Maziko a Kusakondera: Mmene Makonzedwe Oyenera Amasinthira Chilungamo cha Chipanduko cha America

Malamulo ochepa amatsatira kwambiri mfundo zachilamulo za ku America monga chitsimikizo cha kuyenera. Ufulu umenewu, woikidwa m'Malamulo, umagwira ntchito monga maziko a malamulo ochitira munthu aliyense mosakondera ndi ulemu, kuyambira panthaŵi ya kumangidwa kuyesa ndi kuweruza. Zigamulo zachilungamo zikhoza kukhala chida cha mphamvu yosakondera mmalo mwa njira yochitira chilungamo. Kumvetsa mmene ufulu umenewu umagwirira ntchito . Ndiko kofunika kwa aliyense amene akufuna kuzindikira chilungamo chenicheni mu United States.

Kumvetsetsa Zotsatira Zake: Nkhani Yakale ndi ya Malamulo

Lonjezo lakale limenelo linasintha zaka mazana ambiri, likutha kufika pa Magna Carta ya 1215 yomwe inalengeza kuti palibe munthu womasuka amene angagwidwe kapena kumangidwa "kusiyapo ndi chiweruzo chololedwa cha anzake kapena ndi lamulo la dzikolo. Linayambira pa zaka mazana ambiri, kumapeto kwa Masinthidwe a Malamulo a Malamulo a U.S. Pamapeto pake, boma limafuna kuti lilemekeze ufulu wonse walamulo kwa munthu asanawamane moyo, ufulu, kapena chuma. Lili chitetezero ku kachitidwe kopanda lamulo, kutsimikizira kuti nkhani zalamulo n’zoyenera, zooneka bwino, zomveka bwino, ndiponso zozikidwa pa lamulo lokhazikitsidwa.

M’njira yake, kuti anthu alandire chilengezo chokwanira cha milandu, mwaŵi woyenerera kuimbidwa, ndi chigamulo choperekedwa ndi khoti losakondera. Khoti Lalikulu la United States lagogomezera mobwerezabwereza kuti "chofunika chachikulu cha dongosolo loyenerera ndicho mwaŵi wa kumvedwa panthaŵi yatanthauzo ndi m’njira yatanthauzo. Lamulo limeneli limagwira ntchito pa mbali iriyonse ya maupandu, kuchokera ku kuleka koyambirira kwa lamulo kupyolera mwa kuchonderera ndi kutumiza chithandizo chapambuyo.

Maziko a Lamulo

Demendment Yachisanu imanena momveka bwino kuti palibe munthu amene adzakhala "wa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo . Poyamba, chiletso chimenechi chinagwira ntchito kokha ku boma la boma. Pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni, Kusintha kwa 14th Reformation kunawonjezera chitetezo chimodzimodzi ku machitidwe a boma. Kupyolera m'chiphunzitso cha [[FLT: 0]] kugwirizanitsa [FLD] kulekana, Khoti Lapamwamba lagwiritsira ntchito pang’onopang'ono kwambiri makonzedwe a Bill of Rights Rights [kuphatikizaponso aja otetezera oimba mlanduwo (kuphatikizapo mawu odzera ndi Kutsatira Claus Crea.] za mchitidwe woyenerera kutetezera kwamakono. [FLT:]]. Californiav3: [FLT] [5]

Njira Ziŵiri Zoyenerera: Zolowera ndi Zotsekemera

Njira yoyenerera imagaŵidwa m’magulu aŵiri osiyana koma ogwirizana: njira yoyenerera ndi njira yoyenerera yodziŵira. Chilichonse chimachita mbali yofunika kwambiri m’kutetezera ufulu wa anthu m’dongosolo la chiweruzo chaupandu.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Ntchito yoyenerera imakhudza mapulojekiti , ndi maprocedes amene boma liyenera kutsatira pamene likufunafuna kulanda munthu moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu. M'nkhani za apandu, zimenezi zikutsimikizira kuti oimbidwa mlandu amapatsidwa njira yolungama ndi yadongosolo la malamulo.

  • Kuyenera kwa kuzenga mlandu mofulumira ndi kwa anthu kochitidwa ndi oweruza opanda tsankho (Kusintha kwa Chigawo)
  • Ufulu wodziŵa za mmene zinthu zilili ndiponso zimene zinayambitsa chinenezocho
  • Ufulu woyang’anizana ndi mboni za arexamine
  • Kuyenera kwa kukakamiza anthu kuti apeze mboni zabwino
  • Kuyenera kwa kuimira kwa lamulo [1] Kudziŵika bwino kwa oimbidwa mlandu a boma mu Gideon v. Wainwright [1] (1963)
  • Kuyenera kwa kuzenga mlandu pamaso pa kuchotsedwa kwa woyesedwa kapena kuchotsedwa pa chilango

Mabungwe ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti palibe munthu amene wapezedwa ndi mlandu popanda mwaŵi wokwanira ndi wolungama wa kudzichinjiriza. Khoti Lapamwamba nthaŵi zonse lanena kuti njira yoyenerera imafunikira kuti boma lisamangotsatira malamulo ake komanso lipereke njira zoyenerera. Mwachitsanzo, mu Brady v. Maryland [1] (1963), khoti linalamula kuti oweruza ayenera kuulula umboni wokhudza ufulu woweruza.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo oyenera akutsatiridwa motani. Chiphunzitsochi chimaletsa boma kuika malamulo otsatirika kapena otsendereza amene amaswa kwambiri ufulu. M'chiweruzo choikidwiratu, projectus , syncstate systemss projectivessssss projectives [ ku kuloŵerera kwa boma, ngakhale ngati njira zoyenerera zatsatiridwa. Ziphunzitso zimenezi zimaletsa boma kukhazikitsa malamulo odzilamulira kapena otsendereza amene amatsendereza. Zitsanzo za ufulu wotetezeredwa pansi pa njira yoyenerera ya kumbuyo zikuphatikizapo:

  • Ufulu wa kudzilamulira ndi kukhala pawekha (m’jere, [[FLT: 0] Griswold .Connecticut[[FL:1], 1965])
  • Ufulu wokwatira ndi kulera ana mmene munthu afunira
  • Ufulu wokana chithandizo cha mankhwala
  • Chitetezo ku malamulo amene ali “onyengerera chikumbumtima cha khoti ”

Njira yofunikira yosatsutsika kaŵirikaŵiri imatsutsana chifukwa chakuti imafunikira oweruza kumasulira chinenero chotakata cha Malamulo. Komabe, Khoti Lapamwamba laigwiritsira ntchito kuswa malamulo amene amaphwanya khalidwe laumwini (m’chitsanzo, Lawrence v. Texas , 2003) kapena amene amalamula mopambanitsa kapena mopambanitsa.

Chiyambukiro pa Chiweruzo Chaupandu: Chikopa Chosiyanasiyana

Kuchokera pa kufufuza mpaka kumangidwa, ufulu umenewu umathandiza kuchepetsa ulamuliro wa boma ndiponso kuteteza anthu ku zinthu zopanda chilungamo.

Kuteteza Anthu Kuti Asakhulupirire Zolakwika

Chimodzi cha zopereka zazikulu koposa za ntchito yoyenerera ndicho mbali yake yotetezera anthu opanda liwongo kuimbidwa mlandu. Chiyeneretso chaumboni wosatsutsika cha lamulo la America (chikuika mtolo wapamwamba kwambiri pa mlandu. Otetezera ali ndi ufulu wa kupereka umboni wolakwa, kutsutsa kudalirika kwa mboni, ndi kuumiriza kuti liwongo lawo likhazikike pamaso pa anzawo. [[FLT: 0] Project [FLD:] , gulu la dziko lopatulidwa kupereka umboni wolakwa, latsimikizira kuti DNA ikhale yoikidwa m'chilanduko ku United States kuyambira 1989. Mlandu woyambirira wa nkhani zimenezi zinaipitsidwa ndi [FLD] [FFF: [FLD]] [FLD]]

Zitetezero zina zimaphatikizapo kuyenera kwa kuyesa mwamsanga, kumene kumaletsa kumangidwa kwachikhalire asanalonjezedwe, ndi kuyenera kwa kuthandiza uphungu. Pansi pa muyezo woikidwa mu Strickland v. Washington [1] [19984], oimbidwa mlandu angatsutse zikhululukiro ngati maloya awo anapereka umboni wosatsimikizirika wakuti mlanduwo unali wosadalirika. Malamulo ameneŵa amagogomezera mfundo yakuti dongosolo la malamulo liyenera kulinganiza bwino pa kuyendetsa bwino zinthu.

Miyambo Yabwino ya Kupereka Mlandu

Kutsatira kwake kumaphatikizaponso kuweruza. Lamulo la Eleeth Amendment loletsa nkhanza ndi chilango chachilendo, logwiritsidwa ntchito ku maboma kudzera mu Claus, limatsimikizira kuti zigamulo n’zolingana ndi mlanduwo. Khoti Lalikulu lakhazikitsa zigamulo zokakamiza popanda kulamula ana (] Miller v. Alabama [1], 2012) ndi kuvomereza kuti zigamulozo ziyenera kupenda mikhalidwe ya wolakwayo. Chitetezo cha Gwero la procedvial pa kuweruza chiphatikizo chimaphatikizapo:

  • Kuyenera kwa kupezekapo popereka chilango ndi kulankhula pandekha (kumenya nkhondo)
  • Ufulu wa kupenda ndi kutsutsa zitsogozo zopereka chilango zogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi oweruza
  • Kuyenera kwa kufunsa chiganizo chimene chapitirira malire a malamulo kapena n’kozikidwa pa mfundo zosalondola
  • Kuteteza munthu kuti asaweruzidwe mwankhanza akachita apilo

Masinthidwe aposachedwapa monga ngati Act Yoyamba (208]) amasonyeza kuyesayesa kosalekeza kwa kupanga kuweruza kukhala koyenera, kuchepetsa kuchepetsa malire ofunikira kaamba ka milandu ina ya mankhwala ndi kulola kugwiritsira ntchito kwa Sendenfing Act ya Fair. Mchitidwe wa kutsimikizira kuti masinthidwe ameneŵa achitidwa bwino ndi kuti oimbidwa mlandu apatsidwa mwaŵi wakupindula ndi kusintha kwa malamulo.

Chiyambukiro pa Zochita za Kukakamiza Malamulo

Kuyenera koyenera kwa kukhazikitsa malamulo kumaletsa mwachindunji mmene apolisi amachitira kufufuza, kumanga, ndi kufunsa. Mpambo wachinayi, wophatikizidwa motsutsana ndi mabomawo kupyolera mu Lamulo la 14th Amendment’s Claus, umafuna kuti kufunafuna ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri zikhale zololera ndipo mochirikizidwa ndi chilolezo choperekedwa pa chifukwa chothekera. Lamulo lopatula, lokhazikitsidwa mu Mapp v. Ohio . [1961], limaletsa kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa umboni wotsutsana ndi ufulu wa apolisi. Lamulo limeneli limagwira ntchito monga ngati chiletso champhamvu choletsa kusamvera khalidwe loipa, kutsimikizira kuti kuswa lamulo sikulipindulira m'khoti.

Mkati mwa kufunsidwa kwa osunga mlandu, mlandu wotchuka wa Miranda v. Arizona [1] (1966) imafuna nduna kudziŵitsa okayikira ufulu wawo kukhala chete ndi kukhala ndi loya. Kulephera kupereka machenjezo ameneŵa kungapereke ndemanga iliyonse yosadziŵika. Kuchinjiriza kumeneku kumachinjiriza ku machenjera ofunsira amene angatulutse kuvomereza konyenga /i chifukwa chotsogolera cha kulakwa.

Zochitika zaposachedwapa zayesa madeti a kachitidwe koyenera m'zochitika za luso la zosungitsa malamulo limene labuka. Khoti Lapamwamba lagamula kuti kulumikiza chipangizo cha GPS ku galimoto kumapanga kufunafuna pansi pa Demendment Yachinayi ([FL:0] United States v. Jones, 2012]) ndi kuti kupeza chidziŵitso cha malo a maselo ongoyerekezera ndi opangidwa ndi ongofuna kutumiza mauthenga a foni kaŵirikaŵiri kumafuna chilo ([ Carpater v. United States, 2018],. Zosankha zimenezi zimasonyeza kuyesayesa kopitirizabe kwa kutetezera kwamwambo ku nyengo yamakono.

Nthawi Zonse Zimavuta Kuona Kuti Pali Zochita Zabwino

Ngakhale kuti pali maziko ofunika kwambiri, ntchito yake imakhala ndi mavuto aakulu.

Kulingana kwa Madongosolo

Chilungamo chosakondera kaŵirikaŵiri chimatsutsidwa ndi kusiyana kwa mafuko, fuko, ndi mkhalidwe wa kakhalidwe ka anthu. Kufufuza kosalekeza kumasonyeza kuti anthu akuda ndi achisipanishi ali othekera kuimitsidwa, kufufuzidwa, kugwidwa, ndi kupatsidwa chilango cha mawu ambiri kuposa azungu chifukwa cha khalidwe lofanana. Nkhondo ya Mankhwala, makamaka, yatulutsa ziŵerengero zosachepera zimene otsutsa amatsutsa amatsutsa mlingo wolingana wa njira yotetezera. Chuma choikidwa ndi chiwopsezo chimakanso: oimbidwa ndi mlanduwo amene angathe miyezi yambiri m'chitsenderezo, chimene chingawakakamize kuvomereza kuchita zochonderera ngakhale ngati sanalakwirira. Otetezera ambiri amalephera kutsutsa njira yoyenerera. Gulu lachumalo limafanana ndi gulu la [FL: [FF: FF] ndi lotsutsa lamulo: [FNA:]

Kupita Patsogolo kwa Luso la Zopangapanga

Kusintha kwa luso la zopangapanga kumayambitsa mavuto ena. Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo amadalira kwambiri maajensi olosera, kudziwika kwa nkhope, ndi zipangizo zoyendera. Makompyutawa angagwire ntchito popanda kuonekera bwino ndipo angatulutse zotsatira zolakwika. Mwachitsanzo, kusiyanitsa maso ndi maso kungayambitse kumangidwa popanda kudalira kwambiri munthu amene akuimbidwa mlandu. Kusonkhanitsa ndi kugulitsa zinthu zaumwini kaŵirikaŵiri kumachitika popanda kuyang'anira, kuyambitsa mafunso aakulu okhudza chitetezo cha Four Amendment. Malamulo ndi makhoti akulimbana ndi kulinganiza pakati pa kuteteza kothandiza kulakwa ndi kuteteza mfundo zofunika za kachitidwe kake. Kugwiritsa ntchito nzeru zachinsinsi poweruza milandu ndi kuyang'ana zangozi kumawonjezeranso nkhaŵa za anthu oweruza, popeza oimbidwawo sangathe kulephera kumvetsetsa kapena kuyesa kulephera kulephera kuteteza ufulu wawo.

Kutsutsana kwa Patsogolo: Kuyenera Kuchitidwa pa Malonda a Mchenga

Malamulo oyenera kuchitidwa kaŵirikaŵiri amatsutsidwa pambali za malamulo a boma. Malo a boma okanidwa, mwachitsanzo, amalola lamulo kulanda katundu wolingaliridwa kukhala wogwirizanitsidwa ndi upandu, kaŵirikaŵiri asanatsimikizidwe ndi . Osuliza amatsutsa kuti kachitidwe kameneka kamachepetsa kuyenera kwa upo pa mutu wake, kukakamiza eni ake a katundu kutsimikizira kuti chuma chawo sichigwirizana ndi ntchito yosakhala yoletsedwa. Kusamalira chuma, pamene kuli kwakuti kulibe munthu wa mmalo achilengedwe, kungatulutse kumangidwa ndi kuchotsedwa kwa ufulu. Khoti Lapamwamba lazindikira kuti kusakhala ndi ufulu wa kuyenera kwa kutetezera, koma ukulu wa ufuluwo suyenera kuyaka. Mofananamo, kuchitidwa kwa anthu ndi matenda amaganizo m’dongosolo la kutsutsana ndi kuyenera kwa kuyankha kwa ufulu wa kuyenera kwa kuyang'anira.

Kumaliza: Kuteteza Thanthwe la Chilungamo

Kuyenera kwa kulinganiza kudakali maziko a chiweruzo chaupandu cha ku America. Amatsimikizira kuti anthu sagwidwa mopanda lamulo, kuyesedwa kosayenera, kapena kulangidwa kopambanitsa. Kuyambira pa khoti Lapamwamba mpaka pa zochita za tsiku ndi tsiku za apolisi ndi oweruza, ufulu umenewu umaumba kugwirizana kulikonse pakati pa boma ndi oimbidwa mlandu. Komabe lonjezo la kuyenera sikudziphera okha. Kufunikira khama lachikhalire (kuchokera kwa oweruza, opanga malamulo, ndi nzika zodziŵa bwino za boma) kuteteza ku kuwonongeka ndi chiwembu, kupambana kwa umisiri, ndi kuchotsa zandale. Monga momwe chitaganya chikupimira, kutetezera njira yatsopano ndi kusataya konse njira yamakhalidwe ya munthu aliyense yoyenerera kuyenerera mwaŵi wa kulandidwa ndi boma, kapena kulola kulandidwa ndi ufulu, ndi chiwongo. Chilungamo chachi chachi.