Malo a ndale zadziko mu United States amapangidwa kwakukulukulu ndi njira ya masankho, njira imene imasankha amene adzaimira zipani zazikulu za ndale zadziko m'chosankha cha onse. Pamene kuli kwakuti masankho apamwamba amakopa dziko, mapulaneti kaŵirikaŵiri amasankha zosankha zowopsa kwambiri: amene amaloŵa m'makampani. Kumvetsetsa mmene maprimenti amagwira ntchito, chisinthiko chawo cha m'mbiri, ndi ziyambukiro zawo zazikulu nzabwino kwa aliyense wofuna kudziŵa mphamvu za democracy ya ku America.

Chiyambi ndi Chisinthiko cha Dongosolo Loyambirira

Dongosolo lamakono silinatuluke mwadzidzidzi. M’zaka za zana la 19, atsogoleri a gulu, kaŵirikaŵiri amakumana mu "zipinda zodzaza," osankhidwa kupyola misonkhano ndi kugwiritsa ntchito. Njira imeneyi inali yopeputsa kwambiri ndi kulamuliridwa ndi makina andale. Zanyengo Zopitabe kukuyambika kwa zaka za zana la 20 zinabweretsa zifuno za kukhala ndimo ndi nzika zambiri, zotsogolera ku kuyambitsidwa kwa zipinda zolunjika. Chipani choyamba cha boma chinaikidwa mu Wisconsin mu 1903, chochirikizidwa ndi Kazembe Robert La Follette. Pazaka makumi angapo zotsatira, maiko ambiri olandiridwa ndi ma , ngakhale kuti adakhala kuti dongosolo la zinthu la m'ma 1970 linafalikira.

Zinthu Zofunika Kwambiri pa Kusintha Koyambirira

  • 1903:[[FLT :1] Wisconsin amakhazikitsa lamulo loyamba la dziko lonse.
  • 1910s-1920: Maboma ambiri amatengera mtundu wina wa maziko a maofesi a boma ndi a kumaloko.
  • [[FLT: 0] 1972:[[FLT :1] Chipani cha Democratic chibukira McGovern-Fraser Commission, kuwonjezera chiŵerengero cha maprimenti pamwamba pa macaucus.
  • : [[FLT :1] Maiko ambiri amasamukira ku ma Prime (kunyamula katundu wapatsogolo) kuti awonjezere chisonkhezero.
  • 20: [1] United States ikuyesa kugwiritsa ntchito maimelo onse ndi kuvota mwamsanga chifukwa cha mliriwo.

Masinthidwe ameneŵa achititsa masukulu kukhala ophunzitsa koma achititsanso zinthu zina zovuta, monga nthaŵi yabwino ya mipikisano ndi ntchito ya mawindo aakulu.

Maluso Oyambirira

Upandu ndiwo masankho ochitidwa m'zipani za ndale zadziko kusankha mameseji kaamba ka chisankho cha onse. Komabe, malamulo amasiyana mokulira ndi boma, kuyambitsa dongosolo la kapangidwe ka zinthu limene lingasokoneze ovota ndi zotulukapo. Kumvetsetsa mameno ameneŵa kuli kofunika kwambiri popenda mmene mapuloteniwo amayambukirira mkhalidwe wandale.

Mitundu ya Upandu: Kunyonyotsoka Kotsimikizirika

Malo apamwamba kwambiri amadalira kwambiri amene amaloledwa kuvota.

  • Otsekedwa: Mamembala a chipani okha angavote m'chigawo chawo chachikulu. Dongosolo limeneli limalimbikitsa kukhulupirika kwa pa chipani ndi kutsimikizira kuti kokha ochirikiza asankha m'gulu. Osuliza amatsutsa kuti ilo limachotsamo odziimira okha ndi kufooketsa apilo ya chipanicho.
  • Otseguka: Voters zingasankhe kuti ndi chipani chiti chimene chingakhalemo mbali yoyamba, mosasamala kanthu za kulembetsa kwawo. Izi zingatsogolere ku "kuvota," kumene ziŵalo za chipani chimodzi mwapadera zimasonkhezera kusankhidwa kwa chipani china. Ochirikiza amati kumawonjezera kugawana ndi ofunsira oyenera.
  • Semi- Otsekedwa: Ziŵalo za chipani zolembetsedwa ndi ovota osavomerezedwa zingagawana, koma ziŵalo za mbali zina sizikuikidwa. Magawo ameneŵa amalamulira chipani ndi kumasuka kwa odziimira okha.
  • Aŵiri- Aŵiri (kapena Apamwamba) Opikisana: Onse oitanidwawo amapikisana pa pepala limodzi, ndipo opanga aŵiri otchuka akupita patsogolo ku chisankho cha onse, mosasamala kanthu za chipani. Ogwiritsiridwa ntchito ku California, Washington, ndi Alaska, dongosolo lino likufuna kuchepetsa kukwera kwa malo mwakukakamiza ofunsira kusanthula. "jungle" ndi mbali yaikulu yogwiritsiridwa ntchito mu Louisiana.
  • Blanket Primerial (Chikalata Chosavomerezedwa): m'mayiko ena, analola ovota kuvotera kwa wobatizidwa aliyense mosasamala kanthu za chipani, koma Khoti Lalikulu linawalamulira kukhala osagwirizana ndi malamulo mu Calilifornia Democratic Party v. Jones [2]

Muzigwiritsa Ntchito Njira Zokopera M’madera Osiyanasiyana

Kuposa amene amavota, mmene mavoti amatembenuzira nthumwi n’zovuta. Ena amatchula kuti nthumwi zolandira mphoto molingana ndi mavoti, pamene ena amagwiritsa ntchito njira zonse zopambana. Mwachitsanzo, m'Chipani cha Republican, maboma ambiri amaika nthumwi molingana, pamene Democrats ali ndi dongosolo loyenerera lokhala ndi malire ochepa. Malamulo ameneŵa amayambukira mmene munthu wothamanga kwambiri angasonkhanitsire mofulumira ambiri ndi kuti ndiutali wotani umene anthu oyenda pansi pa dziko angakhalirebe moyo.

Ntchito ya Apandu Podzipezera Chizindikiro cha Chipani

Upandu sumangodalira pa kusankha opita; iwo ali malo kumene magulu amapikisana kaamba ka kulamulira malingaliro.

Kusankha ndi Kusankha

M'mafilimu otsekereza, osankhidwawo amakhala opambanitsa kwambiri kuposa osankha ambiri . kaŵirikaŵiri amatchedwa "aupoto " vuto la osankhidwa. Okhoza kutengera malo olimba kwambiri kuti apeze chichirikizo cha ochirikiza kutengeka maganizo. Zimenezi zingapangitse kuti mameno amene sagwirizana ndi osankhidwa mokulira, chinthu chodziŵika monga "kutchuka mwalamulo. Mwachitsanzo, m'madera otetezeka, kaŵirikaŵiri amasankhidwa okha opikisana, kutsogolera kwa oyembekezera ku gululo mpikisanawo mmalo mwa kuchirikiza chipani.

Mgwirizano wa Pagulu ndi Ngozi ya Kuvala Zovala

Upandu ungakhale wogwirizanitsa kapena wogaŵanitsa. Wopikisana kwambiri angalimbitse maziko ndi kuyambitsa chisamaliro cha manyuzipepala, komanso angavumbulenso kugaŵana kwakukulu. Pambuyo pake, mfundo yowawa ingakhale yosafuna kuchirikiza amyansi, kukhudza kukhazikitsa ndalama ndi kutsegula. Mabungwe ayesa kuyang'anira zimenezi mwa kuvomereza, zochitika za umodzi, ndi kuvomereza kwa pulatifomu. Kufufuza kwa asayansi andale monga John Sides ndi Lynn Vavreck kumasonyeza kuti magaŵano aakulu sawononga nthaŵi zonse ntchito ya chisankho, koma angayambitse ziphuphu ngati kuswa sikuchiritsidwa.

Kudziloŵetsamo ndi Kubwereranso

Ofufuza apeza kuti kugamulapo kwatsika kuposa masankho a onse . Nthaŵi zambiri 20-30% ya osankha oyenerera m'mapulani prinsile . Kutenga nawo mbali kochepa kumeneku kumapatsa chisonkhezero chachikulu kwa ovota osonkhezeredwa kwambiri, kaŵirikaŵiri osonkhezeredwa ndi malingaliro. Zoyesayesa zowonjezera kutembenuka kwakukulu, monga ngati kulembetsa kwa tsiku limodzi, kuvota koyamba, ndi kulembetsa kodzisankhira, kungakulitse kusankhidwa ndi kutulutsa anthu ena oyenerera. Chiyambukiro cha kutembenukira pa chotulukapo ndicho nkhani yopitirizabe ya mkangano, koma ochirikiza kusintha ambiri akutsutsa kuti kutengamo mbali koyambirira kumalimbitsa kuyenerera kwa demokrase.

Chisonkhezero cha Maboma Oyambirira ndi Malo Opatulika

Kalendala ya mapulasitala imathandiza kwambiri kuti masewera a m’mabomawa ayambenso kuchitika. Makamaka masewerawa ndi a ku Iowa, New Hampshire, Nevada, ndi South Carolina.

"Poyamba Osaoneka" ndi Kukonzanso Ndalama

Chivoti chimodzi chisanabwere, ofunsirawo amapikisana ndi "kudziŵika kwa poyamba kwa kutchuka" . "kumanga dzina lakumanga, kusungitsa chivomerezo, ndi kukweza ndalama. Kufalitsa ndi manambala a kufunsira m'maiko akale kumayambukira kufunitsitsa kwa kupereka. FEC ikusimba kuti ndawala zazikulu za pulezidenti kaŵirikaŵiri zimakweza madola mazana mamiliyoni ambiri, ndi mbali yaikulu yoperekedwa m'maiko oyambirira pa kusatsatsa malonda, antchito, ndi ntchito zapansi. Kulephera kukumana ndi mapepala operekera ndalama kungakakamiza operekera ndalamazo kuchotsapo osankhidwa aakuluwo ngakhale atakhala ndi mwaŵi.

Kunyamula Zovala Zakutsogolo ndi Zam’tsogolo Lachiŵiri

Kuti awonjezere mphamvu zawo, maboma ambiri achititsa masukulu awo kukhala amasiku oyambirira, chikhoterero chodziŵika monga kunyamula zinthu. Izi zimasindikiza kalenda ndipo zingapange "kutenga winner-all" mofulumira. Lachiŵiri, Lachiŵiri kuchiyambi kwa March pamene maboma ambiri asunga primirial, tsopano aphatikiza California, Texas, ndi ena ambiri, akusankha bwino kuchititsa munthu wotchuka kukhala mkazi. Otsutsa amati kunyamula katundu kumachepetsa mwaŵi wa otchuka kuwonjezera mphamvu ya odziŵa zinthu ndi kupatsa ngakhale phindu lalikulu ku ku ku ku kutsogolo kwa otchuka.

Mapilo a Madera ndi Mapu a Electoral

Malamulo a upandu samachitika m’malo osiyanasiyana; amasonkhezeredwa ndi chikhalidwe cha ndale zadziko, chiŵerengero cha anthu, ndi nkhani zofunika kwambiri.

Ku Midwest, mipikisano yoyambirira ku Iowa ndi Michigan imagogomezera malamulo a zaulimi, malonda, ndi ntchito zopanga. Ku South, South Carolina ndi Georgia imagogomezera kusanthula kwa Akristu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu. Kumadzulo, Nevada amasumika maganizo pa ntchito, kusamuka, ndi maiko ena. Kusinthasintha kumeneku kwa m'madera kumakhala ndi malo oyenera ndipo kukhoza kuvumbula zofooka. Mwachitsanzo, munthu amene amachita zinthu mosakwanira Kummwera angavutike kukopa anthu a m'dzikolo, pamene wofuna kulowa ntchito yosiyana ndi anthu ena a kumadzulo angaphonya magulu ovuta.

Chiyambukiro pa Njira Yachisawawa ya Kusankha

Mapu oyambirira amadziŵitsanso njira yachisawawa ya chisankho. Kampeni imapanga chidziŵitso pa ovota, kuyesa kutumiza mauthenga, ndi kudziŵikitsa madera ozungulira. Mwachitsanzo, wofuna kupambana mwa kuchonderera ovota a kumidzi ku Iowa angatenge njira imeneyo ku masankho a onse m'maboma monga Pennsylvania kapena Wisconsin. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, wosankha amene amadalira pa kutulukira m'tauni ku California angafunikire kusintha masankhoti osiyanasiyana mu November.

Zitokoso ndi Kusuliza kwa Dongosolo Loyambirira

Ngakhale kuti dongosolo lalikulu la zinthu la demokalase lili ndi zolinga za demokalase, anthu ambiri amatsutsa kwambiri mfundo zimenezi.

Kupita Pansi ndi Pamsanga

Kutembenuka kwakukulu kumachititsidwa ndi achikulire, olemera, ophunzira, ndi osankha ambiri. Malinga ndi Center Research , pulezidenti wamkulu wafalikira pafupifupi 30% ya osankhidwa oyenerera m'zaka za mpikisano, otsika kwambiri kuposa masankho a onse 60-66%. Zimenezi zingatulutse mameseini amene saimira chipani chachikulu, osanena za wosankhidwa wamba.

Ndalama M’maakaunti

Malipiro a kuyendetsa ndawala yaikulu aphulika. Pomaliza pa kuchuluka kwa ndalama za anthu ndi kukwera kwa APAC apamwamba, oyembekezera amadalira anthu olemera ndi magulu akunja. Faceral Ecomment Commission [1] Zowonongedwa, koma chisonkhezero cha zopereka zopanda malire chikudzutsa nkhaŵa za kaya oyembekezerawo ali ofunikira kukwaniritsa zikondwerero zochepera osati osankhidwa. Mu 2020, nyengo ya pulezidenti inapeza ndalama zoposa $2 biliyoni, ndi ndalama zochepa zoyendetsera ntchito za mega-don.

Ndale Zogawanitsa Anthu ndi Mkupiti Woipa

Chifukwa chakuti mapringitime amabwezera kusiyana kwamphamvu, oyembekezera kaŵirikaŵiri amaukirana mwamphamvu, kuchititsa chivulazo chosatha. Mauthenga osamveka oulutsidwa mkati mwa mapulasitala angafotokoze otsutsa mwanjira zimene zingawavulaze m'masankho a onse. Ndiponso, chisonkhezero cha kupezera oyembekezera malo ovuta kubwerera. Wofuna kubatizidwa akatenga kaimidwe kolimba pa nkhani ya kusamuka kapena misonkho ingawonongetse ndalama zambiri.

Vuto la "Safe Seats" ndi Upandu Wosatsutsidwa

M'zigawo zambiri za mabungwe, chipani chimodzi nchachikulu kwambiri kwakuti chisankho chachisawawa nchogwirizana. M’nkhani zimenezo, chachikulu ndicho chisankho chenicheni . ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri, kachigawo kakang'ono chabe ka ovota ka opanga. [[FLT: 0] Ballotia data [1] [ imasonyeza kuti m'mayiko ena, opitirira theka la mapulinic primenti amalephera kuyesedwa, tanthauzo la anthu osasankha bwino mpikisano popanda choloŵetsera chilichonse. Kusoŵa kwa mpikisano kumeneku kungakutetezera m'kaudindo kuchokera ku ku kuŵerengera mlandu ndi kuthandiza ku gergermering ndi klault.

Kusintha Zinthu ndi Mtsogolo mwa Apandu

Poyankha kusuliza kumeneku, akatswiri ndi ochirikiza kusintha kwa zinthu apereka masinthidwe osiyanasiyana. ena amafunitsitsa kuwonjezera kukwera, ena kuchepetsa kugaŵikana, ndipo enanso kuti achititse dongosololo kukhala loimira kwambiri.

Malo Opanda Upandu

Njira yoyamba ziŵiri yoyambirira yogwiritsiridwa ntchito ku California ndi Washington ndi imodzi ya masinthidwe amene amachotsa mbali yachipani . Mmalomwake, oyembekezera onse amawonekera pa chisankho chimodzi, ndi kutsogolo kwa ziŵiri. Ochirikiza amalimbikitsa zimenezi, popeza kuti oyembekezera kufunsira ku magawo a gulu kuti apeze malo a chisankho. Maphunziro ochitidwa ndi Brennan Center ya Justice amasonyeza kuti masankho apamwamba-ma aŵiri angawonjezere masankho opikisana, ngakhale kuti otsutsawo angatulukirenso m'magawo amodzi amene amachotsapo anthu ochepa opanga mapepala.

Ranked-Choice Voting (RCV) m'ma Primes

Alaska ndi Maine ayamba kugwiritsa ntchito RCV popanga maprimpole, kumene ovota amasankha. Ngati wosankha salandira ambiri, oyembekezera kulowa m’malo apamwamba kwambiri amachotsedwa, ndipo mavoti amatengedwa. Ochirikiza a RCV amakhulupirira kuti kuchepetsa ndawala yotsutsa ndi kutsimikizira kuti opambanawo ali ndi chichirikizo chachikulu. Mu 2022, Alaska anagwiritsira ntchito chisankho chachikulu chachinayi chotsatiridwa ndi voti ya RCV, kupanga chotulukapo chowonjezereka.

Tsiku Loyambirira la Dzikolo Kapena Kuyendayenda kwa Magawo

Kuti athetse mphamvu zazikulu za maboma oyambirira, ena amalingalira tsiku lalikulu la dziko limene maboma onse amavota panthaŵi imodzi. Ena akupereka lingaliro la kusinthasintha dongosolo la maboma kuti madera osiyanasiyana akhale ndi mpata wotsogolera. Kusintha koteroko kungafunikire kuchitapo kanthu pa kukhazikitsa, kumene kuli kovuta pa ndale zadziko kuti anthu apindule ndi dongosolo lamakonoli.

Kutengamo Mbali Kowonjezereka

Masinthidwe onga kulembetsa kodzifunira kwa wovota, kuvota koyambirira, kuvota, ndi kusunga malo osungiramo zinthu pamapeto a mlungu kapena monga momwe maholide amachiritsira. Maboma onga Colorado ndi Oregon awona kukwera kwakukulu kwa kuvota. Komabe, kutuluka kwa kampaniyo sikunafanane ndi gulu la anthu, zikumapereka lingaliro lakuti kusintha kwa nyumba kokha kungakhale kosakwanira.

Mapeto ake: Tanthauzo Lokhalitsa la Upandu

Upandu uli woposa sitepe laluso la kachitidwe ka votoral . Ndiwo kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwapadera kumene kudziŵika kwa chipani kwapangidwa, oyembekezera amayesedwa, ndipo makonzedwe a ndale zadziko amapangidwa. Kuyambira pa Nyengo Yopita Patsogolo kufikira pa mkangano wamakono wapamwamba ndi maprimi, chisinthiko cha dongosolo lino chimasonyeza kusagwirizana kopitirizabe pakati pa kulamulira kwa magulu ndi demokrase ya udzu. Pamene kusuliza za kutsika kwa chigamulo, chisonkhetso cha ndalama, ndi kuwonjezereka kwa mlingo wa dziko lapansi kumakhala kogwira ntchito, njira yaikulu imene yoyambirira yotembenuzira kunja kwa fungo lapamwamba ingasonkherere anthu amene amalamulira. Pamene United States ikupitirizabe kulimbana ndi magaŵa a mademokrase ndi kuwongolera ma democracy , kuzindikira ndi kuwongolera ma promocracy kudzakhala kofunika ku thanzi la repabliccation.