Table of Contents

Chiyambi: Mbali Yofunika Kwambiri M’dziko Losiyana

Sukulu zakumaloko zakhala malo apakati a anthu a ku United States, koma ntchito yawo yakula kwambiri pamene dziko likusiyana. Ophunzira othaŵa kwawo ndi othaŵa kwawo . Awa afika posachedwapa kapena ali ana a makolo omwe adapanga (representer chigawo chomakulakula cha anthu a K-12. Malinga ndi bungwe la Progresss Policy Institute, pafupifupi mwana mmodzi mwa ana 4 alionse ku U.S. Akhoza kukhala m’banja la anthu osamukira kudziko. Ophunzira ameneŵa amabweretsa malingaliro apamwamba, kukonzanso, ndi kukhumba udindo, komabe amakumananso ndi zopinga zapadera: zopinga za chinenero, kusazoloŵera sukulu, kusokonezeka kwa chikhalidwe, ndi ziyambukiro zosatha kuwonongeka chifukwa cha kusamuka kapena nkhondo.

Machigawo a sukulu salinso malo ophunzitsira; iwo ali malo a kugwirizanitsa, chisungiko, ndi mwaŵi. Mwakugwiritsira ntchito zichilikizo za chilankhulo ku maphunziro osokoneza maganizo . Masukulu a kumaloko akuthandiza osamukirako ndi othaŵa kwawo osati kokha kukhala ndi moyo komanso kupambana. Nkhani ino ikufufuza masukulu osiyanasiyana ophunzitsa ophunzirawa, maprogramu a chinenero, kugwirizanitsa kwa maphunziro, kuloŵerera kwa zamaphunziro, mautumiki a zaumoyo, kulonjezana kwa banja, ndi malamulo akutali amene akupangitsa kuti zonsezi zitheke.

Kumvetsa Mavuto Amene Ophunzira Othaŵa Kwawo Amakumana Nawo

Tisanafufuze njira zothetsera vutoli, n’kofunika kwambiri kuti timvetsetse mavuto amene ophunzirawo ayenera kuthana nawo. Mavutowo sangokhala m’kalasi mokha; amakhudza mbali iliyonse ya moyo wa mwana ndipo angakhale ndi ziyambukiro zosatha pa kupenda kwawo kwamaphunziro ndi kuutsidwa bwino maganizo.

Mavuto a Chinenero ndi Kusiyana kwa Zinenero

Chopinga chachikulu kwambiri kwa ophunzira ambiri atsopano nchachingelezi . Izi zimayambukira kukhoza kwawo kumvetsetsa maphunziro, kutengamo mbali m’kukambitsirana kwa kalasi, ndi ntchito zonse. Popanda chichirikizo chokwanira cha chinenero, ophunzira angagwe mwamsanga, kuchititsa kugwiritsidwa mwala ndi kutha mphamvu. Kuwonjezera apo, ophunzira ambiri osamukira kudziko ndi othaŵa kwawo amachokera ku madongosolo a maphunziro amene angakhale atasokonezeka, kusiya mipata yawo ya chidziŵitso chakuya cha masamu, sayansi, ndi kulemba kulemba. Mwachitsanzo, wophunzira wa m'dera la nkhondo akanatha kuphonya zaka zingapo za maphunziro, kupangitsa kulephera kutumiza anthu a msinkhu.

Kusokonezeka kwa Chikhalidwe ndi Kudzipatula

Kusamukira kudziko lina kumatanthauza kusiya miyambo, chikhalidwe, ndi mabungwe ena ochirikiza. Ophunzira ambiri amavutika maganizo chifukwa cha chikhalidwe, zimene zingaoneke ngati nkhaŵa, kulekeratu sukulu, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito njira zina. Iwo amavutika kumvetsa malamulo apamwamba okhudza khalidwe la kusukulu, kucheza ndi anzawo, kapena anthu audindo.

Kuvulala ndi Kupsinjika Maganizo

Ophunzira othaŵa kwawo, makamaka, amanyamula katundu wolemera. Ambiri aona chiwawa, kutayikiridwa ndi okondedwa, kapena kupirira kwa nthaŵi yaitali m'misasa. Kupsinjika maganizo kwa kubwereranso ku dziko latsopano , kusoŵa malo alamulo, kulekana kwa banja, kapena mavuto a zachuma . Sukulu zimene zimalephera kuzindikira ndi kusamalira thanzi lamaganizo limeneli zifunikira kuchititsa ophunzirawo kubwereranso kapena kuwakakamiza kutha. Kufufuza kwa American Psychological Association kugogomezera kuti kusweka kwa mtima kungasokoneze ntchito ndi kuphunzira.

Mavuto a Zachuma

Mabanja othaŵa kwawo ndi osauka kaŵirikaŵiri amayang’anizana ndi umphaŵi, nyumba zosatetezereka, ndi kulephera kupeza chisamaliro cha zaumoyo.

Maprogramu Othandiza Chinenero: Kumanga Maziko a Chipambano

Polingalira kuti chinenero chimenecho ndicho njira yopezera maphunziro ena onse, sukulu zagwiritsira ntchito kwambiri Chingelezi monga maprogramu a Chingelezi a Chingelezi a Language Second (ELD) ndi English Language Development (ELD). Koma kuchirikiza bwino chinenero kumaposa nyengo ya kalasi imodzi.

Malangizo Okhala ndi Malo Okhala ndi Zomwe Zili M’kati

Sukulu zambiri tsopano zimagwiritsira ntchito malangizo openyetsetsa, kumene maphunziro apamwamba onga sayansi ndi maphunziro a chikhalidwe cha anthu amaphunzitsidwa kugwiritsira ntchito chinenero chofeŵa, zothandizira kuona, ntchito za manja, ndi maphunziro ogwirizana. Zimenezi zimapangitsa ophunzira Achingelezi kukhoza kuwonjezera maluso a chinenero panthaŵi imodzi. Maprogramu onga ngati SAIP [ (Maphunziro Ophunzitsa Kutsatira Chikhalidwe cha Abwino) amapereka aphunzitsi ndi maziko okonzekera maphunziro omwe ali ponse paŵiri a giredi ya zinenero ndi maphunziro omveka bwino.

Maprogramu Osiyanasiyana ndi Olankhula Chinenero Chosiyanasiyana

Kuzindikira kuti maluso a zinenero zakumaloko amathandiza kuwerenga Chingelezi, chiŵerengero chomakulakula cha masukulu amapereka maphunziro a Chingelezi [[FLT:] kapena zinenero zomizidwa] maprogramu a zinenero. Maluso ameneŵa amaphunzitsa kulemba ndi maphunziro onse aŵiri a chilankhulo cha wophunzirayo ndi Chingelezi. Mwachitsanzo, programu ya Chispanya ya zinenero ziŵiri sati imangothandiza ophunzira a kusungitsa chinenero chawo cha ku Spanish komanso imapangitsanso maphunziro apamwamba a Chingelezi. Kufufuza kuchokera ku Center ya Apdigligic kumasonyeza kuti maphunziro apamwamba a maphunziro a zinenero ziŵiri zapamwamba kwa ophunzira onse.

Malo Atsopano ndi Chichirikizo Chochirikiza

Machigawo aakulu okhala ndi olembetsa apadera amakhazikitsa Ma Center a Newcomer [1] [1] Sukulu zopatulira kapena maprogramu olinganizidwira kupatsa ophunzira malangizo a chinenero chachikulu ndi kuchirikiza kuchuluka kwa semester kapena chaka asanasamukire ku sukulu yaikulu. Malo ameneŵa amapereka malo a nkhaŵa zotsika, kukula kwa makalasi, ndi antchito ophunzitsidwa m'machitachita ochititsa ngozi. Mwachitsanzo, Houston Independent School’s Newcomer Centers, amatumikira ophunzira oposa 2,000 chaka chilichonse, kupereka maphunziro owonjezereka a Chingelezi, uphungu, ndi njira zamwambo.

Zoyamba Kugwirizanitsa Chikhalidwe: Kufuna Kukhala Munthu ndi Ulemu

Kupita patsogolo m’sukulu n’kosatheka popanda kukhala ndi moyo wabwino. Sukulu zikuzindikira kwambiri kuti kuyambitsa chikhalidwe cholandira alendo n’kofunika mofanana ndi kuwaphunzitsa zinenero.

Kuloŵa Sukulu ndi Makhalidwe Odzipatula

Masinthidwe opepuka amapanga kusiyana kwakukulu: kuika zizindikiro m'zinenero zambiri, kuonetsa mbendera kuchokera ku maiko akumudzi, ndi kukondwerera maholide osiyanasiyana. Masukulu a Weltating maprogramu, monga aja ochirikizidwa ndi Southern Poverty Law Center of Teating Collection Collection Commissions, ophunzitsa kukambirana ndi opasatsa, oyambitsa sukulu, ndi ochitirapo kanthu ku ku ku kuvutitsa. Sukulu zambiri zimakhazikitsanso madongosolo a [[FLT:] a anthu obadwa kumene ophunzira ndi atsopano kuti awathandize kuyendetsa magawo a chakudya, kupeza makalasi, ndi kupanga mabwenzi.

Ulemu ndi Mwayi Wotsogolera

Maprogramu aulangizi a anthu osamukira m'dziko ndi ophunzira achikulire ophunzitsidwa bwino ndi aphunzitsi, alangizi, kapena antchito odzifunira a m'deralo . Sukulu zina zimapanganso malo otchingira [[FLT: 0] opangidwa ndi [1] monga International Club kapena a Refugee Workers Union, imene imapatsa ophunzira ntchito zautsogoleri ndi pulogalamu kuti agawire nkhani zawo.

Usiku wa Chikhalidwe ndi Zochitika za Mabanja

Kupezeka pa mapwando a mafuko osiyanasiyana, zionetsero za chakudya, ndi malo ochitiramo zinthu a makolo kumakulitsa kumvetsetsa kwa masamu ndi zizindikiro kwa mabanja kuti choloŵa chawo nchofunika. Mwachitsanzo, sukulu ingakhale ndi “Usiku wa Dziko Lonse wa zinenero” kumene ophunzira amaimba nyimbo ndi zithunzithunzi za anthu za m'maiko awo. Zochitika zimenezi sizimangokondwerera kusiyanasiyana komanso zimalimbikitsa makolo kukhala odziloŵetsa m’moyo wa sukulu.

Njira Zoloŵera: Kukulitsa Maseŵera

Ana a sukulu amafunikanso kupatsidwa malangizo ena kuti apeze anzawo.

Kuphunzitsa Ana Ndiponso Kumaliza Maphunziro

Machigawo ambiri amapereka kwaulere [[FLT: 0] pambuyo pa sukulu yophunzitsa [[FLT: 1] ndi aphunzitsi, antchito odzifunira a pakoleji, kapena mabungwe a anthu onga Boyss & Lamp; Girls Clubs of America [1]. Maprogramu ameneŵa amapereka chithandizo cha homuweki, kuchirikiza, ndi ntchito zachuma. Kwa ophunzira achikulire, masukulu ena amayendetsa maprogramu owongolera [[[FLT:]] kuthandiza awo amene anafika ndi magawo a maphunziro a kupeza ngongole ofunikira kaamba ka kumaliza maphunziro.

Kupeza Luso la Zaluso Ndiponso Kuphunzira Masamu

Magawano a magetsi amakhudza kwambiri anthu osamukira kudziko ndi othaŵa kwawo, amene angakhale opanda makompyuta, Intaneti, kapena maluso a zopangapanga. Sukulu zikulankhula zimenezi mwa kupereka , ma shapstop ndi zipolopolo zotentha [1], kugaŵira makalasi a ndandanda ya makolo ndi ophunzira, ndi kutsimikizira kuti pa Intaneti kuphunzira kuli zinenero zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, New York City Department of Education [ imagawira ziwiro zoposa 300,000 mkati mwa mliri ndi kupanga desiki la zinenero zambiri.

Malangizo ndi Makonzedwe Osiyanasiyana

Aphunzitsi a m’kalasi amaphunzitsidwa kugwiritsira ntchito malangizo osiyana . . Kufufuza zolembedwa, ntchito, ndi zopangidwa zochokera pa kukonzekera ndi chinenero. Zimenezi zingaphatikizepo kugaŵira olinganiza ojambula, kupereka malemba pa milingo yosiyanasiyana ya kuŵerenga, kapena kulola kupenda kwa pakamwa m'malo mwa zolembedwa. Sukulu zimaikanso ndalama mu [[FLT:] zogwirizana ndi maphunziro ogwirizana ndi maphunziro [ [FLT]] zimene zimasonyeza zokumana nazo ndi zochitika za anthu osamukira m’dziko ndi othaŵa kwawo, kuchititsa kuphunzira mowonjezereka ndi mopindulitsa.

Thanzi Lamaganizo ndi Chisamaliro Chachikulu

Kuchirikiza mwana yense kumatanthauza kusamalira zilonda zosaoneka zimene ophunzira ambiri othaŵa kwawo anyamula. Sukulu zikupitirizabe kutengera machitachita opangidwa [ . Kusiya chilango cha chilango ndi kuika maganizo pa chisungiko, chidaliro, ndi kuchiritsa.

Sukulu Imathandiza Anthu Kuganiza Bwino

Magawo ali olemba [[FLT: 0] alangizi a sukulu olankhula ndi antchito a zachikhalidwe amene amamvetsetsa otsendereza apadera amene amayang'anizana ndi mabanja achilendo. Ogwirizana ena a sukulu ndi mabungwe a zaumoyo a m'chitaganya kupereka chithandizo cha mankhwala a anthu, kupereka uphungu kwa gulu, ndi kuloŵerera m'mavuto. Mwachitsanzo, School-Based Health Alliance imachirikiza malo a zaumoyo 2,500 m'dziko lonse, ambiri amapereka mautumiki osonkhanitsira achinyamata othawa.

Kukula kwa Akatswiri Odziŵa za Umoyo

Maphunziro a aphunzitsi tsopano amaphatikizapo makompyuta ozindikira zizindikiro za kusokonezeka maganizo, kumanga makalasi otetezereka, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito maluso onga makhonde a pulogalamu [1] ndi machitachita opatulirapo [ m’malo mwa chilango. Magulu onga National Child Traumatic Stress Network [ amapereka chuma chauleredi kwa aphunzitsi ogwira ntchito ndi ana othaŵa kwawo.

Maphunziro Othandiza Kucheza ndi Anthu (Mtima wa Kucheza)

Kuloŵetsa SEL m'masukulu apamwamba kumathandiza ophunzira onse kukulitsa maluso onga kudziimira, chifundo, ndi mavuto. Kwa ophunzira osamukira kudziko ndi othaŵa kwawo, SELE ingakhale yothandiza kwambiri kukulitsa ndi kuchepetsa nkhaŵa. Koposa theka la sukulu zonse za ku United States tsopano zimagwiritsira ntchito programu ya SEL, ndipo ambiri akuisintha kukhala ovomereza mwachikhalidwe.

Kugwirizana kwa Anthu a M’dera Lonse ndi Banja: Kumanga Ubwenzi ndi Kugwirizana

Kugwirizana kwamphamvu ndi mabanja ndi mabungwe a anthu nkofunika kwambiri kuti pakhale dongosolo lochirikiza chilengedwe.

Kudzikakamiza ndi Kukambitsirana ndi Banja

Sukulu zambiri zimagwiritsira ntchito ogwirizanitsa mabanja kapena magwirizanidwe aubwenzi amene amalankhula zinenero za thupi la wophunzira. Mamembala ameneŵa amalemba mipata ya kulankhulana ndi kumasulira zikalata, kumasulira pa misonkhano ya makolo ndi kuthandiza mabanja kuyendetsa njira za sukulu (m’njira yothandiza, lipoti lakuzindikira makhadi, kulembetsa za sukulu, kulowa m’mautumiki a zaumoyo).

Malo Ogwirira Ntchito a Makolo ndi Malonda a Zinthu Zabwino

Masukulu ali ndi malo ochitira mapulogalamu a maphunziro monga ngati “Kudziŵa Malo Ophunzitsira a ku United States, [1] Mmene Mungathandizire Mwana Wanu Kusamalira Ntchito Zapakhomo,” ndi“ Digital Safety ,” ndi “Maprogramu a Koleji. Ena amalinganizanso zosonyezera zionetsero [[FLT:] m'mizinda ngati Louisville ndi San Francisco] amatumikira monga malo oimitsira ntchito, malo othandizira zaumoyo, osamalira zaumoyo, ndi maprogramu ophunzitsa ntchito.

Maulendo a Anthu

Makampani akwawo, mabungwe othaŵa kwawo, zipembedzo, ndi mabizinesi kaŵirikaŵiri amayanjana ndi masukulu kupereka chichirikizo chowonjezereka. Mwachitsanzo, [[FLT: 0] Internationaler Replation Committee (IRC) imayendetsa maprogramu a sukulu m'maboma angapo amene amapereka uphunzitsi, alangizi, ndi oyang'anira ophunzira othaŵa kwawo. Malaibulale ndi mamiziyamu amathandizanso kutsagana ndi maprogramu a kulemera kwa sukulu.

Chichirikizo cha Lamulo ndi Njira Zoyendetsera: Mmene Madera ndi Maboma Akulabadirira

Ngakhale kuti sukulu iliyonse imayesetsa kuchita zinthu zosiyanasiyana, malamulo a m’dzikolo amatsimikizira kuti m’chigawo chilichonse muli mgwirizano.

Maboma ndi Malipiro

Maprogramu onga ngati Tit III [[FLT :1] a Secondary Reduevereds Act (ESSA) amapakira ndalama za boma makamaka kwa ophunzira Achingelezi ndi ophunzira osamukira. Maboma amaperekanso ndalama zowonjezera kwa anthu osoŵa kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, California’s Promage Funding Forula [1] ku madera omwe ali ndi ziŵerengero zazikulu za ophunzira Chingelezi, ophunzira olandira otsika, ndi ochirikiza achichepere.

Ofesi za Nthambi za Gawo ndi Ogwirizanitsa

Zigawo zambiri zazikulu zapatulira Office ya Mautumiki Osiyanasiyana kapena Magulu a Ntchito a Newcomper programu amene amayang'anira ntchito, kupereka kupita patsogolo kwaukatswiri, ndi kuyang'anira zotsatira za ophunzira. Maofesi ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti masukulu kuzungulira chigawo atsatire machitachita abwino kwambiri ndi kuti ophunzira osamukira kudziko asanyalanyazidwe.

Kuteteza Mwalamulo Ophunzira Osamuka

Malamulo a boma amatsimikizira ana onse, mosasamala kanthu za malo a kusamuka, kuyenera kwa maphunziro aunivesiti (Plyler ndi Doe , 1982). Sukulu zimaletsedwa kufunsa za malo a kusamukira kapena kukana kulembetsa kozikidwa pa zikalata. Magawo kaŵirikaŵiri ali ndi malamulo otetezera zachinsinsi za ophunzira ndi kuphunzitsa mmene angayankhire osungitsa anthu oloŵa m'dziko. U.S Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights imapereka chitsogozo pa nkhani zimenezi.

Nkhani Zothandiza

Kuchitira chitsanzo kuthekera kwa zoyesayesa zimenezi, lingalirani zitsanzo zenizeni zingapo. M'masukulu a County County (Las Vegas]), programu yatsopano yomwe imaphatikizapo kutsogolera kwa milungu isanu ndi umodzi, kuchirikiza, ndi makolo anawona 20% mwa kumaliza maphunziro anthaŵi ya ophunzira othaŵa kwawo kwa zaka zitatu. St. Paul, Minnesotah , wogwira ntchito yachigawo ndi anthu a m’dera la Karen kupanga programu ya maphunziro a maphunziro a ŵiri kwa ophunzira ochokera ku Myanmar, zotsatirapo kuŵerenga bwino ndi opezekapo. Nkhani zimenezi zimasonyeza kuti pamene sukulu zikusungidwa m'ziko, ophunzira othawa ndi othawa.

Ndiponso, mapindu amapita kupyola pa munthu mmodzi. Ophunzira othaŵa kwawo ndi othaŵa kwawo amabweretsa malingaliro osiyanasiyana, maluso a kumasulira, ndi malamulo amphamvu a ntchito amene amapindulitsa chitaganya chonse cha sukulu. Kupambana kwawo kumathandizira ku luso lowonjezereka ndi antchito ophatikizapo, zimene zimapindulitsa chuma ndi chitaganya.

Mavuto Amene Tikukumana Nawo M’tsogolo

Ngakhale kuti pali zinthu zambiri zimene akwanitsa kuchita, pali mavuto ambiri. Sukulu zambiri sizikuthandiza kwenikweni, sizikuphunzitsidwa bwino, kapena zikugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino. Aphunzitsi amapita ku sukulu zomwe zikuthandiza anthu osauka kwambiri, ndipo malangizo abwino a ESL sapezeka nthawi zonse. Kuwonjezera apo, maganizo otsutsa anthu achilendo m’madera ena angayambitse malo oipa kwa alendo, ndipo malamulo a boma angasinthe kwambiri (monga kusintha kwa anthu othawa kwawo kapena malamulo a boma).

Poyang’ana kutsogolo, sukulu ziyenera kupitirizabe:

  • Imodzi ya maphunziro a ntchito kwa antchito onse, kuphatikizapo aphunzitsi, pa chisamaliro chamwambo chovomereza ndi chochititsa kusweka maganizo.
  • Kuchuluka kwa maprogramu a zinenero ziŵiri ndi kutsimikizira kuti ophunzira angasunge zinenero zawo zapanyumba monga thandizo.
  • Madongosolo owonjezera a chidziŵitso kuti aone kupita patsogolo kwa ophunzira osamukira kudziko ndi othaŵa kwawo ndi kudziŵa amene ali pangozi ya kugwa.
  • Amanga mayanjano amphamvu kwambiri a anthu kupereka mautumiki ozungulira amene amathandiza paumoyo, nyumba, ndi lamulo.
  • Advocate kaamba ka ndalama zokhazikika ku chigawo ndi magawo a boma kuchirikiza maprogramu ofunika ameneŵa.

Kumaliza: Udindo Wonse

Sukulu za kumaloko zikuchita ntchito yaikulu yochirikiza ophunzira osamukira kudziko ndi othaŵa kwawo . Sizikungopereka maphunziro okha koma njira ya kukhala ndi mwaŵi, ndi chiyembekezo. Njira zosonyezedwa panozi ndi pulogalamu za ESL ndi chisamaliro cha kusokonezeka kwa banja ndi kuchirikiza malamulo a banja. Zikusonyeza zimene zingatheke pamene aphunzitsi, oyang'anira, mabanja, ndi anthu akugwira ntchito limodzi. Komabe udindowo sumakhala m'sukulu zokha. Amagawana ndi tonsefe: opanga malamulo, anansi, mabwana, ndi nzika. Mwa kuchirikiza masukulu onse ndi kuchirikiza ana amene amayenda pamakomo awo, timathandizirana m’tsogolo, ndi molimbika kwambiri, m’tsogolo kwambiri kwa anthu onse.

Kaamba ka chidziŵitso chowonjezereka pa machitidwe abwino koposa, chezerani pawebusaiti ya Colorado [FLT :1] kaamba ka zothandizira kuphunzitsa Angelezi, kapena ŵerenga UNICEF lipoti la maphunziro a othaŵa kwawo [[. Kuwonjezerapo, Magazine] Policition Institute’s Education and Trum programation [[FLT:]] imapatsa chidziŵitso ndi kusanthula, ndi National Education Association’s Selktion [FLT:] yothandiza aphunzitsi. Pomalizira pake, [FLT8:] Programmessssss [5]