Boma la United States siliri lachilendo: nthambi zake zitatu: .gsigslate, pulezidenti, ndi jaji . Kupanga malamulo, kusungitsa malamulo, ndi kumasulira malamulo amene amaumba foni yanu, cheke ya malipiro anu, chisamaliro chanu cha zaumoyo, ndi ufulu wanu. Kumvetsetsa mmene nthambi iriyonse imagwirira ntchito ndi kusonkhezera zokumana nazo zanu za tsiku ndi tsiku sikuli kokha chidziŵitso cha boma chomwe chimakupatsani nzeru yothandiza kudzichilikiza ndi kudziloŵetsa mudemo mudemokrase. Chitso chofutukulidwachi chimayenda kupyola nthambi iriyonse, ndi zitsanzo zachitsende za ziyambukiro zawo za tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku, ndi tsiku ndi tsiku, ndipo limafotokoza dongosolo la zopimira ndi zochitirapo mlandu zimene boma limapereka.

Nthambi Yolamulira: Opanga Malamulo Amene Amakhazikitsa Malamulo Amene Mumakhala ndi Moyo mwa

Nthambi ya malamulo, yopangidwa ndi Nyumba ya Oimira ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo (Nyumba Yosonkhanitsa), iri ndi thayo lalikulu la kupanga ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma. Malamulo ameneŵa amakhudza pafupifupi mbali iriyonse ya moyo wanu, kuchokera ku mphepo imene mumapereka ku misonkho. Koma kuwonjezera pa kukhazikitsa malamulo wamba, Nyumba ya Malamulo imayang’anira bajeti ya boma, kuyang’anira nthambi ya akuluakulu, ndi kuimira zikondwerero za anthu m’dziko lonselo.

Mmene Malamulo a Nyumba za Malamulo Amakhudzira Mkhalidwe Wanu wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku

Lamulo lililonse la boma limayamba monga lamulo, ndipo njira yosandutsa lingaliro kukhala lamulo imachedwa ndi kupeputsa. Panopo nthambi ya malamulo imakhudza moyo wanu wa tsiku ndi tsiku:

  • Malamulo a Health ndi Safety: Malamulo onga [[FT:2] Afford Care Act (ACA]) kapena Ceather Air Act imayambukira kukhudza kumene mungapeze ndi ukulu wa mpweya umene mumapuma. Mwachitsanzo, zogaŵira za ACA pa mikhalidwe yapasadakhale zikutanthauza kuti mamiliyoni a Aamereka sangamanidwe inshuwalansi ya umoyo chifukwa cha matenda akale.
  • Ntchito Malo ndi Mapasa: Congress imakhazikitsa malipiro a boma, malamulo a owonjezera, ndi miyezo ya chisungiko cha kuntchito kupyolera mwa mabungwe onga Occational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Ngati mugwira ntchito maola oposa 40 pa mlungu, lamulo lofuna malipiro anthaŵi yowonjezereka limachokera ku Fair Labor Standard Act, loperekedwa ndi Congress.
  • Masheya ndi Mapindu: Nthaŵi iriyonse imene muwona decception for Social Security kapena Medicare , ndiyo nthambi yalamulo pantchito. Congress imakhazikitsa magudumu a msonkho, masheya, ndi ma ngongole, ndipo imasankha kuyenerera kaamba ka maprogramu onga inshuwalansi ya ulova, chithandizo cha chakudya (SAP), ndi mapindu a odziŵa ntchito.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kuphunzitsa ndi Wophunzira Loans: Programu za maphunziro a Federal , Pell Grants, Direct Loans, ndi phunziro la ntchito, zapangidwa ndi kuthandizidwa ndi Nyumba za Malamulo. Kusintha malamulo kumayambukira mwachindunji mtengo wa ndalama ndi ngongole kwa omaliza maphunziro.
  • Chitetezo cha ezachuma: Malamulo onga Truth in Lending Act ndi Consumer Product Safety Act imakutetezerani ku machitachita onyenga a zachuma ndi zinthu zosatetezereka. Malamulo ameneŵa amapereka mabungwe onga Consumer Informal Protection Bureau (CFPB) ulamuliro wa kuchitapo kanthu.

Ndalama Zokhala ndi Manda ndi Mphamvu ya Zogula

Congress imachita zinthu zogwirizana ndi mphamvu ya kachikwamako: imaperekanso chosankha cha mmene ndalama zimagwiritsidwira ntchito. Mphamvu imeneyi imayambukira moyo wanu wa tsiku ndi tsiku m’njira zazikulu. Pamene ntchito za Nyumba za Ufumu zichitidwa, mupeza misewu yabwino, milatho, ndi kutumiza anthu. Pamene ichepetsa ndalama zothandizira kufufuza kwa sayansi, zipambano za mankhwala. Ndalamazo zimasankhanso ukulu wa asilikali, kupambana kwa utumiki wa positi ofesi, ndi chuma chimene chilipo kaamba ka mapaki a dziko. Chaka chilichonse, Nyumba ndi Nyumba ya Catenal imasintha ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito, ndipo chiwiritso chomaliza chimakhudza zonse kuchokera ku zibowomba zanu za kampani yanu ya chiwongola ndalama zimene mukulandira pamalipo ophunzira.

Kuimira ndi Kuyang’anira

Nthambi yalamulo imatumikiranso monga mawu anu mu Washington. Woimira wanu ndi Senator amamvetsera ku nkhaŵa za makampani, kusunga maholo a tauni, ndi kuvota kwa inu. Kuposa kuimiridwa, Congress iyang'anira nthambi ya akuluakulu kupyolera m'mayeso ndi kufufuza. Mwachitsanzo, pamene bungwe la boma monga Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) limachepetsa miyezo ya kuipitsa, makomiti a bungwe la kouniortion angaitane akuluakulu kuti akachitire umboni, kupempha mapepala, ndi kupereka lamulo la kubwezera kapena kuwongolera ntchitozo. Uyang'anira umenewu umatsimikizira kuti mabungwe amene amasungitsa malamulo adakali oŵerengera anthu.

Nthambi Yoyang’anira: Okakamiza Amene Anapereka Malamulo

Nthambi yapamwamba, yotsogozedwa ndi Pulezidenti ndipo yokhala ndi antchito oposa mamiliyoni anayi m’madipatimenti osiyanasiyana ndi m’mabungwe, ili ndi thayo la kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo operekedwa ndi Congress. Nthambi imeneyi imayambukira moyo wanu nthaŵi zambiri tsiku lililonse, kaŵirikaŵiri mwa njira zimene simumazindikira kufikira pamene chinachake chalakwika.

Chiyambukiro Chachindunji cha Pulezidenti pa Lamulo ndi Moyo wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku

Pulezidenti wakhazikitsa nkhani za dzikolo, kupereka malamulo a akuluakulu, ndi kulangiza mabungwe a boma za mmene angagwiritsirire ntchito malamulowo.

  • Eductive Orders: Pulezidenti angapereke malangizo amene amasintha malamulo popanda kuyembekezera Nyumba ya Malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, maofisala a oloŵa m'dziko angayambukire amene amaloledwa kuloŵa m’dziko, mkhalidwe wa olandira a DACA, ndi kusungidwa kwa malamulo amalire. Lamulo limodzi la mkulu lingasinthe miyoyo ya anthu mamiliyoni ambiri usiku wonse.
  • Kusintha kwa lamulo: Mabungwe a Federal pansi pa ulamuliro wa Pulezidenti . Monga Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Education, ndi Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo ndi Mautumiki a Anthu (malamulo aumoyo amene ali ndi mphamvu ya lamulo. Lamulo latsopano pa miyezo ya kuyendetsa bwino mafuta limayambukira mwachindunji mtengo ndi kupezeka kwa galimoto. Kusintha kwa malamulo auvete kumasankha mmene mungaloŵere pa intaneti.
  • Policy ndi Traked : Pulezidenti akukambirana mapangano ndi mapangano a malonda, amakhazikitsa malamulo, ndi kuyendetsa mayanjano a anthu. Pamene maulamuliro abweza ntchito ya malonda, mtengo wa katundu wogulitsidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zamagetsi / kuchokera ku zipatso . Zosankha zoleka pa mapangano a nyengo zapadziko lonse zimakhudza mlingo wa dziko lonse ndipo, potsirizira pake, mpweya umene mumapuma.
  • M'nthaŵi za mavuto : M'nthaŵi za tsoka /pandemic, masoka achilengedwe, kapena ziwopsezo za dziko, Pulezidenti angalengeze ngozi ya mtundu wonse, kutsegula mphamvu zapadera kuti abwezeretse ndalama, asilikali oyendetsa, kapena kukhazikitsa ziletso za ulendo. Mliri wa CHOVID-19 unakhala ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwakukulu kwa maulamuliro apamwamba kupititsa patsogolo katemera ndi kupereka chithandizo chachuma.

Madipatimenti a Kabinabit ndi Mabungwe Othandiza Amene Mumagwirizana Nawo Tsiku ndi Tsiku

Pambali pa Pulezidenti, nthambi yauyang’aniro iri mpambo wa madipatimenti ndi mabungwe amene amapereka mautumiki ndi kusungitsa malamulo. Nazi zina za ziyambukiro zosonkhezera kwambiri:

Dipatimenti ya Zoyendera

DOT amakhazikitsa miyezo ya chitetezo kaamba ka magalimoto, kumanga ndi kukonza misewu ya m’chigawo chakumpoto, kuyendetsa maulendo a ndege, ndi kuyang’anira Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Pamene muyendetsa galimoto m’dziko lapakati, kukwera ndege, kapena kukwera sitima, malamulo a DOT ndi kusungitsa ndalama zikuyambukira mwachindunji chisungiko ndi liŵiro la ulendo wanu.

Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo ndi Ntchito za Anthu

HHS imayang'anira mankhwala a Medicare, Medicaid, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), ndi National Institutes of Health (NIH). FDA imavomereza mankhwala amene mumamwa ndi mankhwala amene mumalandira. CDC imagaŵira malangizo a zaumoyo amene amaumba khalidwe la anthu, kuyambira ku zomangira za kuteteza ku chakudya.

Department of Education

Malamulo ake amakhudza zimene zimaphunzitsidwa m’makalasi, mmene sukulu zimasamalirira kudandaula chifukwa cha tsankho, ndi kukhoza kwa maphunziro apamwamba.

Department of the Desiterial of Mouth Department

DHS imayang'anira chitetezo cha kumalire, kukhazikitsa lamulo la anthu oloŵa m'dziko, Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Oonera TSA amayang'anira zikwama zanu pabwalo la ndege. FEMA imagwirizanitsa tsoka la mphepo yamkuntho kapena moto wa magetsi. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) imakakamiza kuti ziwalande.

Kugwiritsira Ntchito ndi Kukakamiza

Kupereka lamulo ndi sitepe loyamba. Nthambi yaikulu iyenera kuichita. Pamene Nyumba ya Ufumu ipereka lamulo latsopano la malo okhala, EPA imalemba malamulo apadera kuti ligwiritsiridwe ntchito, imafufuza mafakitale kuti avomereze, ndi kukhazikitsa malipoti kwa ophwanya lamulo. Pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo isintha malamulo a msonkho, mafomu a Revolution Service (IRS) osintha, malangizo, ndi kuŵerengera kubwerera. Kugwira ntchito kwa lamulo lililonse kumadalira kwambiri pa mmene nthambi yapamwamba imasankhira kuitsatira.

Nthambi ya Oweruza: Olamulira Amene Amatetezera Ufulu Wanu

Nthambi yachiweruzo, yokhala ndi Bwalo Lapamwamba ndi makhoti apamwamba a boma, imamasulira malamulo ndi Malamulo. Ilo limatumikira monga wotsogolera womalizira, kuthetsa mikangano ndi kutsimikizira kuti palibe lamulo kapena kachitidwe ka ulamuliro kamene kamaswa zoyenera zazikulu zotsimikiziridwa kwa inu. Chiyambukiro cha zigamulo zachiweruzo kaŵirikaŵiri chimafika pambali zapafupi, kuwongolera malo alamulo kaamba ka aliyense.

Mmene Makhoti Amakhudzira Ufulu Wanu wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku

Nazi zitsanzo zingapo zosonyeza mmene makhoti amakhudzira moyo wanu wa tsiku ndi tsiku:

  • Ufulu wa Kulankhula ndi Chisonyezero: Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu pa First Amendment zimalongosola zimene munganene, ponyamulira pa Intaneti, kapena kutsutsa. Milandu yonga Citamisanns United v. FEC[FL:3] (2010) imayambukira ndalama za ndawala, pamene [[FLT: 4.] Mahanoy Astric School j v. B. [FL:] [2001]
  • Privitacy ndi Kuthamanga : [[FLT :1] Mu [[FLT :2] Riley v. California [1] (2014, Khoti linagamula kuti apolisi afunikira chilolezo asanayambe kusanthula telefoni yanu ya m'manja. Chigamulo chimenechi chimatetezera mwachindunji unyinji wa chidziŵitso chaumwini chimene munyamula m’thumba mwanu tsiku lililonse.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukwati ndi Banja: Chosankha chapadera mu bergefell v. Hodges (2015] ukwati wa kugonana kwalamulo kudziko lonse, wokhudza malo alamulo a mabanja mamiliyoni ambiri ndi kupatsa mapindu onga choloŵa, kulera, ndi inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo.
  • Chiweruzo chachibadwidwe: [[FLT :1] Chigamulo cha khoti pa kachitidwe koyenera, zoyenera za Miranda, ndi kuweruza zitsogozo zimaumba mmene apolisi amachitira ndi inu mkati mwa kuima kwa galimoto kapena kumangidwa. Chiyeneretso chakuti apolisi akuŵerengani ufulu wanu chimachokera ku Manda v. Arizona . chigamulo.
  • [[NT.0] Lamulo la zamwa ndi la Consumer: khoti la Federal likumva zitokoso ku malamulo a EPA, chitetezo cha ogula, ndi zinenezo za kulipira katundu. Chigamulo cha khoti cha kutseka kapena kuchirikiza lamulo chingayambukire mtundu wa madzi anu akumwa kapena chisungiko cha zinthu zimene mumagula.

Mphamvu ya Khoti Lalikulu ya Kupenda Chiweruzo

Mphamvu yaikulu ya nthambi yachiweruzo ndiyo kupenda kwachiweruzo . ulamuliro wa kulengeza malamulo kapena zochita za mabwana popanda malamulo. Mphamvu imeneyi, yokhazikitsidwa mu [FLT: 0] Boverty v. Madison [183] [(103]] , imatanthauza kuti Bwalo Lapamwamba lingagwetse lamulo loperekedwa ndi Congress kapena lamulo loperekedwa ndi Pulezidenti ngati likutsutsana ndi Malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, mu National Federation of Independent . Sebelius [FLT:[FF:] [3]], Courtslorrence yochuluka ya Afford Kirealdal , koma lamulo la boma lopatsira ndalama ku Médica. Pambuyo pake, chigamu cha mlandu wa Ifectic [Malamulo a KGenest] [F]] [4].[3]

Kupenda chiweruzo kumagwira ntchito monga kufufuza kosuliza pa nthambi zina, kutsimikizira kuti ufulu wanu waukulu suponderezedwa ndi anthu otchuka kapena mkulu wa ntchito wopambanitsa. Nthaŵi iriyonse pamene Bwalo Lamilandu lipereka chigamulo, kumakhazikitsa chitsanzo chimene makhoti aang’ono ayenera kutsatira ndi kuumba lamulo lamtsogolo.

Makhoti a M’mabungwe Ang’onoang’ono ndi Mikangano Yanu

Pamene kuli kwakuti Khoti Lalikulu limalandira chisamaliro chachikulu, milandu yaikulu ya boma imaperekedwa ku makhoti a chigawo ndi makhoti a apilo. Mabwalo amilandu ameneŵa amasamalira mikangano yokhudza lamulo la boma, monga kuphwanya malamulo, kulephera kulowa m’dziko, zitokoso za lamulo, ndi kuweruza boma. Ngati mulephera kuweruza boma, amaimbidwa mlandu ndi boma, kapena kufunikira kuthetsera mkanganowo m’khoti la boma. Oweruza kumeneko amamasulira malamulo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira ya Khoti Lapamwamba, ndipo zigamu zawo zingaperekedwe ku chikole cha tcheni.

Kugwirizanitsa Nthambi: Kupenda ndi Kulinganiza Zochita

Oyambitsawo anapanga nthambi zitatuzo kuti zigwire ntchito pamodzi ndi kuyang’anirana mphamvu. Njira imeneyi yofufuzira ndi kulinganiza zinthu imaletsa nthambi iliyonse kulamulira ina. Kumvetsetsa mmene zimachitira zinthu kumakuthandizani kuzindikira chifukwa chake kawirikawiri boma limachedwa ndi kupikisana, komanso chifukwa chake limalinganizidwira kutetezera ufulu wanu.

Kufufuza pa Nthambi Yotsatira Malamulo

  • Kukwaniritsa Veto: Pulezidenti angapereke lamulo loperekedwa ndi Congress, kukakamiza Congress kulithetsa ndi magawo aŵiri a chitatu a mphamvu m’zipinda zonse ziŵiri.
  • [[FULT:0] Judicial Review: Khoti Lalikulu lingagamule lamulo kukhala losagwirizana ndi malamulo, kulepheretsa lamulo la malamulo.
  • Kutsimikizira: Pulezidenti amaika oweruza a boma ndi maofesala aakulu, koma Nyumba ya Malamulo iyenera kuwatsimikizira. Izi zimapereka msonkhano pa kuikidwa kwa mkulu pamene zikulolanso Pulezidenti kuumba judia.

Kufufuza pa Nthambi Yotsogolera

  • Uyang'aniro wa Uyang'aniro: Makomiti amafufuza zochita za mabwana, zikalata zapansi, ndi kuitanira mboni.
  • Mphamvu ya Kupereka: Nyumba ingachotse Pulezidenti, Pulezidenti, kapena oweruza a boma; Nyumba ya Malamulo imakhala ndi mlandu ndipo ingawachotse.
  • Kulamulira kwa mlingo wa magetsi: Nyumba za Malamulo zimalamulira ndalama, chotero Prezidenti sangawononge ndalama popanda chilolezo cha malamulo.
  • Judicial Review: Makhoti angapereke malamulo a akuluakulu amene amaposa ulamuliro wa Prezidenti.

Kufufuza pa Nthambi Yoweruza

  • Kukhazikitsa ndi Kutsimikizira: Prezidenti amatsutsa oweruza, ndipo Nyumba ya Malamulo imatsimikizira iwo. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira mlandu wa ndale zadziko.
  • Mphamvu ya Chikalata cha Chisinthitso: Congress ingachepetse mitundu ya milandu imene Khoti Lalikulu lingaimve, ndipo lingapereke ziyeneretso za malamulo kuti asinthe zigamulo zachiweruzo.
  • Kufufuza kwa Oweruza: [[FL:1] Oweruza a Federal angatsutsidwe ndi kuchotsedwa ndi Nyumba za Malamulo kaamba ka kusadziletsa.

Zitsanzo Zabwino Zomwe Zinkachitikira Anthu Akutsatirana

Chitsanzo chapadera ndicho Affordble Care Act. Congress inakhazikitsa lamulo (legislative), Pulezidenti anasaina ilo (kupha), ndipo Khoti Lapamwamba linaichirikiza m'chigamulo cha 2012 (jalabu). Pambuyo pa chimenecho, nthambi yoyang'anira inagwiritsira ntchito lamulo, koma Pulezidenti wotsatira anagwiritsira ntchito machitidwe apamwambawo kuwongolera kusungitsa lamulo lake, ndipo pambuyo pake Congress inabwezera chilango cha munthu aliyense. Khotilo linapitirizanso kumva mavuto, monga ngati [[FLT: 0] Califor v. Texas . [FL:] [20], imene inachirikizanso lamulolo.

Mapeto ake: Kudzipatsa Mphamvu Mwakumvetsa

Nthambi ya boma imalemba malamulo, nthambi yoyang’anira imaonetsetsa kuti ntchitoyi ikuchitika, ndipo nthambi yachiweruzo imamasulira nkhani zimenezi. Koma palibe nkhani iliyonse yokhudza moyo wanu kusiyapo mutamvetsa mmene ikukhudzira moyo wanu. Mukadziwa kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo imaikiratu malipiro ochepa, mungapereke. Mukazindikira kuti Prezidenti akukhazikitsa malamulo a akuluakulu a boma pa nkhani za anthu oloŵa m’dziko, mungathe kutsatira nkhani za m'manyuzipepala ndi kuchitapo kanthu. Mungathe kuteteza zinthu zanu. Mukadziwa mmene nthambi iliyonse imakuthandizirani kuti musakhale ndi munthu wongodzipereka. Mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu imeneyi: kuvota pa chisankho, kukambirana ndi oimira inu, kutsatira milandu ya khoti, ndi kuimbidwa ndi nduna yauniyo.