Maboma amafotokozedwa ndi mapangidwe awo, ndipo mapangidwe ameneŵa amapanga mmene mabungwe amathetsera mavuto, kusungira zinthu, ndi kubwezera mavuto. Kamangidwe ka boma ka "kaya) kamasumika maganizo kapena kufalitsa, kaya kamalimbikitsa mkangano wapoyera kapena kutsendereza, liŵiro, kulimba, ndi kulimba kwa njira zake zopangira. Kumvetsa mmene makampani osiyanasiyana a boma akusinthira kusintha kwa nyengo, kusokonezeka kwa zasayansi, kusinthasintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka zinthu, ndi kusakhazikika kwa geothetic, ntchito ya boma siikuthandizanso kupulumuka koma nkofunika. Kumvetsa mmene njira zosiyanasiyana za boma zikuchirikitsira ntchito yopanga mabungwe a zaka za zana la 21.

Mabungwe Okonzanso Ulamuliro Wademokrase

Madongosolo a democracy ndi a phokoso kwambiri chifukwa anapangidwa kuti apange zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana kuchokera kwa anthu, kutembenuza zinthu zimene anthu amapikisana nazo kuti zikhale m’njira yothandiza anthu.

Mpikisano, Consenus, ndi Kusiyanasiyana kwa Mfundo

Mademokrase amaloŵa m'magulu aŵiri aakulu: a quatarian ndi kugwirizana. Fasiko ya Westster , yogwiritsiridwa ntchito mu United Kingdom, India, ndi Canada, imasumika mphamvu m’manja mwa mkulu mmodzi. Zimenezi zimalola malamulo ofulumira, otsimikiza kusintha a pambuyo pa chisankho. Mpikisano wa magulu a anthu kuti apatsidwe mapulogalamu otsatira, kuwakakamiza kukonza mapulatifomu atsopano, kuyambitsa kayendedwe oyendetsedwa ndi boma losankhidwa ndi boma.

Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, consonses democracy , monga Netherlands, Switzerland, ndi maiko a ku Nordic, zimafuna kugwirizana kokulira ndi kukambirana kwakukulu. Chitsanzo chimenechi nchochedwa kumanga mlingo wapamwamba wa kukhulupirira ndi kugula. Kumanga kumeneku kwa chigwirizano cha mademokrase "mademo" ndiko pangano (koma timapeŵa liwu lakuti "Ttestate" pa malangizo alionse, chotero tisanene kuti "chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri". Chimadalira pa kukambitsirana ndi kusinthika kwa osunga mitengo. Kugwirizana kumeneku kumalola mapangano anthaŵi yaitali omwe akupulumuka madera osankhidwa ndi osankhidwawo. Kusinthasinthasintha kwa njira za kufalikira kwa dziko la Germany (kupangidwanso ndi ku Urnion, ku British K.

Kutsegula Zopinga ndi Lamulo

Chinsinsi chosinthasintha cha demokrase chiri m'zitsanzo zake zovomereza. Magulu a wailesi, a wailesi, ndi magulu otsutsa amagwira ntchito monga madongosolo ochenjeza oyambirira, kulephera malamulo ndi kubuka kwa nkhani. Kuchuluka kumeneku kumalola kukhala ndi malonda apamwamba, mfundo yoyambitsidwa ndi John Kingdon. Padongosolo lotseguka, ochirikiza angasumitse malingaliro awo kudzera m'mabungwe ambiri ofikira zinthu, makomiti a boma, mabungwe otsatsa malonda, ndi malingaliro a anthu. Zimenezi zimatulutsa mfundo yolemera, yokhudza malamulo amene angatulutsidwe mwamsanga pamene windo la "polisi" likutsegulidwa, monga ngati m'mavuto.

Kuphatikizanso, madongosolo a democracy okhala ndi mayeso ndi kulinganiza kwamphamvu (monga ngati dongosolo la Pulezidenti wa US) amayambitsa kusagwirizana. Pamene kuli kwakuti kusudzulana kungayambitse kutsekereza, kuletsanso zosankha zakupha. Kupatukana kwa mphamvu zamphamvu kumayesa mwamphamvu malingaliro kupyolera mwa kumva, kugamula, ndi kutsutsana kwa anthu. Zimenezi [[FLT]] kuchuluka [[FLT] [P] [FULT] [ma] ndi chuma champhamvu, ndipo kupenda njira ina iliyonse, pamene kuli kuipitsa, kukhazikitsa, kukhazikitsa, kuloŵerera, kukhazikitsa, kukhazikitsa, kuloŵerera kwa anthu opanda ungwiro. [OFOK:]

Mafanizo a Akonzi: Kusintha kwa Kulimba Mtima Koopsa

Maboma a aumperitarianism ndi mbali imodzi akupereka chodabwitsa chachikulu pamene asanthula kupyolera m’lens ya kusintha. Iwo ali okhoza kuthamanga kwambiri ndi kuchitapo kanthu motsimikiza, komabe kaŵirikaŵiri amasonyeza kusakhoza kwakukulu kwa kuzoloŵera mavuto ocholoŵana, a dongosolo.

Ubwino Wowononga ndi Kulinganiza Kwanthaŵi Yaitali

Madongosolo a aunistralial , monga ngati boma limodzi la China kapena chigawo cha chigawo chimodzi cha Singapore, zili ndi mwaŵi wa kumanga Singapore. Popanda kufunika kwa kumanga kugwirizana, kukambirana ndi malamulo, kapena kuyang'anana ndi puloteni, maboma ameneŵa angakonze zinthu zambiri mofulumira. Kumangidwa kwa njanji zapamwamba za China, zotenga zikwi makumi ambiri pazaka khumi zokha, ndi chitsanzo chabwino cha kupha kwapakati. Maboma ameneŵa angaperekenso mapulani anthaŵi yaitali popanda kusokonezeka kwa kayendedwe a zinthu, kulola zoyendetsera ndalama m'zamalonda, maphunziro, kapena maindasitale, kapena njira zimene zimalipira zaka makumi ambiri.

Chitsanzo chimenechi chikuoneka kukhala choyenera kwambiri pokonza zinthu za malamulo olembedwa pa zolinga zooneka, zapamwamba. Komabe, mphamvu yakupha ndiyonso magwero a kufooka kwakukulu: kusoŵeka kwa chidziŵitso chapadera. Chigawo cha 20 chapakati pa Soviet Union chinali chosalingana ndi kukhoza kwake kupanga zitsulo ndi madamu, koma chinalephera mowopsa kupanga katundu wogula kapena kusinthira ku chuma cha . Cholinga chachikulu sichingayendetse chidziŵitso chakwawo chofunikira pachuma chovuta. Vuto la Friedrich Hayek's "Lrief j" ndilo lakupidi la lamulo ndi lolamulira.

Vuto la Kusintha kwa Chidziŵitso

Maboma a authoritarianism amakono amayang'anizana ndi vuto lalikulu: kumasulira kwa mbiri yoipa . M'dongosolo limene kupulumuka kwandale kumadalira pa kukhulupirika ndi chipambano, pali chisonkhezero champhamvu kwa akuluakulu a boma kuti abise zolephera ndi kupotoza chidziŵitso. Zimenezi zimachititsa kusweka kwa dongosolo. Kuyankha koyamba ku Chovid-19 kunali kofulumira ndi kogwira ntchito chifukwa cha ulamuliro wapakati. Komabe, dongosolo limodzimodzilo linachititsa kuchititsa kuwonongeka kwa malamulo ndi "zero-KOVAD"" akuluakulu a boma, chilango cha kuyambiriro kwa kubuka kwa zigawenga, ziŵerengero zomakwera. Kutumiza nyimbo (ojambula, atolankhani) kunagwetsedwa. Atsogoleriwo, analandira chidziŵitso chokwaniza, kulephera kusokoneza chuma kwa nthaŵi yaitali, ndi kuchititsa chiwopsezo.

Chochitikachi chimasonyeza kulephera kwakukulu: Madongosolo a olemba ntchito amapangidwa kaamba ka ziwopsezo zodziŵika ndi zonulirapo zapamwamba, koma amalimbana kwambiri ndi mavuto ocholoŵana, otulukiridwawo omwe amafuna kugawidwa nzeru ndi kusinthika kwa pansi. Kupondereza kwa kusagwirizana kumatsekereza magwero oyamba a malingaliro atsopano ndi machenjezo oyambirira. Malingaliro a ndalerensi aona kwa nthaŵi yaitali kuti ulamuliro sulephera ndi kusoŵa mphamvu, koma ndi kusoŵa chidziŵitso chabwino. Iwo ali otsimikiza, komabe, ngakhale ndi olephera.

Mafanizo Othandiza Kulemba ndi Othandizana

Madongosolo onga Hungary, Russia, ndi Turkey ali ndi malo amodzi. Iwo amachita masankho koma amalephera kutsimikizira kulakwa. Amalola chitaganya cha anthu koma amalanga chitsutso chenicheni. Maboma ameneŵa ogwirizana kuti ayese kuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito ulamuliro wa a demokrase ndi kukhazikitsa ufulu wa demokrase. Singapore ndi chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha zimenezi, kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito ya boma yoyenerera kwambiri ndi kufunsira kwakukulu kwa boma kuti apitirizebe kusintha. Komabe, ngakhale Singapore imayang'anizana ndi nkhani zovuta za chikhalidwe ndi ndale zadziko, kumene kusoŵa kwapo kupikisana ndi kuchepetsa kutsogolera kwa gulu la anthu.

Maboma a Federal, Unitary, ndi Magulu a Olamulira

Kusiyapo mbali za demokrase, kugaŵira mphamvu kochuluka kuli ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu pa kusintha. Kusankha pakati pa boma ndi kakonzedwe kaungwe kamodzi kumachititsa mmene malamulo amayesedwera, kuyesedwa, ndi kusinthidwa.

Kuyesa Kupeza Mapindu a Kudzilamulira

Jasitisi Louis Brandeis analongosola motchuka kuti ndi "maluso a demokrase". Federalism imapanga mabwalo ambiri, osadalirana a malamulo. Zimenezi zimalola maupandu a kuyesa . Maulamuliro ena angayese lamulo , chisamaliro cha zaumoyo wapadziko lonse, mankhwala ochepetsa upandu, kapena msonkho wa carbon [1] panthaŵi yomweyo ndi kuphunzira. Zimenezi zimachepetsa upandu wa kulephera kwa munthu mmodzi, kowononga dziko. Zotsatirapo zake zingavomerezedwe ndi maiko ena kapena pomalizira pake ndi boma la boma.

Dongosolo la Canada la ulamuliro wa chigawo pa zaumoyo ndi chuma chachilengedwe lalola zigawo zonga British Columbia kugwiritsa ntchito misonkho ya carbon -neutal, kupereka chidziŵitso chenicheni cha dziko kaamba ka maulamuliro ena. Kuvomerezedwa kwa lamulo la cannabis m'maiko a Uni monga Colorado ndi Washington, potsutsa lamulo la boma, kuyambitsa maziko a umboni amene anasintha malamulo a dziko. Kulamulira kwa Polyniki ya British Columbic, mfundo yochirikizidwa ndi Nobel wopatsidwa ndi Elinor Ostrom, ndi injini yamphamvu kwambiri yosinthira ku malamulo. Imalola anthu osiyanasiyana kukonza zinthu kuzungulira malo awo, kupangitsa kuti anthu aphunzire chisinthiko.

Kugwira Bwino Ntchito ya Mmodzi Ndiponso Kulephera Kusuta

Maboma a Unitary, monga Falansa, Japan, ndi New Zealand, amakhazikitsa ulamuliro walamulo. Zimenezi zimalola miyezo yadziko yofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa malingaliro achipambano. Ngati lamulo la chipambano lapangidwa, lingapangidwe m'dziko lonselo popanda kukanidwa ndi chigawo. Izi nzamphamvu kwambiri kaamba ka nkhani zofunikira kugwirizana kwa mtundu, zonga ngati kutetezera, malamulo a maiko akunja, kapena maziko a dziko.

Komabe, chisankho cha ndondomeko yapadera chimakhala ndi vuto: sichimasinthasintha. Kulephera kwa lamulo ndi kulephera kwa dziko. Tsoka la 2011 ku Fukushima ku Japan linavumbula mmene dongosolo la nyukiliya lokhala ndi mphamvu kwambiri, limene limagwira ntchito molimbika, lalephera kuyembekezera chochitika chachilendo koma choopsa. Panalibe dongosolo lofanana kapena kusiyana kwa chigawo chimodzi kuti lisinthe. Dongosololi linali lothandiza kwambiri m’nthaŵi zachibadwa koma silinasinthesinthasinthasintha m’nthaŵi za kupsinjika. Mgwirizano wa New Zealand, umene umachita , wasonyeza kufulumira kwambiri kwa mphamvu ya kuyankha kwake, kutsimikizira kuti mayiko atha kusintha kwambiri ngati asunga zonena zolimba kuchokera ku mlingo wa dziko lakwanu ndi luso lamakono la kuphunzira. [FLD:]

Kulinga ku Boma Losatha: Kuyesa Kulamulira m’Nyengo ya Chiŵerengero cha Masamu

Kusiyana kolimba pakati pa mawonekedwe kuli kodabwitsa. Maboma osintha ambiri akubwereka zida kuchokera ku mbali zonse kuti amange zimene zingatchedwe Boma la Expiterist kapena Boma la Agile [1]. Chitsanzo chimenechi chimaphatikiza kuchuluka kwa demokrase, kutha kwa mphamvu zapakati, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chigwirizano.

Mabokisi a Nthaka ndi Maulamuliro Oyembekezera

Kusintha kwa luso la zopangapanga (AI, biotech ) kwapangitsa malo oyenderapo a kayendetsedwe ka zinthu kukhala atha ntchito. Malamulo olembedwa lero n’ngotha ntchito maŵa. Poyankha, maboma onga United Kingdom ndi Singapore achita upainiya agulegatoria boxboxs [1]. Malo amenewa amalamulira malo amene mafakitale angayese zinthu zatsopano, mautumiki, ndi mafashoni a malonda popanda kubweretsa mavuto onse achibadwa. Zimenezi zimalola mapulogalamu kuphunzira limodzi ndi ma intaneti, kugwirizanitsa malamulo ozikidwa pa mfundo zenizeni za dziko m’malo mwa kuyerekezera.

Imeneyi ndi njira yaikulu yosinthira maganizo a anthu: kuyambira pa kulembedwa kwapasadakhale, malamulo okhazikika ku malamulo ozikidwa pa mfundo. IU'S AI Act , pamene idakali lamulo la mwambo, imaphatikizapo njira yozikidwa pa ngozi, yondandandalika imene imasintha mogwirizana ndi mawu ozungulira a Al. Imeneyi ndi kuyesa kukulitsa kusinthika mwachindunji m'malamulo. Chiphunzitso cha kulamulira kofulumira, kuyesedwa kwambiri ndi Belfer Center ku Harvard, mwalamulo lachikhalidwe cha kusinthira ku malamulo.

Kuchepetsa Ntchito Zogwiritsa Ntchito Malire ndi Makina

Chigwirizano cha manambala chasintha kugwirizana kwa boma ndi nzika, kupanga ziwonekedwe zenizeni za nthaŵi. dongosolo la X-Road la Estonia limalola kusungidwa, kusintha kwa madata kwabwino. Makompyuta ameneŵa amatheketsa boma kupereka mautumiki mokangalika ndi kugwiritsira ntchito madata (azina) kumvetsetsa ziyambukiro za malamulo m'nthaŵi yeniyeni. Zimenezi zimapanga mphamvu ya [FLT: 0] yolimbana ndi ulamuliro wa [, kumene mavuto amapezedwa ndi kuthetsedwa asanafutukuke.

Kufikira kotsatira kochitidwa ndi chidziŵitso kumeneku kungawonjezere chitsanzo chilichonse chandale. Kwa mademokrase, kumatanthauza mautumiki otchuka ndi ogwira ntchito ya anthu. Kwa maboma a authoritarianism, kumaika pangozi kuyambitsa mkhalidwe wa kuyang'anira kopambanitsa umene umatsekereza kusemphana. Kusiyanako kuli m'nzeru ya ndale zadziko: kuti chidziŵitso chikugwiritsiridwa ntchito kupatsa mphamvu nzika kapena kuzilamulira? Madongosolo ambiri osinthasintha adzakhala awo amene amagwiritsira ntchito chidziŵitso kupititsa patsogolo zopereka chivomerezo ndi kugaŵira zosankha, mmalo mwa kuchirikiza ulamuliro wapamwamba wa kuletsa.

Mapeto: Kusintha kwa Malamulo Monga Mfundo Yoyamba

Palibe chitsanzo cha boma changwiro. Nyumba iliyonse imabwera ndi kutsata malonda pakati pa liŵiro ndi bata, kukhazikika ndi kulimba, kukonza ndi kuŵerengera. Mademocracy amapambana kupanga zizindikiro za mayanjano osiyanasiyana ndi kukonza njira zovuta, kuwapangitsa kukhala opirira kwambiri ziwopsezo. Mabungwe authoritarianism amapambana kuchita mapulani apamwamba ndi chilango, kupangitsa kuti zikhale zogwira mtima polimbana ndi mavuto odziŵika. Madongosolo a Federal amathandiza kupeputsa ndi kuyesa kwa kusinthika, pamene madongosolo aumboni a gulu la zinthu amathandiza kulongosola bwino ndi kulinganiza.

Maboma amene adzapambana m'zaka za zana la 21 ndiwo amene amamvetsetsa malonda ameneŵa ndi kudzipangira okha mozindikira kaamba ka kuthekera kwa . Adzapanga masinthidwe otseguka otseguka (democracy), kusunga kukhoza kwa kugamulapo (bumane wamkulu), kulola mayeso a kumaloko (makampani), ndi kuvomereza kuti adziŵitse, kuyendetsa zinthu za chidziŵitso cha masamu (dziko). Chochititsa chachikulu m'kayikiro si njira yatsopano, koma kulengedwa kwa kachitidwe kake kuti aphunzire, osaphunzira, osaphunzira, ndi kuzoloŵera, ndi kuzoloŵera.