, koma aletsedwa m'Congress. Kusintha kwa ndale zadziko kotsimikizirika kwambiri kukuchitika pamlingo wa boma kupyolera mwa zolamulira za nzika ndi zigamulo za khoti. Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira, kukhalabe odziŵitsidwa za kusintha sikuli njira yamaphunziro yokha kumvetsetsa mmene malamulo a demokrase amalembedwera ndi kulembedwanso.

Kumaliza

Kusintha kwa zinthu ndi kusintha kwa anthu kumakhala kowopsa koma kaŵirikaŵiri kosamvetsetseka kwa masankho a ku America. Kumasankha amene amasankhidwa, ndi malamulo ati amene amamveka, ndi ngati ovotawo amamvedwa. Njirayo yakhala yotsutsana ndi zaka khumi zilizonse, pamene zipangizo zodziŵira zinthu zikukulitsa nkhondo ndi kusintha kwa anthu. Komabe kukonzanso kopereka mpata wa pangano la mapangano a boma: nzika zingagawatenge nawo m'makutu a anthu, kutumiza mapu, ndi kukakamiza kuti aoneke bwino ndi mosakondera. Chitokoso kukhazikitsa dongosolo la democracy ya unduko lolinganizika kuimira, ufulu wochepera, mpikisano, ndi kudalira anthu onse. Kumvetsetsa zimenezi ndiko njira yoyamba yotsimikizira kuti mapu timakopadi anthu.