Chiyambi: Nthambi Zitatu m’Nthaŵi za Mavuto

Mavuto . Kaya masoka achilengedwe, kugwa kwa chuma, ngozi zaumoyo, kapena kuopsa kwa boma. Ku United States, nthambi zitatu za boma (zozunza, zokhazikitsa malamulo, ndi za khoti) iliyonse ili ndi udindo wosiyana pansi pa malamulo, koma ntchito zawo zimakhala zovuta kwambiri pa nthawi ya ngozi. Kuthamanga, kuchuluka, ndi kuchuluka kwa malamulo a boma kungatsimikizire zotsatira zimene zikukhudza miyoyo ya anthu mamiliyoni ambiri. Kumvetsa mmene nthambi iliyonse imagwirira ntchito m’nthaŵi ya mavuto n’kofunika kwambiri pomvetsa maulamuliro, malamulo a anthu onse, ndi ufulu wawo. Kufufuza kumeneku kumathandiza kwambiri pa nkhani za mbiri yakale ndi zochitika zamakono, ndi kufufuza njira zoyendera kuyendera mayeso ndi kuchepetsa mavuto ena.

Kuyankha kwa Otsogolera Ofesi Yanthambi: Kufulumira, Ulamuliro, ndi Kugwirizana

Nthambi ya akuluakulu, yomwe imatsogoleredwa ndi Pulezidenti, nthaŵi zambiri ndi yoyamba kuchitapo kanthu pa mavuto. Lamulo lake la malamulo loti “Musamalire Malamulo kuti awonongedwe mokhulupirika” imaphatikiza pamodzi ndi mphamvu zangozi kuti athandize anthu kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga. Pulezidenti angapereke ndalama za boma, malamulo a akuluakulu a boma, ndi mabungwe otsogolera monga Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Dipatimenti ya za Umoyo, ndi Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo ndi Ntchito za Anthu. Komabe, ulamuliro wa akuluakulu pamavuto wakhala nkhani yokambirana yopitirizabe, makamaka pamene ntchito zapatuka ufulu wa anthu kapena kuphwanya malamulo a boma.

Mphamvu Zoopsa ndi Maulamuliro Okhazikitsa Malamulo

Maulamuliro a Prezidenti a ngozi amachokera ku magwero ambiri: Malamulo, malamulo onga National Emertications Act (19976), ndi chitsanzo cha mbiri yakale. Kulengeza makonzedwe angozi a mtunduwo kumatsegulidwa pafupifupi mapangano 140 a malamulo, kuphatikizapo kukhoza kutumizanso ndalama, zothandizira zaumwini, ndi kuimitsa malamulo ena. Mwachitsanzo, mkati mwa mliri wa CHOVAD-19, Prezidenti Donald Trump anachonderera Stafford Act ndi Defect ya Device Production kufulumiza kuyambika ndi kutulutsa mankhwala. Nthambi yapamwamba imagwirizanitsanso ndi akazembe a boma kupyolera ndi zilengezo zamwadzi, ngakhale kuti boma lingayambitse vuto pamene boma ndi zinthu zofunika za boma zikuyenda.

Kuphunzira Nkhani: September 11, 2001 ndi Nkhondo Yolimbana ndi Upandu

Palibe vuto lamakono limene linasinthanso mphamvu ya kulamulira kuposa zigaŵenga zoukira pa September 11, 2001. Patangopita masiku ochepa, Pulezidenti George W. Bush analengeza za ngozi ya dziko lonse ndipo anayambitsa ntchito zankhondo ku Afghanistan. Chikalata cha Uselving for Use of Military Force (AMF) choperekedwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo chinapatsa pulezidenti ulamuliro waukulu kuti agwiritsire ntchito “zofunika ndi zoyenera. Nthambi yapamwamba inakhazikitsa Dipatimenti ya Homend Security, inachititsa kuti bungwe la USA PATRIOT Act likhale ndi maprogramu ofufuza zinthu zofufuza, ndipo inawonjezera maluso ambiri amene pambuyo pake anayang'anizana ndi zitoko zalamulo. Chivomerezo chapamwamba cha kachitidwe kachiŵiri, kamodzi, koma inadzutsanso mafunso onena za kuyang'anira ndi ufulu pakati pa ufulu.

Kufufuza Nkhani: Mphepo ya Katrina ndi Malire a Kuyankha kwa Bungwe

Mphepo Katrina inavumbula kufooka kwakukulu kwa maulamuliro a akuluakulu a boma. Ngakhale kuti panali machenjezo apamwamba, yankho la boma la Pulezidenti George W. Bush linali lochedwa ndiponso losagwirizana. FEMA, kenaka pansi pa Department of Homeland Security, inalephera kutumiza zinthu, anthu ochoka, kapena kubwezeretsa dongosolo ku New Orleans kwa masiku angapo. Tsokali linachititsa kuti Michael Brown, mkulu wa bungwe la FEMA asinthe zinthu pa ngozi, kuphatikizapo Post-Katrina Eme Mergency Mana Mana Mana Mana Mana Depagement Reformation Act ya 2006. Nkhaniyi inagogomezera kuti mphamvu zaudindo la akuluakulu a boma lokhalo siikwanira kukonza bwino zinthu ndiponso kukambirana ndi boma ndi maboma akomwe.

Kuyang’anira Mavuto kwa Oyang’anira Olamulira Amakono: COVID-19

Mliri wa Covid , unayesa nthambi ya akuluakulu pa maulamuliro aŵiri. Pansi pa Pulezidenti Donald Trump, White House inakhazikitsa Stafford Act ndi kutumiza asilikali kuti amange zipatala zosakhalitsa. Octal Warp Gards inathamanga kuti ilembe masamu anthaŵi za ntchito. Pansi pa Pulezidenti Joe Biden, maoti a akuluakulu a boma amene anakhazikitsa zinsinsinsi pa nthaka, anakhazikitsa bungwe la CHOVAD-19 Health Equity Force , ndi kutsogolera Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSA) kuti apereke malamulo a za kanthaŵi ya kanthaŵi kochepa kaamba ka chitetezo cha ntchito ya ntchito ya boma. Mlipo inasonyezanso kuti mphamvu za boma za boma za kuyendetsa ntchito yauyang'tsogolo kwa anthu zaundamakulu: kuchokera pa Center of Deseaseasease (CD) (C) kuti agwiritse ntchito malamulo a boma.

Chivomerezo cha Nthambi Yolamulidwa: Kupereka Ndalama, Kuyang’anira, ndi Kupanga Malamulo

Nyumba ya Malamulo imathandiza kwambiri kukonza mavuto mwa kupereka ndalama zothandizira anthu kuthana ndi mavuto, kuwaweruza, ndi kutsata malamulo. Pamene nthambi ya akuluakulu imachita ntchito yoyamba, nthambi ya malamulo imapereka zinthu, malamulo, ndi njira zodziyankhira zofunika kuti athe kuchira. Mkati mwa mavuto, Nyumba za Malamulo zingayende mofulumira kwambiri, kudutsa ngongole zimene zingatenge miyezi yambiri pamasiku angapo. Komabe, nthambi ya digriplock ikhozanso kulepheretsa ntchito ya malamulo, monga momwe zimaonekera m’mabanja ambiri ndi kutsekereza boma pa nthaŵi ya ngozi.

Kupenda Zinthu Mofulumira ndi Mitokoma

Congress imati “mphamvu ya chikwama,” kutanthauza kuti ndalama zambiri zimene boma limawononga pa nthawi ya mavuto zimafuna chilolezo cha boma. Mabanki a zamwamsanga angapereke ndalama mabiliyoni ambiri kuti athandize pakagwa tsoka, asonkhezetsa chuma, ndi maprogramu a zaumoyo. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pa mavuto a zachuma a 2008, Nyumba ya Malamulo inapasa programu ya Chithandizo (TARP) mu October 2008 . $700,000,000 [$2,500,000,000] ya ndalama zoyendetsera ntchitoyi. Chikalata cha American Revention and Reinvestment (As Recovement) chinalowetsa $30,000,000,000 Act mu chuma kudzera m'mafakitale, maprojekiti a za zothandizira, ndi chithandizo ku boma. Mu 2020 ndi 2021, Nyumba za Malamulo 201, Nyumba za maofesi a za maofesi a za maofesi a boma (zoloweruza) zinapereka ndalama zokwana madola 5,5, kuphatikizapo Act Act, Precception, ndi Doclection Age Wootion, United America.

Kuyang’anira ndi Kuŵerengera

Congress imayang'anira mwa kuweruza milandu, kufufuza, ndi Government Accounting Office (GAO). Pambuyo pa tsoka, makomiti kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'anira kupenda ntchito za mabwana a nthambi, kufuna zikalata, ndi akuluakulu a mafunso. Mwachitsanzo, Nyumba Genette Chosandutsa Komiti pa January 6 Attack inapeza Capitol Reactive , ikutulutsa lipoti latsatanetsatane la kulephera kwa chitetezo ndi maofesi a boma osachitapo kanthu. Mofananamo, bungwe la Committen Home Security lafufuza FEMA’s hyd . Uyang'anira wogwira mtima angatsogolere kukonzanso ntchito yothandiza anthu kukhala ndi lunthantha. Komabe, uyang'anira angasungenso m'malo andale, kuchititsa anthu kusakhulupirira.

Kupenda Nkhani za Malamulo: Lamulo la USA LA PATRIOT

Mu October 2001, pogwiritsa ntchito chikalata cha USA PRITIOT, Act inawonjezera mphamvu zoyang'anira malamulo ndi mabungwe a luntha. Inatsitsa pepala la magetsi kuti lipeze zilolezo, kulola mayalo oyendera malo osiyanasiyana, ndi kupeputsa mfundo zogwirizana pakati pa KIA ndi FBI. Pamene anthu ochirikiza lamuloli anali ofunika kwambiri polimbana ndi uchigawenga, otsutsa analimbana ndi malamulo oteteza a Opatula Malamulo a Kachinayi ndi mabungwe a luntha. Lamulo linaloledwa kambiri ndi kukonzanso zinthu zina zoyenderana ndi kulowa kwa dzuŵa, ndi kupenda kwake kwamphamvu zimene zingasonyeze mmene malamulo a boma angakhalire ndi malamulo odalirika. Mu 2015, bungwe la Congressme lina lina linalowetsa kuphatikiza malamulo aakulu ndi USAFUSC, kuonetsa malingaliro a zachinsinsi pa kutetezeka kwa anthu.

Maphunziro a Malamulo: Kulabadira Vuto la Ndalama mu 2008

Bungwe lina loyang’anira makampani linakhazikitsa malamulo a zachuma a ku United States. Bungwe lina linalamulanso Federal Reserve kuti lichite zinthu zapadera, monga kukonza mapepala a inshuwalansi yaikulu ya IUG. Lamuloli linaphatikizapo makonzedwe a kuchepetsa ndalama ndi kuyang'anira ndi bungwe loyang'anira. Obama anakhazikitsanso ntchito ya Dodd Wall Street Reformation ndi Consumer Protection Act mu 2010, imene inakhazikitsa malamulo atsopano pa mabanki ndi kupanga bungwe la Consumer Finity Protection Bureareaual Bureaual (CFPB). Kutsatira kumeneku kukusonyeza mmene vuto la kagawa ka kayendetsedwe ka makampani a boma ka boma kajambulidwe ka makampani onse kwa zaka zambiri.

Kuyankha kwa Nthambi: Uyang’aniro wa Malamulo m’Nthaŵi za Kupsinjika

Nthambi yachiweruzo, kaŵirikaŵiri nthambi yochedwa kusamuka pang’onopang’ono kwambiri, imakhala yofunika makamaka m'mavuto chifukwa chakuti imatsimikizira kuti zochita za boma zikugwirizana ndi Malamulo. Makhoti amapenda malamulo a akuluakulu, malamulo, ndi maulamuliro alamulo, kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha pa kuchenjera kwa boma, ndi kukhazikitsa zitsanzo zimene zimatsogolera mayankhidwe a m’tsogolo. Ntchito ya jadiary ingakhale yotsutsana: Kuloŵerera kwambiri kungasokoneze zoyesayesa zamwadzidzidzimutsa, pamene kuli kwakuti kulolera pang’ono kungalole kuswa ufulu. Kuyenera pakati pa kuletsa milandu ndi kuchita ntchito kwa komiti kumayesedwa kwambiri m’tsogolo.

Kupenda Zochita Zadzidzidzi

Makhoti amagwiritsira ntchito milingo yosiyanasiyana ya kusanthula pa zochita za boma zogwirizana ndi mavuto. Pankhani za chitetezo cha dziko, kaŵirikaŵiri makhoti amagonjera kwa mkulu wa boma pansi pa “nkhani ya ndale zadziko” chiphunzitso kapena“ zinsinsi za chinsinsi”. Komabe, pamene ufulu wapadera uli pamtengo, makhoti angaloŵerere. Mkati mwa Nkhondo ya Dziko II, Bwalo Lapamwamba lokhala modziŵika bwino mu [[FT:]. [I] Rumagefev] v [FL33:]. United States [[FLT:] [1] [1944], kuchirikiza dziko la Japan kusungidwa kwa ufulu. [BFFF:], mkati mwa nkhondo, SuperFT, SuperFUT. [FUT] Zigalamu za Boma:] Zigamu za Boma. Zigamu za Boma CUP.

Kutetezedwa kwa Maufulu a Pachiŵeniŵeni M’nthaŵi ya Mavuto

Ntchito ya judiary yovuta kwambiri ndiyo kutetezera ufulu wa munthu mmodzi ndi mmodzi. Zitsanzo za mbiri yakale nzophunzitsa: mkati mwa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni, Pulezidenti Lincoln analepa jabaas corpus, koma Woweruza Wamkulu Roger Talveney analamulira mu [[FLT: 0]] Expate Merryman [ [1861])] kuti ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo yokhayokha imene ingachite motero ndi kuthawa. Pambuyo pake, Boma Branburg v. [FLT] [FFL:], Khoti Lapamwamba mu [[FLT:] V] V. United States [FLT:] [19] [19])) adagwirizana ndi malamulo a chipembedzo ambiri ogwiritsidwa ntchito m’malamulo, ngakhale pambuyo pake, kuti atumikire m’malamulo. “Branburg v.[FFlectedk]

Chizindikiro cha Landdent: [FLT: 0] Achichepere a Chingelezi Kulemba & lamp; Tube Co. Sawyer [[FLT: 1] (11952)

Mawu ofunika kwambiri achiweruzo onena za mphamvu ya maulamuliro panthaŵi ya ngozi anabwera pa nkhondo ya Korea. Pamene Pulezidenti Truman analanda zitsulo zachitsulo kuti apeŵe kuukira kwa nthaŵi ya nkhondo, Khoti Lapamwamba linagamula [[FLT: 0] Achichepere kuti Pulezidenti analibe ulamuliro walamulo wa kutenga katundu wachinsinsi popanda kuvomerezedwa ndi boma. Woweruza Robert Jackson adapanga dongosolo lamphamvu zitatu: Kachitidwe kapamwamba pamene mphamvu ya ulamuliro ikhala yovomerezedwa ndi Congresssion; kachitidwe mu “chochitika cha mathero ; pamene Congresssssspo ayamba kuchepa kwambiri pamene chigamulo cha Boma. Chigwirizano chimenechi chidakalibe muyezo zambiri za maulamuliro a zamwadziwiro a zamwadziwo.

Mavuto a Chiweruzo Amakono: COVID-19 ndi Kupyolapo

Mliriwo unayambitsa funde la kugwetsa tchalitchi. Zigamulo za Bwalo Lapamwamba la Katolika ku [FLT: 0] Roman Katolika Diocese ya Brooklyn v. Cuomo [1] (2020) anagwetsa malire a ku New York a kukhalako kwa matchalitchi, pamene South Bay United Pentecostal v. Newsom [[FL:] [2] [20] Analola ziletso za California pa kulambira m’nyumba. Khotilo limatsekanso CDC’s morlator ndi OSHA's a katemera wa antchito ambiri. Nkhani zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti kupenda kwa machitidwe a anthu olembapo a pa mapulogalamu akusintha kwambiri, ndi kuti magawo a gulu la oyendetsa zinthu za boma akuyenda nthaŵi yaitali akuyenda.

Kuphatikizana Pakati pa Nthambi: Kupenda, Kulinganiza, ndi Kulinganiza

Nthambi iliyonse imayendera payokha panthaŵi ya mavuto. Mayeso ndi madongosolo amachititsa kugwirizana kogwira ntchito kumene kungawonjezere kapena kulepheretsa kuyankha kwa onse. Malamulo amakakamiza nthambi kugwirizanitsa ndalama zimene akuluakulu a boma apempha, makhoti amapenda zimene mkuluyo akuchita, ndi maulamuliro zimene boma limalamula. M’kulondola, kukambitsirana kumeneku kaŵirikaŵiri kumayambitsa kukangana, kukambitsirana, ndi kulolera molakwa.

Kugamulapo kwa Nkhondo ndi Kuukira Nkhondo

Chitsanzo chapadera cha kulimbana kwa arbranch ndicho War Powers Resolution ya 1973, , inapitira pambuyo pa nkhondo ya Vietnam. Imafuna kuti Prezidenti adziŵitse Congress mkati mwa maola 48 akutumiza magulu ankhondo ndi kuchotsa magulu ankhondo pambuyo pa masiku 60 pokhapokha ngati Nyumba ya Malamulo ikanalola kupitirizabe. Mabishopu kaŵirikaŵiri atsutsa lamuloli monga kutsutsa kwa ulamuliro kwa mkulu wa asilikali. Komabe, lapanga chigamulo cha mavuto opanga nkhondo monga Living (201) ndi Syria (2014) (14) , kumene akuluakulu a boma anafunsira chilo chokhazikitsa chilolezo kapena ntchito za tsiku la 60.

Nkhondo Zothandiza ndi Kutha kwa Boma M’nthaŵi ya Mavuto

Kulamulira kwa ndalama kungachititse mkulu kusintha zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, pa 2013 pamene boma linatseka ntchito yotseka, bungwe la National Park Service linatseka zikumbutso za ngozi ndipo FEMA inachepetsa maphunziro a ngozi. Zizindikiro zakuti nthambi ya boma ingasokoneze ntchito za makampani. Mliri wa CHOVID-19, kuyambitsa kusamvana pa zinthu za chithandizo kunachititsa kuti zinthu zofunikira zichedwe.

Mikangano ya Chiweruzo: Kutsutsa ndi Kuumirira

Pamene jaji inalamula mkulu wa boma kuti achite kapena asachitepo kanthu, siimachitika mwachibadwa. Pulezidenti Andrew Jackson akuti, “John Marshall wapanga chosankha chake; tsopano amulole atsimikizire! "kutsimikizira kuti makhoti amadalira pa kusungitsa kwa akuluakulu. Komabe, posachedwapa, boma la Trump lokana kuchitapopea ndi kukana kugwirizana ndi kufufuza kwa m'Nyumba, kuchititsa kunyozedwa. M’mikhalidwe yamavuto, mkuluyo angakane malamulo a khoti pa malo a chitetezo a dzikolo, monga momwe amawonera mu Guantana habeas. Komabe, nthaŵi yaitali imadalira pa kugamula milandu, popeza kuti kutsutsa kopambanitsa kungawononge malamulo a boma.

Kuyang’anira Kogwirizana ndi Kuweruza

Mapulani ambiri amasintha kupangidwa kwa judia . Mliri wa 2020, kutsimikizira kwa Woweruza Amy Coney Barrett kunapitirizabe mosasamala kanthu za kuyandikira kwa chisankho cha pulezidenti. Pazochitika zamwadzidzidzi, mapresidenti asankha oweruza amene pambuyo pake anagamula milandu yochokera ku mavuto omwewo . Kuyang'anira kochitidwa ndi nthambi. Makhoti amaumbanso mphamvu zachiweruzo: kupereka ndalama za makhoti a boma, kuwonjezera makomiti oweruza, ndi malamulo a mwamsanga kuchonderera kuti ayendetse njira zonse zoyendera malamulo.

Kumaliza: Maphunziro a Kulamulira m’Nyengo ya Mavuto Azamoyo

Kuzindikira mmene nthambi ya boma iliyonse imachitira ndi mavuto n’kofunika kwambiri kwa nzika, aphunzitsi, ndi opanga malamulo mofanana. nthambi ya boma imabweretsa liŵiro ndi mphamvu ndi mphamvu koma imakhala ndi ngozi. nthambi ya malamulo imapatsa ndalama, kuyenera, ndi kuŵerengera mlandu koma imatha kuchedwa ndi kugawana. nthambi yaboma imateteza ufulu wa boma ndi kuika malire koma iyenera kuchepetsa malire. Mavuto enieni a dziko(kuyambira 9/11 ndi mphepo yamkuntho ku mliri wa CHOVAN . Nthambi zonse zogwira ntchito bwino, ndi kuyendetsa bwino manthambi onse atatu, ndi kuchita mbali yake yalamulo posamalira ena. Monga momwe mkhalidwe wa kuukira kwachilengedwe, masoka, miliri, ndi uchigaŵere, ndi uchigaŵenga cha m'dziko lonselo, zingafunike kuwongolera ndi kuyang'anira bwino lomwe, ndi kuyang'anira bwino za mbiri yakale, ngakhale poyesa kuyang'anizana ndi kuyesa kuopsa kwake.