Kusintha ndiko njira yapanthaŵi ina ya kujambulanso malire a madera osankhidwa kusonyeza kusintha kwa anthu kolembedwa ndi U.S. Chiŵerengero. Ngakhale kuti njirayo inapangidwa kutsimikizira kuimira kofanana, kuperekedwa kwake kumapanga mphamvu zandale, wovota, ndi thanzi la onse la mpikisano wa demokalase. Njira zimene amajambula zingatsimikizire kuti ndi liti limene limakhala ndi malamulo aakulu, mawu amene amamvedwa, ndi kaya masankhoti ali opikisana moona mtima kapena ongoikidwiratu.

Makina Opanga Mafupa: Mmene Madera Amakopera

Zaka khumi zirizonse, zifuno ziyenera kujambulanso zigawo zawo za malamulo ndi za boma. Chifuniro chachikulu nchakuti madera ali ndi chiŵerengero chofanana [1] lamulo lodziŵika monga munthu mmodzi, voti imodzi , kupyola lamulo la bhetrock rock , chimamamatira ku miyezo yowonjezereka imene imasiyana ndi ulamuliro: kugwirizana, kudalirana, ulemu kaamba ka zigawo za ndale zadziko (magawo, mizinda, matauni), ndi m'nkhani zina, kusungitsa midzi yachiwonekedwe.

Maboma ambiri amasiya malamulo awo okhazikitsa malamulo, amene amatanthauza kuti chipani cha ulamuliro chimalamulira ntchitoyo. Chifukwa chakuti opanga malamulo ali ndi mtengo wolunjika pamapeto pake, dongosololo limayambitsa mkangano wachibadwa wa chikondwerero. Maboma angapo amagwiritsira ntchito mabupartisan kuchotsa chikalatacho m’manja mwa andale zadziko, koma ambiri amadalirabe pa njira yachibadwa ya malamulo.

Kulingana kwa Anthu ndi Chiŵerengero

Chiŵerengerochi chimapereka chidziŵitso chosadziŵika chimene chimasonkhezera kuwonjezereka kwa anthu. Kusintha kwa anthu a m’mizinda . Kaya kuchokera ku kukula kwa mizinda, ndege za m’matauni, kapena kusamuka kwa madera ena . . Maboma amene amawonjezera anthu amapeza mipando yowonjezereka ya mamembala, pamene anthu amene amataya mipando. Kusintha kwa masamu kumeneku kungasinthe malo a mpikisano, monga momwe maiko omakula amaonera kupangidwa kwa madera atsopano, osadziŵika bwino.

Ziletso Zina za Malamulo

Kuphatikiza pa kulingana kwa anthu, kukonzanso malamulo kuyenera kugwirizana ndi Lamulo la Kusankhana mafuko, limene limaletsa kusankhana mitundu m'mizera. Chigawo 2 cha kachitidweko chimafunikira kuti timagulu tating'ono tikhale ndi mpata wofanana wosankha oyembekezera kulowa m’dziko, umene nthaŵi zina umafuna kuti apange zigawo zauchimuna zambiri. Komabe, makhoti alamuliranso kuti fuko silingakhale la lapamwamba lothandiza kujambula mizera ya chigawo, kutsogolera ku machitidwe ovuta.

Majeremanija: Chida Chothandiza

Mawuwa analembedwa mu 1812 pamene Bwanamkubwa wa Massachusetts Elbridge Gerry anavomereza kuti chigawo chikhale ngati salamander, koma chizolowezichi n’chachikale kwambiri ndipo chikufalikirabe.

Kupalasa Mapazi ndi Kugwedeza

Maluso aŵiri otchuka akupakira ndi kugwedezeka. Amasankha chipani chimodzi m'zigawo zochepa monga momwe kungathekere, kutsimikizira kuti chipanicho chipambana zigawozo mokulira koma kutaya zozungulira. Kukopa [1] kumafalitsa chipani m'madera ambiri kotero kuti chipani chikhale chaching'ono, chosakhoza kusanthula woimira aliyense.

Mwachitsanzo, ngati boma lili ndi 40% ya ovota a Democratic ndi 60% ya ovota a Republican, mapu auchete angapatse Democrates pafupifupi 40% ya mipando. Koma kupyolera mwa kugwedezeka, Democrat angadulidwe kotero kuti akhale ndi mipando 25% yokha; mwa kunyamula, iwo angachepetsere 20% ya mipando yokhala ndi zigawo zapamwamba . Chotulukapo ndicho mapu amene amachepetsa mphamvu yosanthula ya chipani chimodzi.

Njira Zobisika Kwambiri

  • Kuba: Kukokanso chigawo cha m'dulidwe kukaphatikizapo chiŵerengero chachikulu cha ovota a gulu lotsutsa, kuwakakamiza kuthamanga m'malo oipa.
  • Kulimbana: Kuika pamodzi zigawo ziŵiri za gulu limodzimodzi, kuwakakamiza kuyang'anizana m'mawonekedwe aakulu, kumene kumafooketsa chikole chonse cha chipani.
  • Kuphatikiza madera amodzi oyenerera kuti achotse adani awo pamene akuteteza ogwirizana.

Chiyambukiro Chachikulu pa Kupikisana kwa Ochita Zinthu

Pamene kukonzanso kwagwiritsiridwa ntchito molakwa, mpikisano wa osankhidwa ndiwo wovulaza woyamba. Chisankho chosapikisana chimasonkhezera ziyambukiro pa kuimira, khalidwe la wovota, ndi nkhani ya ndale zadziko.

Chitetezo cha M’thupi ndi Mapiko Otetezeka

Mapu okongola kwambiri amapanga mipando yambiri yotetezereka . Magawo amene amatsimikizira zotsatira zake. Anthu a m’madera otetezeka amayang'anizana ndi ngozi yochepa yosankha anthu, imene imachepetsa chisonkhezero chawo cha kukhala ndi moyo woyenerera kapena kukhala ndi anthu ogwirizana kunja kwa . Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti bungwe la malamulo likhale lopanda chivomerezo ku pulogalamu yochuluka.

Mipando yabwino imapangitsanso masankho oyambirira kukhala ofunika kwambiri kuposa masankho wamba, chifukwa chakuti mpikisano weniweni umachitika m’gulu lolamulira. Kusintha kumeneku kumasonkhezera kwambiri malingalirowo kupyola malire kuti apeŵe otsutsa, kuwonjezera kutha kwa kutha kwa dziko.

Kuipidwa ndi Kusintha kwa Zinthu ndi Kutsika

Pamene ovota akhulupirira kuti mavoti awo sadzasintha zotulukapo, iwo samakhala ndi mbali. Maphunziro nthaŵi zonse amasonyeza kuti kutembenuka kuli kotsika m'madera otetezeredwa m'malo a mpikisano. Kutaya mtima kumeneku kuli kwakukulu makamaka kwa ovota odzaza m'zigawo kumene gulu lawo limalamulira . Iwo amaona kuti voti lawo limatayidwa / kapena kwa awo oikidwa m’madera kumene gulu lawo silinachite mwaŵi.

Ndiponso, kuletsa anthu ochepa kuonera zinthu mwa kuchepetsa mphamvu ya kuvota ya anthu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana, ngakhale pamene mapuwo akugwirizana ndi mfundo ya Voting Rights Act.

Kusintha kwa Ndale ndi Kutsekereza

Madera osapikisana amalimbikitsa opita kukakhala ku malo apamwamba a malingaliro mmalo mwa kutomerana ndi ovota otsata moyenerera. M’chigawo cha Republican, wotsutsa wamkulu kuchokera kulamanja ndiye chiwopsezo chachikulu; m'chigawo cha Democratic, ngozi imachokera kumanzere. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, zimenezi zimatha kusiyanitsa magulu onse aŵiri, kulolera molakwa ndi kuyendetsa zigawo za malamulo.

Nyumba ya Oimira ya United States yakhala chitsanzo chowopsa: chiŵerengero chomawonjezereka cha ziŵalo za dziko kuchokera ku zigawo kumene kuchepa kwa gululo kumalangidwa kwambiri kwakuti kudziletsa kumalangidwa ndi ndale zadziko. Chotulukapo chake ndicho kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi kuchepetsa kudalirana kwa anthu m’mabungwe a demokrase.

Mbiri ndi Malamulo

Kukonzanso kwakhala pakati pa milandu yotchuka ya Bwalo Lamilandu Lalikulu limene laumba mmene mizera imakokedwera ndi zimene makhoti angapende.

Baker Carr (1962) ndi Reynolds ndi Sims (1964)

Pambuyo pa milandu imeneyi, maboma ambiri sanalembenso zigawo za malamulo kwa zaka makumi ambiri, kutsogolera ku kusagwirizana kwakukulu kumene madera akumidzi okhala ndi osankha oŵerengeka anali ndi chithunzi chofanana ndi madera a m’mizinda ndi ambiri. Khoti la Warren khoti linalamula kuti makhoti a boma amve mavuto opeputsa pansi pa Excalime Protection Classia, kukhazikitsa munthu mmodzi, muyezo wa voti. Zosankha zimenezi zinali zofunika kwambiri pokakamiza kupenda nthaŵi zonse ndi kulinganiza anthu.

Shaw v. Reno (1993)

Mlanduwu unakhudzana ndi kulimbikitsa fuko. North Carolina anapanga chigawo chaufupi wodabwitsa, ndipo Bwalo Lamilandu linanena kuti fuko silingakhale [[FLT: 0] primetant [[[FLT: 1]] chochititsa kujambula mizere ya chigawo pokhapo ngati panali chikondwerero chachikulu. Chigamulocho chinatsegula khomo la zitokoso zotsutsana ndi mapu amene amagwiritsira ntchito mapepala monga pologalamu ya gulu la osankha.

Vieth v. Jubeler (2004)

Khoti Lalikulu linalimbana ndi mfundo yakuti anthu ogaŵanitsa anthu ndi ongonena kuti n’ngoyenera kutero.

Rucho v. Common Change (209)

Pa chigamulo 5-4, Khoti Lalikulu linavomereza kuti mayeso ogaŵanitsa anthu ali mafunso andale zadziko osapendedwa ndi makhoti a boma. Ambiri anatsutsa kuti Konsichushoni imapatsa malamulo a boma mphamvu ya kukhazikitsa malamulo a chisankho ndi kuti makhoti alibe mbali m’kutsimikizira kulungamitsa. Chigamulo chimenechi chinatseka chitseko cha khomo la khomo la boma la khomo la GRGB, kusamutsira bwalo lankhondolo ku mabwalo a boma ndi mabwalo a milandu.

Kuti mudziŵe zambiri pa zochitika za lamulo zimenezi, onani [[FLT: 0] Center ya Chilungamo ya kusanthula kwa gerrymaning ligigation [1].

Kufufuza Nkhani za Boma

Zitsanzo zingapo zimasonyeza kuti pali nkhondo yotereyi.

North Carolina: Zaka Khumi za Kufalitsa Uthenga Wabwino

Kusintha kwa North Carolina kwakhala chimodzi cha zothetsa nzeru za dzikolo. Pambuyo pa kuŵerengera kwa chaka cha 2010, nyumba yokhazikitsa malamulo ya Republican inajambula mapu amene anatulutsa anthu 10-3 a dzikolo m'mabungwe a bomalo, ngakhale kuti boma linagawikana pakati pa zigawo ziŵirizo. Makhoti anaswa mapuwo monga osakhala a fuko la anthu, koma mapu otsatira anaikidwanso. Mu 2019, makhoti anagamula kuti mapuwo anali oletsedwa ndi lamulo la boma, ndipo anatsogolera ku mapu atsopano ojambulidwa ndi katswiri wa khoti. Malamulowo amasonyeza kuti kupendekeka kwa mtundu wa rediplue, lipwigning, ndi ndale.

Kuwona mmene zigawo za North Carolina zasinthidwira, chezerani [[FLT: 0] Msonkhano wa Dziko wa Legislatures pa North Carolina rediforming .

California: Chitsanzo cha bungwe loona za anthu ogwira ntchito ku yunivesite

Mu 2008, ovota a California anakhazikitsa mfundo 11, ndipo anapanga bungwe la Citizens Rediqualing Commission, bungwe la zigawo 14 la ovota ovomerezeka lomwe siliphatikizapo akuluakulu osankhidwa kapena oimira gulu. Bungwelo limalemba madera oyendera malamulo okhwima: anthu olingana, mogwirizana ndi lamulo la ufulu wa anthu, kugwirizana kwa malo, kugwirizana, ndi kusungidwa kwa anthu ofuna kumvetsera. Kulembetsa ndi kulephera kwa gulu la anthu. Zotsatira zake zakhala kuwonjezeka kwapadera kwa madera a mpikisano ndi nyumba yoimira. Chitsanzo cha California chakhala chizindikiro cha anthu ochirikiza kusintha zinthu m’dziko lonselo.

Pennsylvania: Kuyambira ku Gerrymander mpaka ku Khoti Loona za Makhalidwe Abwino

Mapu a bungwe la Pennsylvania a ku Pennsylvania pambuyo pa 2011 anaonedwa kukhala chimodzi mwa zinthu zimene zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m’dzikolo, ndipo zinapanga phindu la boma la 13-5 Republic m'dziko limene linagawidwa. Mu 2018, Khoti Lalikulu la Pennsylvania linagonjetsa mapuwo monga kuswa malamulo a boma aufulu ndi ogwirizana ndi malamulo a chisankho. Khoti linalamula mapu atsopano ojambulidwa ndi katswiri wa zandale. Mapuwo anagawidwa 9-9 m'masankho 2018, pafupi kwambiri ndi chigawa cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha United States. Mlandunawu unasonyeza mphamvu ya makhoti a boma monga makhoti otsutsa chisankho cha Rucho.

Michigan: Woyamba Kudziwitsa Anthu za Makhalidwe Abwino

Mu 2018, Michigan Votation inapanga kampani yodzisankhira yopanga masankho ofanana ndi California. Kusinthako kunali kuyankha kwa gerrymanidering yopambanitsa yochitidwa ndi Republicans pambuyo pa 2010. Commission, yopangidwa ndi anayi Democrates, zinayi za Republicans, ndi zisanu za dziko, inajambula mapu a masankho 2022 omwe anawonjezera kwambiri chiŵerengero cha madera a mpikisano. Kufufuza koyambirira kumasonyeza kuti mapu atsopano amasonyeza bwino kusweka kwa boma. Michigan amasonyeza kuti kusintha kwa udzu kungathetsere kulinganiza kwa malamulo a boma.

Ntchito ya Zipangizo ndi Umisiri

Mathirakiti amakono amadalira kwambiri pulogalamu yokonzedwa bwino yolemba mapu ndi ndandanda ya wovota . Madansi tsopano angafanane ndi mipata ya magawo, kulinganiza bwino malingana ndi kuteteza, kapena cholinga china chilichonse. Zimenezi zapangitsa gerrymannder versed ndi yoopsa kwambiri.

Kusintha kwa Aligolitime

Computational redidicualical imagwiritsira ntchito maalamu kujambula mapu amene amakwaniritsa zolinga zina. Gulu lokhala ndi mavoti a m'chigawo chachigawo, kubwerera kwa ndandanda ya anthu, ndi ziŵiya zowonetsa mapulogalamu amene amatsegulira zinthu zothandiza kwa zaka khumi. Mapu otchuka amadziwitsa kulephera kwa mamepu [ metric . Chimene chimayesa chiŵerengero cha mavoti otayitsa pa chipani chilichonse .

Luso la zopangapanga limathandizanso kuyang'anira ovota [1] : zigawo zingakokedwe kuphatikiza kapena kuchotsa malo ena ake kapena ngakhale ziwiya zina. Mlingo wa kukongola kumeneku unali wosayerekezereka madongosolo amphamvu a GIS ndi chidziŵitso chachikulu chisanapezeke.

Kutsegula Mapuleti ndi Kuonetsana

Poyankha, ochirikiza kusintha asonkhezera mamepu otseguka [1] kutsegulira mapulogalamu a anthu onse, mapulogalamu oonetsa zinthu, ndi opanga mapu. Mayiko ena tsopano amafuna kuti mapu ojambula achitike pamaso pa anthu, ndi mapu onse osankhidwa ofalitsidwa pa Intaneti. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa mamepu amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito kumatsogolera ku mapulogalamu otseka m’nyumba zimene anthu saona.

Kuyang'ana kukuya kwa mlingo wa luso la zopangapanga zimene zimaumba kupendekeka, ŵerengani [[FLT: 0] Kukhulupirira makampani a zaumisiri ndi kupendekeka kwa kuwala [[FLT: 1]].

Zoyesayesa za Kukonzanso: Oimira Odziimira pawokha ndi Kunama

Chifukwa chakuti makhoti a boma samva mawu otsutsa onenedwa ndi Rucho, kusintha kwasintha kufika ku mlingo wa boma. Kuyesayesa ndi zochita za lamulo zapanga maburparta aufulu kapena mabuparta m'maiko angapo. Pafupifupi 2024, maboma 14 amagwiritsira ntchito mtundu wina wa ntchito ya kukhazikitsa mapangano, ndi kusintha kwa ufulu ndi ulamuliro.

Mikangano Yolimbana ndi Ntchito

Ochirikiza akuvomereza kuti mabungwe amachepetsa mkangano wa chikondwerero chobadwa pamene opanga malamulo akoka zigawo zawo, kutsogolera ku masankho opotoka ndi oyenera. Otsutsa amanena kuti akuluakulu osasankhidwa alibe thayo la kuŵerengera mlandu ndipo sangasonyeze kulinganizika kwa boma. Komabe, umboni wa ku California, Arizona, ndi maiko ena a boma amasonyeza kuti mapu opangidwa ndi mabungwe odziimira okha kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala opikisana kwambiri ndipo sangakhale ochititsa zotulukapo zokondweretsa za bungwelo.

Khoti Lalikulu Linatsutsa

Pambuyo pa Rucho, makhoti a boma akhala malo aakulu otokosa otsutsa ogaŵanitsa. Malamulo angapo ali ndi zitsimikizo zaufulu ndi zolingana za masankho, kapena zitetezero zoletsa kupotoza gulu. Malamulo apambana ku Florida, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, ndi Ohio, kukakamiza mapu. Komabe, nkhondo zimenezi zimasonkhezera kukhazikitsa ndalama ndipo zingatsogolere ku kutsutsana kwalamulo, monga momwe zawonedwa m'zaka khumi za North Carolina za kukhazikitsanso malamulo.

Okonzanso amasonkhezeranso kusintha kwa mawu monga ngati zisonyezero zolembedwa m'lamulo la boma: ziyeneretso za kugwirizana, kugwirizanitsa, ndi zoletsa kugwiritsira ntchito madata. Maboma ena atengera zigawo zosiyanasiyana kapena kusanthula kokhala ndi malo apadera kuti achepetse mphamvu ya kukokera mizera.

Kumaliza: Tsogolo la Kukonzanso Malo

Kusintha si njira ya usilikali yosaloŵerera kwambiri pa zandale imene imaumba dziko la demokrase kwa zaka khumi. Ngati ichitidwa bwino, imatsimikizira kuti anthu akusinthana ndi kuti voti ya nzika iliyonse ili ndi kulemera kofanana. Pamene igwiritsidwa ntchito, imakhomereza maseŵerawo kuchirikiza chipani chimodzi kapena anthu ogwirizana, kuchepetsa mpikisano wosankhidwa, kutenga nawo, ndi kukhulupirira boma.

Tsogolo la kukonzanso zinthu lidzakhala ndi nkhondo yopitirizabe pakati pa okonzanso amene akufuna ntchito zaumwini ndi kuonekera, ndi zolinga za ochirikiza ofuna kusunga mkhalidwewo. Technology idzapitirizabe kupereka zida zamphamvu zoyendetsera komanso kuyang'anira . Milingo yatsopano yonga mpata wothandiza ndi kukondera kupangitsa kukhala kovuta kubisa kunyanyitsa. Zochita za nzika m'magawo onga Michigan, Colorado, ndi Utah kusonyeza kuti anthu angakhoze kulamulira malamulo aumwini.

Potsirizira pake, thanzi la demokrase ya ku Amereka limadalira pa kutsimikizira kuti masankho alidi opikisana ndi kuti osankha amasankha oimira awo / osati njira ina. Kumvetsetsa ziyambukiro zazikulu za kukonza maluŵa ndiko sitepe loyamba la kufunafuna dongosolo labwinopo.

Kuti muŵerenge zambiri ponena za kusintha kopenyetsa ndi chiyambukiro chake, onani [[FLT: 0] Common Cream gergermaninder shopu yomangira zinthu [1]