Chiyambi: Kuchepetsa Mpikisano wa Zandale

Proportiganial (PR) si njira yokha yoŵerengera mavoti . Kumasintha kwenikweni zisonkhezero zimene zimaumba zipani za ndale zadziko, mabwalo awo a mkati, ndi malo a demokrase. Mosiyana ndi madongosolo onse opambana amene amakakamiza kusankha ndale zadziko kukhala zigawo ziŵiri zazikulu, madongosolo a PR amafunitsitsa kutembenuza wovota mwachindunji ku mipando yalamulo. Kusintha kumeneku kupyola mbali iriyonse ya khalidwe la chipani: mmene amapangira, mmene amachitira chivomerezo, mmene amalamulira, ndi mmene amasinthira m'nthaŵi. Kumvetsetsa kusintha kumeneku kuli kofunika kwa aliyense wopenda chisinthiko kapena kuyerekezera zotulukapo za demokrase.

Kumvetsa Chithunzi cha Nkhaniyi

Pakatikati pake, kuimira kolinganiza kumatsimikizira kuti chigawo chimene chipambana m'nyumba ya malamulo chikulingana kwambiri ndi chigawo cha mavoti amene chimalandira. Izi zikusiyana kwambiri ndi madongosolo a akulu a boma monga ngati woyamba ndi chizindikiro (FPTP), kumene gulu lingapambane mipando yambiri popanda kuvota ambiri. Madongosolo a PR amabwera m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana, imodzi ndi imodzi yokhala ndi ziyambukiro zosiyanasiyana za chitukuko.

Mitundu ya Kuimira Kwachilolezo

  • Mndandanda PR : Mapalishoni amatumiza mpambo wolamulidwa wa obatizidwa. Osankha chipani, ndipo mipando imaikidwa molingana ndi voti ya chipani chilichonse. Pamene mavoti ambiri alandiridwa, owonjezereka obatizidwa pandandanda yake amasankhidwa motsatira. Dongosolo limeneli limapereka utsogoleri wamphamvu pa kusankha ndi malo apamwamba a gulu.
  • Wopatulidwa mmodzi Vote (STV) : Ofunsira amadzi amodzi m'zigawo zosiyanasiyana. Setts amagawiridwa ndi dongosolo lapadera, kulola ovota kudutsa mizera ya zipani ndi kusonyeza zokonda pakati pa ofunsira a pagulu limodzi. STV imafooketsa ulamuliro wa atsogoleri a gulu amene amasankhidwa ndi kulimbikitsa mpikisano wa magawo osiyanasiyana.
  • Magawo olinganizidwa-MEMber Proportonal (MMP) [1]: Opanga maboloti aŵiri . Amaponya mipando iŵiri . Imodzi kwa wofunsira wa kumaloko (kaŵirikaŵiri kugwiritsira ntchito FPTP) ndi imodzi ya mpambo wa zipani. Magawo onse amasinthidwa kuti apeze kuchuluka, chotero phwando limene limapata mipando yambiri ya kumaloko likhoza kulandira mipando yochepera. MMP imaphatikizana ndi kulinganiza kwake ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito m'maiko onga ngati Germany ndi New Zealand.

Zigawenga zosiyanasiyana zimakhudza mbali iliyonse, demokalase ya m’thupi, ndi mgwirizano wa magulu osiyanasiyana.

Chiyambukiro pa Mipando Yandale Zadziko

Kusintha kumeneku sikumangosonyeza kuti anthu andale ndi apamwamba kwambiri.

Kulimbikitsa Anthu Ang’ono ndi Andesi

M'dongosolo la PR, chipani chimene chipambana 5% ya voti mobwerezabwereza 5% ya mipando. Cholowa chaching'ono chimenechi chimachepetsa chopinga choloŵa cha zipani zatsopano ndi zazing'ono. Magulu a Green, magulu a kumanja, magulu a zigawo, ndi magulu amodzi a zigawo, ndi mabungwe ang'onoang'onoang'ono angapeze zizindikiro za nyumba ya malamulo popanda kufunikira kuswa “zochitika za abuluakulu za“ zopinga za . Chomwechi chimalimbikitsa zinthu zosiyanasiyana zandale. Voter safunikiranso kusankha“ zoipa ziŵiri zocheperapo . . . Iwo angavotere moona mtima kwambiri gulu limene limayendera zinthu zawo. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, mitundu imeneyi imachititsa malo osiyanasiyana kukhala malo okonzedwa ndi oyeretsedwa. Komabe, otsutsa amagwirizananso kuti magulu otsutsa akakhala m’magulu aakulu.

Maboma Ogwirizana ndi Chigwirizano cha Zipani

Chifukwa chakuti palibe chipani chimodzi chimene chimapambana chinzake, madongosolo a PR amatsimikizira maboma ogwirizana. Mapologalamu ayenera kukambirana malamulo, malo a bungwe la kabungwe, ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa anzawo amene angagwirizane.

  • Mapangano a pulogalamu ya pasadakhale : Magawo angapange magulu asanapange masankho kuti asonyeze kugwirizana kothekera, mwakutero kusonkhezera ziyembekezo za wovota.
  • Kusinthanitsa ndi magetsi a Post[[FL:1]: Utsogoleri wa gulu ufunikira kukhala otsogolera aluso, kaŵirikaŵiri kukonza malo opambanitsa kuti zigwirizano zikhale zopindulitsa.
  • Ololera kwa Opaleshoni [1]: Masewera amaphunzira kuchotsa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Izi zingapangitse kuti ulamuliro wosasintha, wa m’maseŵero a kumbuyo ukhale wokhazikika, komanso ku milandu ya ziganizo za m'nyumba zimene zimawononga malonjezo a ndawala.
  • Magulu a zachuma [[FLT: 1]: Zitsenderezo za kusungidwa zingakulitse mikangano ya mkati, pamene mapiko a gulu sagwirizana pa zimene kulolera kuli kovomerezeka.

Kutenga Nawo Ntchito ya Ndale

Pansi pa PR, ovota samakhala othekera kumva kuti mavoti awo ali “olakwa. . M'madongosolo aakulu, ochirikiza a zigaŵenga zazing'ono kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala panyumba kapena moyenerera . PR amachotsa zambiri za chitsenderezo chimenecho. Kufufuza kosalekeza kumasonyeza wovota wokwera m'maiko a PR wofanana ndi ma project, ngakhale pamene akuyang'anira zinthu zina. Kulingalira kwakuti nkhani iliyonse imasintha kwambiri mmene magulu ankhondo amachitira. Mmalo mwa kuukira zigawo zozungulira zokha, magulu ayenera kukopa ndi kusonkhanitsa zipinda zawo zonse. Zimenezi zingawonjezere ntchito ya udzu ndi kutumiza mathithi a ofunsira. Kuwonjezerapo, chifukwa chakuti anthu omvera angalembetsa (underV) kapena kusankha pakati pa magulu ambiri, amalingalira kwambiri m'kangano pakati pa masankhoti andale.

Kusankha Gulu la Gulu ndi Chipani cha Candidate

Madongosolo a PR kaŵirikaŵiri amalimbikitsa kwambiri demokrase ya kuwonjezera kwa magawo. Pansi pa mpambo wa PR, zipani zimalamulira dongosolo la oyembekezera, koma maprojekiti a m’kati mwa maprojekiti kapena misonkhano yachigawo zingatsimikizire kuti ndandandayo ndi yotseguka kwambiri. Osankha angasonkhezere amene osankhidwa kuchokera ku gulu amasankhidwa, kusonkhezera oyembekezera kukulitsa kutsata ndi kugwirizana kwa anthu a m'deralo. Zimenezi zingatsogolere ku mademokala osiyanasiyana . Akazi, anthu a mafuko ochepa, ndi andale osakhala amwambo kaŵirikaŵiri amapindula bwino ndi madongosolo onse a PR, chifukwa chakuti mathithithi angalinganizire matikiti awo kaamba ka apindulo aakulu. Mosiyana, atsogoleri a magulu angatenge mphamvu pa mpambo, otsutsa. Kulinganiza pakati pa kulamulira ndi kuyendetsa ndi kudyetsa kwaudzutsa kwapakati ndi malamulo otchuka amachenjera amaseŵera amasinthasinthasintha kwambiri m'maiko ambiri.

Mavuto a Kuimira Malo Oimira

Ngakhale kuti imakhala ndi phindu la demokalase, PR siikhala yodula, koma mbali zomwe zimalimbikitsa kuimiridwa zingachititse mavuto.

Kugaŵanika kwa Malo a Zandale

Pamene anthu ambiri apata mipando, kupanga boma lokhazikika kumakhala chinthu chovuta kwambiri. Monga momwe zimachitikira ku Israel ndi Italy panyengo zosiyanasiyana, masankho anthaŵi zambiri ndi maboma amene akukhala kwa nthaŵi yochepa angafooketse anthu. Kugaŵanitsa kungapatse mphamvu zigawo zazing'ono za “opanga” zimene zimachotsa ufulu wochuluka, kukhumudwitsa zipani zazikulu ndi kuvotera mofanana. Malamulo a Creque (m., 3% kapena 5% ya voti) amaikidwa kaŵirikaŵiri kuletsa kugaŵanitsa magawa, komanso amachotsa mawu enieni. Kupeza kulinganiza koyenera kuli chitokosokoso.

Kucholoŵana kwa Ulamuliro

Kulamulira kwa bungwe la Coalition kumafuna kukambirana kosalekeza, kumene kungachepetse nkhondo ndi malamulo oletsa kugamula. Otsutsa amanena kuti maboma akugwirizana amapanga “malamulo ochepa kwambiri ogwirizana . malamulo amene sasangalatsa aliyense. Pankhani zofunika kwambiri . Zonga ngati mavuto a zachuma kapena chitetezo cha dziko, zimenezi zingakhale zovuta. Ndiponso, mapangano ogwirizana kaŵirikaŵiri amaika ntchito pakati pa magulu ankhondo, zomwe zimachititsa nkhondo ndi malamulo kusagwirizana. Kulolera kulolera kulakwa kungapangitsenso maboma kukhala osaŵerengera mlandu kwambiri: Ofuna kuweruza gulu limodzi chifukwa cha kusachita bwino pamene ligawana mlandu pakati pa magulu ankhondo.

Kugwiritsidwa Mwala ndi Kugwiritsidwa Mwala

Modabwitsa, njira yomwe imapanga maphwando aang'ono ingawachotsenso ovota. Pamene kukambitsirana kwa mgwirizano kutulutsa maboma amene sasonyeza zotsatira zachindunji za chisankho (m., chipani chimene chabwera chachiŵiri chingatsogolere kugwirizanitsa), ovota akuona kuti chosankha chawo chinasokonezeka. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, kusintha kofala m’boma ndi mapangano ogwirizana kungayambitse kukayikira. Zimenezi makamaka ngati magulu aakulu amasiya chipani chaching'ono chotchuka kuchokera ku zigwirizano, akumapanga mavoti ake kukhala opanda pake m’pangizo zenizeni. Voter angatembenuke kapena kukana ngati anthu saona kuti palibe amene amavomereza, “katanga wa magulu ankhondo ankhondo amodzimodziwo amalamulira.

Kuyerekezera: PR v. Georgitaliast System

Kusiyanitsa kuimira kolinganiza ndi madongosolo apamwamba kumamveketsa bwino malonda a dongosolo lililonse losandutsa zinthu limene limaika pa magawo.

Madongosolo Aakulu

Kuyamba ndi kutsogolera ndi madongosolo ofananawo amapanga mpikisano wa mbali ziŵiri. Zimenezi zimapanga ulamuliro: chipani chimodzi chikhoza kupambana mipando yotsimikizirika, kutheketsa kukwaniritsa malamulo mofulumira. Kuchepetsanso chiŵerengero cha machenjezo a veto, kupanga boma kukhala logamulapo. Komabe, zimatero mwa njira yolinganiza mwa kuimira gulu lalikulu ndi kuima pansi paing'ono. Nthaŵi zambiri mipando yawo yotetezereka imamva kuti mavoti awo sakuchita kanthu, ndipo magulu a kuyang'anira zigawo zochepa za . Chisonkhetso cha kutumiza zigawo zambiri kutsogolo, kusiya miphezi yosapitira kumbuyo ndi kutulutsa mafuta kumbuyo kwa osonkhezera. Gulu la anthu ambiri amasinthana ndi kuyang'anira uthenga wosiyanasiyana.

Mapindu a PR Kukula kwa Chipani

  • Mawu a kuimira : Mapambo amasonyeza kusiyana kwenikweni kwa malingaliro a anthu.
  • Universitive kupyolera m'kulingana [1]: Zopanga zingalange gulu popanda kupereka mphamvu ku malingaliro ake osiyana.
  • Kuchirikiza chitsutso chomangirira : Zipani zazing'ono zingasonkhezere malamulo ngakhale kuchokera ku mabenchi otsutsa kupyolera m'chidziŵitso chapadera ndi zigwirizano zowolokera.
  • Wovota wamkulu wovota [1]: Popeza kuti mavoti amaŵerengera kulikonse mofanana, magawo amasonkhanitsa ovota m'dziko lonse.

Zopinga za PR Kupititsa Patsogolo Chipani

  • Kusakhazikika kwa Chigwirizano [1]: Makamaka m'zitaganya za azungu, kugwa kwa kaŵirikaŵiri kwa boma kungavulaze kulinganiza kwa nthaŵi yaitali.
  • Kuŵerengera mlandu wa Weak : Mavoti akulimbana kuti anene zotsatirapo za gulu limodzi pamene magulu agwirizana alamulira.
  • Kuikidwa kwa atsogoleri a gulu lapamwamba [1]: M'malemba otsekereza PR, atsogoleri amene amalamulira malo apamwamba ali ndi mphamvu yaikulu pa oyembekezera.
  • Kukopa kungatheke : Ngakhale magulu aang'ono oloŵerera angapeze mphamvu, makamaka ndi zipata zochepera.

Kufufuza za Kuimira kwa Malo

Kupenda mmene PR yasinthira mbali zosiyanasiyana za maiko kumathandiza kupenda mawu a dziko m’njira yeniyeni.

Germany: Ntchito Yopanga Mapu Ophatikizapo Member

MP imaphatikiza mipando yakumaloko (pafupifupi Bundestag) ndi mipando yapampando yapamanja. Maboma 5% (kapena kupambana mipando itatu yopatulidwa) amaletsa kugaŵanika kwakukulu. M'mbiri, zimenezi zinapanga dongosolo lokhazikika (CDU/CSU, SPD, FDP, ndi pambuyo pake Greens). Maboma a kholipi anali mwambo, koma amalamulira kwambiri mapangano. Zigawozo zinapanga mphamvu kwambiri za umisiri wa mkati kuti zigwirizane bwino. Dongolo linalimbikitsa ma Greens ndi Chipani cha Kuchokera kukafika kuuchikulire m'magulu aakulu. Komabe, zizoloŵezi zaposachedwapa monga kukwera kwa früsch (DH) (D) zikupanga mapangano ovuta kwambiri, nthaŵi zina zimafuna kugwirizanitsa ndi kuchuluka kwa maboma atatu. Maboma ena a ku Germany, ngakhale akusonyeza mmene zigawa zamphamvu zoyendera kumbuyo kwa anthu ambiri.

Sweden: Phezulu ndi Munda wa Consenus

Sweden amagwiritsira ntchito njira ya PR yosinthidwa ndi 4% ya dziko. Imaika malo aakulu ovota (pafupifupi 85%). Malo ambiri amaphatikizapo mademokrase, osunga mwambo, opatsa, obiriŵira, ndi omveka. Maboma nthaŵi zonse amakhala ogwirizana kapena maboma ochepa amene amadalira pa kuchirikiza kokhala. Magulu a Sweden ali opanga malamulo kwambiri koma amapanganso “andale zachigwirizano zogwirizana. . . Sweden amayembekezera kuti kagulu kakang'onoka kakhale ndi chisonkhezero chachikulu, monga gulu lapakati pa magawo a kumanja ndi kumanja. Komabe, kubwera kwa mayiko a ku Sweden kumatsutsa kukhazikitsa kwa dziko lapansi, kutsogolera kukhazikitsa boma. Sweden kuchuluka kwa anthu ambiri kumayembekezeredwa ndi kuyendetsa zinthu zazikulu, koma kuwonjezera, ngati zipani zamakono.

New Zealand: Kusintha kwa Delibrate kukafika ku PR

New Zealand inasiya FPTP yosatha FP yothandiza MMP mu 1996 pambuyo pa masewero aŵiri. Kusinthako kunasintha kwambiri dongosolo la chipani. Pasadakhale MMP, magulu aŵiri aakulu ayamba . Chigawo cha MMP, chaching'ono monga New Zealand Kuyamba, ndi Greens, ndi procts kuoneka ngati oimba achikhalire. Mapangano anakhala mwambo, kukakamiza mamembala kudutsa milingo yambiri. Kugwirizana kwa Voter kwadzuka. Mokulira, dongosolo lakhala: malamulo ndi ndandanda yakhala ndi kutsutsana. New Zealand imasonyeza kuti kukonzanso kwadala, ndi koyenera kuchititsa nyumba ya malamulo popanda kuperekedwa nsembe. Chisankho cha 2020, kumene Labourse inalandira chivomezo chachikulu cha “INet - cooption , kukambirananso kwa MMP, kodzutsatsiranso mfundo yofunika kwambiri ponena za MMP, kuti igwirizane ndi zochitika zina za m'nkhani ya pa zaka makumi ambiri.

Milandu Ina Yosadziŵika

  • [[FLT :0] Neterilands : Kugaŵa mopambanitsa popanda malire, kutsogolera ku dongosolo logaŵikana la magawo 10-13 m'nyumba ya malamulo, kukufuna kugwirizana kwakukulu. Magulu a Adatchi kaŵirikaŵiri ali akatswiri ogwirizana, koma kupangidwa kwa boma kungatenge miyezi yambiri.
  • Israel : PR ndi chitseko chochepa chinachititsa kugawanika kwachikhalire kufikira pa makhomo 3.25% adakwezedwa kufika pa 3.25% (ndipo pambuyo pake 4%) kuchepetsa kusweka. Ngakhale zili choncho, nyumba za mgwirizano nzovuta kwambiri, ndipo kusakhazikika kwa boma n’kokwera.
  • Brazil [1]: Imagwiritsira ntchito mndandanda wotseguka PR ndi zigawo zazikulu, kupanga dongosolo la zigawo zogawikana kwambiri (oposa magawo 20 m'bungwe). Izi zimasonkhezera kukopa ndi kufooketsa mwambo wa zipani, ngakhale kuti masinthidwe mu 2017 anakhazikitsa masitepe osandutsa masankho olimbikitsa kugwirizanitsa.

Kumaliza: Kusintha kwa Mapwando M’nsi mwa PR

Kuimira kwa proportion sikumangosintha kuŵerengera kwa masankho . Komabe, umboni umasonyeza kuti PR, pamene inapangidwa bwino ndi malo oyenera, ndi mpambo wosiyanasiyana, ndipo imakhala yogwirizana kwambiri. Makampani apeza zosankha zenizeni koma ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito malo osiyanasiyana ovuta. Palibe dongosolo lapadera logwirizana ndi kulamulira limene lili laphindu. Komabe, umboni umasonyeza kuti PR, pamene inapangidwa bwino ndi malo oyenera ndi zigawo, ingathe kulimbikitsa magulu onse aŵiri oimira ndi okhoza kutsogolera. Palibe dongosolo lapamwamba la PR limene lili lokwanira kukhazikitsa dziko lonse lapansi. Monga mmene kupikisana kwa zandale ndi kulephera kukayikira ngakhale njira zazikulu za PR, maphunziro oyenera kusinthirapo.

Kuti muŵerenge zambiri, onani IDEA System Democracy project system [FLT :1], SEC pa Electoral Systems , ndi [[FLT ] , ndi chitsogozo cha bungwe la Reform Society ku PR .