Ntchito Yokhudzana ndi Malamulo: Mmene Malamulo Oweruza Amafotokozera Apolisi

Unansi pakati pa zigamulo zachiweruzo ndi kusungitsa lamulo umapanga maziko a lamulo la ntchito ya opolisi. Pamene makhoti amasulira Genetic Amendment ’ kutetezera ku kufunafuna kosayenera ndi njirinjiri, Findth Amendment ̱ zitsimikizo za kudzipatula, kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo a 144th Amendment ̱ amatetezera molingana, amapanga mizera ya malire imene apolisi ayenera kugwira ntchito. Malamulo ameneŵa samapereka nzeru zalamulo zopanda pake; iwo amapanga masinthidwe enieni, ogwirira ntchito omwe amakhudza oyang'anira misewu, kuchokera kuima kwa magalimoto kuti aperekedwe.

Zigamulo zachiweruzo zimagwira ntchito monga chitsanzo cha lamulo pansi pa chiphunzitso cha makhoti a boma ndi makhoti a boma (pansinsi ya boma) ayenera kutsatira kumasulira kumeneko. Mabungwe a malamulo a boma m'dziko lonselo ayenera kukonzanso malamulo awo, kuwaphunzitsa, ndi kuyang'anira machitidwe a kukhazikitsa ndi muyezo watsopano. Kulephera kuvumbula mabungwe aakulu a U.S., ndi madipatimenti a boma, kutsendereza umboni, ndi kuweruza ngakhale zigamu zaupandu.

Moyenerera, zigamulo zachiweruzo sizimapereka malamulo omveka bwino nthaŵi zonse. Zigamulo zambiri zimafuna kupima panyengo ya— mwachitsanzo, kupima munthu aliyense payekha̱ kuchititsa chidwi chachinsinsi ndi chikondwerero cha boma chovomerezeka. Kusintha kumeneku kaŵirikaŵiri kumasiya lamulo losungidwa ndi malo auchiŵango, kulamula kuti mabungwe akhale ndi malamulo a m’kati amene amaposa zofunika za malingaliro a khoti. Kumvetsetsa mmene njira imeneyi ikuonekera kuli kofunika kwa atsogoleri a apolisi, oyendetsa malamulo, ndi opanga malamulo.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zinthu Zolimbikitsa: Kunyalanyaza Zinthu, Kutsatira Malangizo, ndi Kuphunzitsa

Kukhazikitsa Zolinga Zolangira

Galimoto lalikulu limene zigamulo zachiweruzo zimapanga kusungidwa kwa lamulo n’zotsatira. Khoti Lapamwamba la United States’ mamasuliridwe a Konsichushoni amaphatikiza boma lililonse, boma, ndi ofisala wa kumaloko pankhani zonga ngati chochititsa, kukayikira koyenera, ndi lamulo lopatula. Mwachitsanzo, mu [FLT] [[1] Map] v. Ohio [1] [[FLT] [1961] [1961], Khoti linakhulupirira kuti umboni wopezeka woswa malamulo a Lachinayi sungathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'milandu ya boma. Chigamulo chimodzi chigamulo chimodzi chokakamiza chigamu cha boma kuti chitsatire malamulo oyenerera ndi oyenera, chifukwa cha kuchititsa kupondereza boma ndi kusakaza dziko lonse lino.

Mabwalo aakulu a boma ndi makhoti a chigawo amapanganso machitidwe awo mogwirizana ndi ulamuliro wawo. Chigamulo chochitidwa ndi Ninth dera Court of Appeals pa kugwiritsira ntchito kwa mphamvu chimagwira ntchito kwa apolisi ku Alaska, Arizona, California, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, ndi Washington. Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo m'maiko amenewo ayenera kusintha malamulo awo mogwirizana ndi malamulo awo, ngakhale ngati kachitidwe kamodzimodziko kakhala kololedwa kwina kulikonse. Ntchito yachitsanzo imeneyi imachititsa kucholoŵa m’ka kwa magulu ankhondo ndi akuluakulu ogwira ntchito a boma pafupi ndi mizera.

Kukonzanso Mabuku a Dipatimenti ndi Mabuku a Dipatimenti

Pambuyo pa chigamulo chapadera, madipatimenti apolisi amapenda kwambiri. Magulu a malamulo, olangiza mwalamulo, ndi antchito olamulira amasanthula khoti lamilandu’ ali ndi ndi kumasulira kwake m'zitsogozo za maadiresi. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pa Supreme Court’ chigamulo mu . GRAham v. Controm v . [19989] [kawoyambitsa kulolera kwapansi kwa mlandu, kapena kutsutsutsirapo, kapena kutsutsa.

  • Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa malamulo a mphamvu tsopano kuli ndi mawu omveka bwino onena za kuchotsa ndi kulinganiza, kutsalira mwachindunji ku chitsogozo cha chiweruzo.
  • Malamulo ofufuza ndi olanda asintha pambuyo pa malamulo onga [[FLT:] Riley v. California [1] (2014, amene anakhulupirira kuti apolisi amafunikira chilolezo cha kusanthula za m'makompyuta a foni a foni kuti awagwire.
  • Malamulo a kuchulukitsa amasinthidwa pambuyo pa zosankha zonga ngati Manda v. Arizona (66) ndi malongosoledwe pambuyo pake monga Berguis v. Thompkins [1] (2010), imene inalongosola chimene chimapanga choyenerera cha ufulu.

Kuphunzitsa ndi Kulemba Zikalata Zoposa

Malamulo akakonzedwanso, sitepe lotsatira lofunika kwambiri ndi maphunziro. Maphunziro a apolisi, m'maprogramu ophunzitsa, ndi madongosolo a zamaphunziro pa Intaneti amaphatikizapo zilolezo zatsopano zachiweruzo. Internationalpotends Association of Highs of Police (IACP) [1] ndi akuluakulu a boma Oyang'anira za Mtendere ndi Kuphunzitsa (POST) kaŵirikaŵiri amapanga mapologalamu a maphunziro ozikidwa pa zosankha zaposachedwapa. Oyang'anira ayenera kusonyeza kumvetsetsa kupyolera mwa njira zochitira zinthu ndi zolembedwa. M'maboma ambiri, kulephera kukonzanso chigamulo cha Supreme Court ingayambukire mkulu wa asilikali &817; crective.

Kuphunzitsa kumafikiranso kwa oyang'anira apampando oyamba, omwe ali ndi thayo la kuyang'anira. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pa kuweruza mu . Tessee v. Garner [[FLT] [1985], imene inaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwakupha mphamvu pothaŵa mafeya, madipatimenti oikiza mopambanitsa mu mfuti /don/̱ makampani opanga zigamu ndi ma shanti alamulo. Chonulirapo ndicho kutumiza muyezo walamulo ku akazembe wa ̱ machitidwe achibadwa mkati mwa zochitika zapamwamba.

Milandu Yochititsa Chidwi Yomwe Inasinthanso Malamulo

Milandu ya khoti Lalikulu ili ngati mfundo zotsimikizira kuti apolisi anasanduka kuchokera ku boma.

Miranda ndi Arizona (1966) ndi Progeny

Mwinamwake chigamulo chachikulu cha chithunzithunzi, Mainda anakhazikitsa kuti Kusintha kwa Gawo lachisanu kumafuna apolisi kudziŵitsa okayikira ufulu wawo kukhala chete ndi kukhala ndi loya yemwe alipo panthaŵi ya kufunsidwa kwa udindo. Chigamulocho chinatsogolera ku chenjezo lolembedwa m'miyambo yonse. Komabe kupangidwa kwake kunatsutsidwa m’zochitika zina.

  • Kusintha kwa mwambo: Apolisi tsopano amanyamula makhadi ndi mawu enieni a machenjezo, ndipo mabungwe ambiri amalemba mayeso kuti apereke machenjezo ndi kuwachotsa modzifunira.
  • [[FLT: 0] Zitokoso zolembedwa: Kukwera kwa kufufuza kwa uchigaŵenga kunatsogolera ku kuopsa kwapoyera kwa ̵ mu New York v. Quarles (19984), kulola maofesala kufunsa mafunso popanda Miranda pamene pali chiwopsezo cha mwamsanga kusungidwa kwa anthu. Zimenezi zimafuna kuti apolisi agaŵane ziŵeruzo zachiŵiri ponena za chiwopsezocho.
  • Apolisi a m'ndende: ayenera tsopano kugamula nthaŵi yeniyeni imene munthu ali m’ndende kaamba ka zifuno za Miranda, zimene zingachitike popanda kumangidwa mwalamulo ngati munthu wololera sangakhale womasuka kuchoka.

Terry v. Ohio (1968) ndi Stop- and-Frisk Practics

Chigamulo chinaloledwa kusanthula (kutsika) kwa zida zozikidwa pa kukayikira koyenera kuti munthu ali ndi zida ndi woopsa. Chigamulo chimenechi chinapanga maziko alamulo a ntchito zoimitsa ndi zojambula. Komabe, kumasuliranso kwasintha kwasintha chiphunzitso.

  • Muyezo wokayikitsa wotsimikizirika: Oyang'anira ayenera kulongosola mfundo zotsimikizirika zimene zimalungamitsa kuimitsa. Zitsanzo za kusiyanitsa kwa mafuko m'kuimitsa ndi kutsata utsogoleri wa komiti m’mizinda yonga New York ndi Philadelphia.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kusintha ndi kupereŵera: Makhoti ang'onoang'ono atsutsana ngati utali wa kuima kwa Terry ungafutukulidwe kaamba ka kufunafuna kwa galu-sniff (onani Rodriguez v. United States[FLT:] [2015]]), ndi ngati munthu & #8217; kuuluka kwa apolisi m'dera lapamwamba lokha kumachititsa kukayikira koyenera (onani [[FLT:]] Illinois v. "[FLT][5][200]]
  • Kuyankha kwa polisi: Madipatimenti ambiri tsopano amafuna maofesala kumaliza makhadi olemba fuko, fuko, ndi kulungamitsa kaamba ka kuima kulikonse, kupanga chidziŵitso chimene chimadziŵitsa zopendedwa za mkati ndi malamulo ovomereza.

United States ndi Jones (202) ndi Technology Surveillance

Mu Jones , Khoti Lalikulu linavomereza kuti kulumikiza chipangizo chotumizira GPS ku galimoto ndi kuyang'anira kayendedwe ake kukupanga kufunafuna kwake pansi pa Demendment Yachinayi. Chigamulocho sichinafunikire chilolezo m'nkhani zonse, koma chinasonyeza kuti kuyang'anira zinthu zaumisiri kumakulitsa nkhaŵa zachinsinsi. Chigamulo chimenechi chasinthanso mmene malamulo amagwiritsira ntchito [ luso lofufuza zinthu zamakono ndipo chasonkhezera mikangano yokhudza malo a maselo, mapepala a magetsi odziwira, ndi ma drone.

  • Zofunika zosapeŵeka: [[FLT :1] Madipatimenti ambiri tsopano amafuna chilolezo chochirikizidwa ndi chochititsa chothekera asanamange foni ya GPS kapena kupeza chidziŵitso cha malo a selo (kutsatira Kartent v. United States[FL:3] [2018]]).
  • Madata: Makampani ayenera kusunga unyolo wokhwima wa kusunga mwana kaamba ka chidziŵitso cha magetsi ndi kutengera malamulo oletsa utali wa chidziŵitso chawo.
  • Asilikali ophunzitsa kuyang’anira: amaphunzira kusiyanitsa pakati pa kutsata kwachidule (nthaŵi zina kololedwa popanda chilolezo pansi pa ulamuliro wa anthu) ndi kuyang'anira kwanthaŵi yaitali, kumene kumayambitsa chitetezo cha Kukonzanso Kwachinayi.

Graham v. Connor (1989) ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Malamulo a KuForce

Asana Ankawasuliza nthaŵi zina makhoti kuti aonetse kuti mphamvu yopambanitsa pankhondo ya 144th Amendment’ magawo ofunikira otsatizana. Graham imalongosola kuti zonse zimene zimanena za mphamvu yopambanitsa mkati mwa kumangidwa, kuima kofufuza, kapena zina zimayesedwa pansi pa Demendment of Fourterment ’s “ kulolera kwa ” muyezo.

  • Zotsatirapo zophunzitsa: [[FLT :1] Akuluakulu amaphunzitsidwa mapulogalamu atatu a Graham : ukulu wa upandu, chiwopsezo chamwamsanga, ndi kukana kokangalika kapena kukana. Kuphunzitsa maofesala oyesera mobwerezabwereza kugwiritsira ntchito mfundo zimenezi.
  • Chosankha chinapangitsa kuti chikhale chosavuta kwa anthu ongofufuza kuti apulumuke chiweruzo chachidule m’nkhani zopotozedwa mopambanitsa, kuchititsa mamudzi ambiri ndi zigamulo za ajuli. Madipatimenti aikapo makamera a thupi kuti apeze umboni wotsimikizirika.
  • Chisinthiko cha Plato :[FLT :1] Mabungwe ambiri tsopano amaphatikizapo kuchotsa ntchito monga njira yofunikira, ngakhale kuti Khoti silinaipereke. Maboma ena apereka malamulo ofuna kuti akuluakulu a boma achotse njira zonse asanagwiritsire ntchito mphamvu yakupha, kumanga pa [FLT ] GRAham [1]

Kuvutika ndi Umphaŵi

Zigamulo zachiweruzo sizimangosintha zinthu zofanana. akuluakulu a boma, oyang’anira, ndi mabungwe onse angatsutse, kusamvetsetsana, kapena kuphwanya malamulo a boma mwadala.

Kudana ndi Vuto

Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu kaŵirikaŵiri chimatulutsa malingaliro ambiri ndi otsutsana, kusiya makhoti aang'ono kugamulapo mlanduwo. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pa United States v. Drayton (2002], makhoti anayesayesa kulongosola pamene wokwera basi wokhala pa mpando wa pampando ndi ̴ wosokonezeka pa kusesa kwa apolisi. Kusokonezeka kunatsogolera ku zotulukapo zosasinthasintha m'madera onse. Mabungwe a malamulo osungitsa lamulo ovomereza ku kulakwa koteroko angatengerepo malamulo ochenjera kwambiri (kuyendetsa bwino njira za kufufuza kwalamulo) kapena owopsa (kufufuza).

Kutsutsa Kusintha kwa Mabungwe

Chikhalidwe cha gulu m'nthaŵi ya ntchito yapolisi chingaletse kutengera miyezo yatsopano yalamulo. Maofesala angaone zigamulo zachiweruzo kukhala zoikidwa kunja zimene Ü chandcuff̵ apolisi. Popanda madongosolo amphamvu ndi kuyankha, kusintha kungakhalebe papepala mmalo motsogolera khalidwe lenileni. Zitsanzo zapamwamba zotsutsa zimaphatikizapo lamulo lachikalata [[[FLT:] mu Ferguson, Missouri, kumene Department of Justice inapeza kuti kuswa kwa Lamulo Lachinayi kochitidwa.

Kupimidwa kwa Zinthu

Kutsatira zigamulo za chiweruzo nthaŵi zambiri kumafuna ndalama. Makamera a Office, kujambula pulogalamu ya pulogalamu ya PGS, malo ophunzitsira ongoyamba kumene, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo alamulo zonsezo zimafuna ndalama. Mabungwe ang'onoang’ono, makamaka m’madera akumidzi, angavutike kugwiritsa ntchito miyezo yomweyi ndi madipatimenti a m'matauni otchuka. Kusiyana kumeneku kungachititse kutetezedwa kwa ufulu walamulo m’mayiko osiyanasiyana.

Ntchito ya Kugwirizana Koyenerera

Chiphunzitso choyenerera cha kutetezera thupi ndicho chiphunzitso chachiweruzo chimene maofesala ankhondo ku mlandu wa anthu pokhapo ngati anaswa mowonekera bwino ̵ lamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti kutetezerako kuli kwa cholinga kutetezera apolisi opanga zolakwa zoyenerera, osuliza amatsutsa kupeputsa kuŵerengera ndi kuchedwetsa chisinthiko cha malamulo a malamulo alamulo. Khoti Lapamwamba lalingalira za kusintha zinthu, koma tsopano, oyenerera akhalabe chopinga chachikulu cha kukhazikitsa zigamulo zoweruza kwa nduna. Zimenezi, kutero, zimachepetsa chisonkhezero cha madipatimenti kuti akonzeketse malamulo mwachangu poyankha kuti anene kuti malamulowo salengeza moyenerera kukhala a pa ̴ opangidwa bwino. ̵

Luso la Zamakono, Ufulu wa Chiŵeniŵeni, ndi Kukongola kwa Malo

Pamene luso la zopangapanga likupita patsogolo ndiponso anthu akamazindikira zoyenera za anthu, makhoti adzapitiriza kulimbana ndi nkhani zatsopano zimene zimatsutsa malamulo amene alipo kale.

Luntha Lopanga ndi Kuneneratu za Kutsogolo

Maalamu ogwiritsiridwa ntchito kuneneratu za upandu wowopsa kapena kudziŵikitsa anthu oikidwa paupandu wa chiwawa akudzutsa nkhaŵa ndi njira yoyenera. Mu LIOMIS v. Wisconsin[FL:1] (2016), bwalo lamilandu lalikulu linachirikiza kugwiritsira ntchito kwa COMPAS (chipangizo chothandizira kuopsa) koma linachenjeza kuti mkhalidwe wake wa kuchuluka ungawononge oimbidwa mlandu ̱ ufulu. Makhoti a boma ayamba kupenda ngati maseŵero ogwirizana ndi kukwaniritsa zifukwa za pulogalamu. Zosankha za komiti m'dera lino zidzapanga ngati mayenere ngati mayeso afunikira kukwaniritsa zitsimikizikezo a zisanachite zinthu za pulogalamu.

Kudziŵa Malo a M’maso ndi Zinthu Zachilengedwe

Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa luso la kuzindikira nkhope ndi lamulo kwadzutsa chiwonjezeko pansi pa Lamulo Lachinayi ndi malamulo a zachinsinsi. Lynch v. Boma (2020), Khoti Lapamwamba la Washington linavomereza kuti, kuyang'anitsitsa kosalekeza, mavidiyo osadalirika kwa wonyumwiridwa ̱ kugwiritsa ntchito kamera yojambula siinaswe Kamera ya Fourterne Amendment , koma otsutsa anachenjeza za zotsatirapo za ku ̴ chiyambukiro cha makhoti aakulu, madipatimenti a polisi ayenera kukonzekera ziletso zothekera pa kuŵerengedwa kwa nthaŵi yeniyeni ya nkhope pa kutsutsa kapena m'malo a anthu onse.

Makhamera a Thupi ndi Kupezeka pa Zolembera za Apolisi

Pamene kuli kwakuti mabungwe ambiri alandira dala makamera otetezera thupi, zigamulo zachiweruzo zikuumba ’ kuyenera kwa kulowa m'malo. Makhoti agaŵana kaya zojambula zikhale zomasuka ku malamulo a boma otseguka. Madipatimenti a apolisi ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo ovuta kwambiri osonyeza kuonekera kwa zinthu zachinsinsi ndi zofunika pa kufufuza. Nkhani zaposachedwapa zonga ngati ACLU of Illinois v. Mzinda wa Chicago [1] (20.8) adafunikira makampani kuti atulutse ngakhale pamene akusonyeza kuwonongeka kwachinsinsi kapena kwa ana aang'ono, kukakamiza madipatimenti kuti apange malamulo osintha zinthu.

Kulabadira Matenda a Maganizo

Zigamulo za chiweruzo zikufuna kuti lamulo lizithandiza anthu odwala matenda a maganizo. Sheppard v. PHFH (201], Thungwe la Ninth Transport adati apolisi anagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yopambanitsa pamene anatumiza munthu amene anali ndi vuto la maganizo amene sanali kuopseza munthu wina. Kulamulira kumeneku, limodzi ndi malamulo ogwirizana m’mizinda monga Baltimore ndi Portland, kwasonkhezera mabungwe a Critis Intervention Teation (CIT) ndi katswiri wa zaumoyo kuti atumize.

Kumaliza

Zigamulo zachiweruzo siziri zalamulo; izo ndizo zitsulo za lamulo zotetezera zimene zimalongosola ukulu wololedwa wa ulamuliro wa lamulo. Kuchokera ku Miranda ku machenjezo a ku kutsata GPS, chigamulo chirichonse chimakakamiza magulu kusanthulanso malamulo awo, kulangiza maofesala awo, ndi kulinganiza zochita zawo ndi miyezo yalamulo yosasintha. Njirayo kaŵirikaŵiri imatsutsa, yodziŵika ndi kutsutsa, ndi zitsenderezo. Komabe imakhala imodzi ya njira yogwira mtima kwambiri yotsimikizira kuti ntchito ya democracy iyenera kuyang'anira ufulu wa munthu aliyense pamene ikusunga chisungiko chapo.

Atsogoleri osungitsa malamulo amene amafufuza malingaliro aposachedwapa, kugwiritsa ntchito maphunziro ogwirizana ndi zochitika, ndi kukulitsa mwambo wa kugonjera lamulo kudzakhala koyenera kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo achilendo. Anthu, nawonso, amapindula pamene apolisi azindikira zimene angachite, komanso zimene malamulo amalamula kuti asachite. Pamene luso la zopangapanga ndi zimene anthu akuyembekeza zikupitirizabe kuonekera, kukambitsirana pakati pa judicary ndi apolisi kudzakhala kothandiza kwambiri pa kulondola chilungamo pansi pa lamulo.