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Mmene Ziŵalo za Raje Sabha Zimasamaliridwira ndi Kutalikira Kwa Nthaŵi Yake
Raje Sabba, mwalamulo bungwe la United States, ndilo nyumba yapamwamba ya Nyumba ya Malamulo ya India ya bidamaral . Ilo limaimira maboma ndi magawo a bungwe, kutsimikizira kuti zikondwerero za boma zikunenedwa pamlingo wa dzikolo. Mosiyana ndi Lok Sabbaha, imene yasankhidwa mwachindunji, Rajiya Sabba amatsatira dongosolo la chisankho losadziŵika bwino lolinganizidwa kusonyeza kulingana pakati pa anthu a m'chigawo ndi chigawo. Kuzindikira kachitidwe ka masankhidwe ndi utali wa mamembala ake nkofunika kwambiri kuti amvetsetse dongosolo la democracy, kukhazikika kwa malamulo a dziko la India, ndi kapangidwe ka malamulo a boma.
Nkhaniyi imapereka malongosoledwe atsatanetsatane, odalirika a mmene ziŵalo za Raje Sabha zimasankhidwira, opanga mavoti okhoza kusamutsidwa, utali wa mawu awo, kuzungulira mipando, ndi makonzedwe alamulo ogwirizana nawo. Ilo limaphatikizaponso mbali ya ziŵalo zokhala ndi mamembala osagawidwa, miyezo yosasinthika, ndi kufunika kwakukulu kwa bungwe limeneli mu demokrase ya palamenti ya India.
Maziko a Malamulo ndi Kuikidwa kwa Malamulo
Raje Sabba wakhazikitsidwa pansi pa Mfundo 80 ya Malamulo a India. Ingakhale ndi mamembala 250: 238 oimira maboma ndi magawo a mgwirizano, ndi mamembala 12 osankhidwa ndi Pulezidenti. Mphamvu yeniyeni yasintha m'nthaŵi yake; kuyambira 2025, Rajiya Sabba ali ndi mamembala 245. Malo okhalako a magawo amadalira pa anthu, ndi maiko aakulu monga Uttar Pradesh akutumiza oimira ena (pakali pano 31) pamene maiko aang'ono monga Sikm akutumiza limodzi. Magawo a Union ali ndi chiŵerengero chochepa cha mipando; mwachitsanzo, Delm ndi Puuchry ali ndi oimira osankhidwa.
Malamulo amalamulanso kuti Rajiya Sabha ndi nyumba yachikhalire ndipo satha. Mosiyana ndi Lok Sabhaha, imene ili ndi dzina la zaka zisanu, Rajiya Sabba ikupitiriza kosatha, ndi mbali yake imodzi chigawo chimodzi chigawo chikupuma pantchito zaka ziŵiri zilizonse. Chikhalidwe chimenechi chimatsimikizira kupitiriza kwa malamulo ndi chikumbukiro cha bungwe, kupangitsa kuti likhale mphamvu yokhazikika m'malamulo a India.
Njira Yosankha: Chisankho Chosaloleka Chochitidwa ndi Misonkhano Yalamulo ya Boma
Ziŵalo za Raje Sabba sizimasankhidwa mwachindunji ndi anthu. M’malo mwake, amasankhidwa ndi mamembala osankhidwa a Legislative Feader (MLS) a boma lililonse. Njira yosankhira yosalunjika imeneyi imalembedwa ndi Mfundo 80 ndi tsatanetsatane wowonjezereka m'malembo a People Act, 1951. Lamulo lapamwamba ndi lakuti MLS, amene amasankhidwa ndi anthu, amagwira ntchito monga koleji yosankhira ya Rapya Sabhaha. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti nyumba yapamwamba imasonyeza kupangidwa kwa malamulo a boma, motero imaimira zikondwerero za chigawocho.
Chisankhocho chimachitika ndi Evolution Commission of India. Mipando ya boma lililonse ya Raje Sabba imadzazidwa mwa chisankho chimodzi, koma malo oimira amadzazidwa ndi makina pamene kuli kofunika. Njirayi imagwiritsira ntchito dongosolo la kuimira mwa kusanthula limodzi (STV) [1]. Dongosolo limeneli limatsimikizira kuti magulu ochepa kapena odziimira ndi chichirikizo chachikulu angapereke chithunzi chotetezedwa, kupangitsa Rajiya Sabha kuonetsa kwambiri mitundu ya ndale m’dera.
Mmene Ntchito Yotumiza Imodzi Imagwirira Ntchito
Voti imodzi yosamutsidwa (STV) ndi njira yosankha yosankhidwa yogwiritsiridwa ntchito kusankha oimira ambiri m'chivomerezo cha anthu ambiri. M'nkhani ya Raje Sabba, boma lonse limaonedwa monga chivoti chimodzi. MLA iliyonse imavota, koma chivoticho chingasamutsidwe ku chinthu chachiŵiri kapena chachitatu ngati wochita ntchito yoyamba ya chisankho walandira kale mavoti okwanira kupambana kapena kuchotsedwa. Chonulira kusankha amene apeza gawo la mavoti.
Gawolo limaŵerengedwa mogwiritsira ntchito njira: mavoti ovomerezeka / (Nambala ya mipando + 1) + 1. Mwachitsanzo, ngati boma lili ndi mipando 4 ya ku On Leany Rajiya Sabba ndi 100 MM Monga voti, chigawo chingakhale (100 / 4+1) + 1 = 20 + 1 = 21 ovota. Wosankha amene amasunga pa osachepera 21 oyambirira mavoti amasankhidwa. Ngati munthu alandira mavoti oposa muyeso, mavoti amasamu amasamutsidwa molingana ndi zikalata zachiŵiri zolembedwa pa mapepala oteretsa. Zimenezi zikupitirizabe mpaka mipando yonse yadzazidwa.
Voters (MMLS) sankhani zimene amakonda ndi manambala (1, 2, 3, etc. Kuŵerengera kumachitidwa papepala lojambula. Kuŵerenga kumachitidwa mwa njira yoimira ndi voti imodzi yosamutsira, monga momwe zatchulidwira mu Ide of Ecomfiction Realture , 1961. Dongosololo limatsimikizira kuti opambana omalizira akuyerekezera mokulira unyinji wa mavoti olandiridwa ndi gulu lirilonse kapena gulu mkati mwa msonkhano.
Chitsanzo cha SCHV m’Chisankho cha Raje Sabba
Talingalirani za boma la 3 la ku Stany Rabya Sabba Sabata ndi 100 MM Avvota. Mpatawo ndi (100 / 3+1) + 1 = 25 + 1 = 26 mavoti. Tree Party A ili ndi 55 MM , Party B iri ndi 30, ndipo Gulu C lili ndi 15. Gulu la X, latenga mavoti 55 oyambirira, kupitirira pa 29 X amasankhidwa, ndipo mavoti 29 amasamutsidwa ku zikondwerero zachiŵiri pa zigawo zimenezo. Kaŵirikaŵiri, zokonda zachiŵiri kuchokera ku Party A MMC Zikapita kwa wopikisana wotsatira wina kuchokera ku Chipani. Pakalipa., A Gulu la B'kasungedwa ndi Y lapeza mavoti oyamba 30 osankhidwa, ndipo amatengedwa ndi Y wowonjezereka. Pambuyo pake, munthu wachitatu, amene angapatulidwa ndi gulu lachitatu la anthu amene alipo, kapena amene angatsamukire kuchokera ku gulu la B. Ngati gulu la anthu la anthu ochepa la C.
Utali wa Mawu: Zaka Zisanu ndi Chimodzi ndi Kupuma Pantchito Kopambanitsa
Chiŵalo chilichonse cha Raje Sabba chimagwira ntchito mawu a zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, monga Artic 83 ya Malamulo. Komabe, mawuwo amagwedezeka kuti nyumbayo ikhale yogwira ntchito ndi yozoloŵera. Malamulo amalamula kuti monga momwe kungathekere, mmodzi wa mamembala atatu amapuma pantchito kumapeto kwa chaka chachiŵiri chilichonse. Dongosololi linalinganizidwa kuletsa kusintha kwa mwadzidzidzi m’kupangidwa kwa nyumba yapamwamba ndi kukhazikitsa bata m’kupanga malamulo.
Kusinthako kumapangidwa ndi bungwe la ECommution Commission. Pamsonkhano woyamba wa Raje Sabba mu 1952, mamembala anagawidwa m'magulu atatu ozikidwa pa maere, ndi mawu a gulu lililonse atatha zaka ziŵiri, zinayi, kapena zisanu ndi chimodzi. Malo otsatizana adzaza mipando ya ziŵalo zopuma, ndipo mamembala ongosankhidwa kumenewo amatumikira nyengo yonse ya zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi. Kusinthaku kumatanthauza kuti masankhoti a Rapya Sabba amachitika panyengo za nthaŵi zonse za zaka ziŵiri, ngakhale kuti maboma angachititse masankho panthaŵi zosiyanasiyana malinga ndi nthaŵi imene ziŵalo zawo zimapuma pantchito.
Mmene Mawu Omwe Anagwiritsidwa Ntchito Monyanyira
Tayerekezerani kuti boma lili ndi mamembala 5 amene mawu ake adzatha mu 2026, 2028, ndi 2030. Mu April 2026, masankho adzachitidwa kuti achotse mipando ya ziŵalo zopuma mu 2026. Osankhidwawo adzatumikira kuyambira 2026 mpaka 2032. Panthaŵi ino, mamembala osankhidwa mu 2024 adzapitirizabe kufikira 2024. Mabungwe ogwedezeka ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti palibe chisankho chimodzi chimene chingasinthe kwambiri unyinji wa Rapya Sabba, ndi kuti chidziŵitso cha bungwe lasungidwa pa zigamulo za masankho.
Malo otsala oyambitsidwa ndi kuchotsedwa, imfa, kapena kusapangidwa amadzazidwa ndi makina. Chiŵalo chosankhidwa mwa chisankho chimatumikira kokha pa mawu otsala a woyambirirayo, osati zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi zatsopano. Izi zimasunga kayendedwe ka kayendedwe ka kayendedwe.
Ziyeneretso ndi Zosafunika kwa Ziŵalo
Kuti munthu adzakhale woyenerera kusankha Raje Sabha, ayenera kukwaniritsa zofunika zotchulidwa m’Chigawo 84 cha Lamulo:
- Ayenera kukhala nzika ya India.
- Ayenera kukhala ndi zaka zosachepera 30 zakubadwa (usinkhu wochepera wa Lok Sabha ndi 25).
- Payenera kukhala ndi ziyeneretso zina zotero monga momwe zingafunikire ndi lamulo la Palamente (pakali pano, kuimira kwa People Act, 1951 kumafuna wosankha kaamba ka chivomerezo cha nyumba ya malamulo).
Kusokonezeka kwa zinthu kumalamulidwa ndi Mfundo 102 ndi kuimira kwa Malamulo a Anthu, 1951. Malo amaphatikizapo kukhala ndi udindo wa phindu pansi pa boma, kukhala ndi maganizo osalimba, kukhala wosagwiritsidwa ntchito posungunuka, kapena kukhala atapezedwa ndi mlandu. Kusokonezeka kungabukenso chifukwa cha kupanduka pa Tentith Shetel (lamulo loletsa anthu), ngakhale kuti Rajaya Sabhaha (Mtsogoleri wa Vace-Print wa India) ndi amene ali ndi udindo wogamula milandu yopandukira Rajiya Sabaha.
Ziŵalo Zoikidwa M’chizindikiro: Gulu Lapadera
Pulezidenti akusankha ziŵalo 12 za Raje Sabba pansi pa Mfundo 80 (1) (a) ya Malamulo. Anthu ameneŵa amasankhidwa kaamba ka ukatswiri wawo m'magawo onga mabuku, sayansi, maluso, ntchito ya kakhalidwe, ndi maseŵera. Cholinga chiri kubweretsa anthu otchuka m'makonzedwe a nyumba ya malamulo amene angakhale osachirikizidwa ndi ndale zadziko kupambana chisankho koma angapereke chidziŵitso chamtengo wapatali. Mamembala a akazi onse ali ndi ufulu ndi mphamvu zofanana monga ziwalo zosankhidwa, kuphatikizapo kuvota pa ngongole zonse kusiyapo kuti satenga nawo mbali m'chosankha Pulezidenti wa India (kuchokera pamene Pulezidenti wasankhidwa ndi koleji yomwe imaphatikizapo ziŵalo zosankhidwa zonse ziŵiri, koma osasankhidwa ndi ziŵalo za Jesshaba sali mbali ya ziwalo zosankhidwa za pa koleji yosankhidwa).
Mamembala oikidwa m'gulu amathandizanso pa zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, koma satsatira ndandanda yopuma pantchito yofanana ndi ya anthu osankhidwa. Iwo amaikidwa m'magulu, ndipo mawu awo amagwedezekanso. Malamulo safuna kuti mamembala oikidwa kukhala a chipani chilichonse cha ndale zadziko, ngakhale kuti ambiri amagwirizana ndi mfundo za gulu lolamuliralo.
Kuimira Magawo a Mgwirizano
Magawo a Union (UTS) ndi maluŵa a malamulo (Delhi, Jamimu & Kashmir, ndi Puducherry) osankhidwa Rajeya Sabhaha kudutsa njira yoimira yofanana, koma ndi MMS AS ya misonkhano yawo yalamulo. Ma UTS ena onga Chandigarh, Lakshadhia, ndi ena sanasankha ziŵalo mu Rajahaha; kuimira kwawo kumaperekedwa ndi Pulezidenti 80(c) (tsopano kutha pambuyo pa Jammu ndi Kashmir orgiation Act, 2019, koma chifukwa cha Us, Us. Kwenikweni, Sabyaha adaphatikizapo zoimira kuchokera ku Delka (3), Puuchma, ndi Kamirmusmu (4) yosalidwa (pando) monga mamembala osankhidwa.
Tanthauzo la Njira Yoimira Njira Yoimira
Kusankha kuimira kwa STV kwa STRAS Sabba kuli kwadala. Kumatsimikizira kuti zipani za anthu ochepa ndi odziimira okha angapeze mipando ngati ali ndi maziko aakulu m'msonkhano wa boma. Zimenezi zikusiyana ndi ‘ choyamba pambuyo pa madongosolo a Lokabhaha, amene kaŵirikaŵiri amagwirizanitsa anthu ambiri. Motero njira ya Rajiya Sabba imapereka kuyang'ana pa nyumba yaing'ono, makamaka pankhani zofunika kwambiri, monga ngati kukonza malamulo a boma kapena malamulo a boma. Imatetezanso mayiko chifukwa chakuti mamembala ake amasankhidwa ndi malamulo a boma.
Mwachitsanzo, m’dziko limene palibe chipani chimodzi chimene chili ndi chipani chochuluka, magulu ayenera kugwirizana kuti asankhe Raje Sabba ofuna kubatizidwa. Zimenezi zimalimbikitsa kukambirana ndi kulolerana. STV imachepetsanso kusankhidwa kwa mavoti, monga momwe ngakhale anthu amene sachirikiza munthu wopambanayo angaŵerengedwere.
Kusiyana Kokulira ndi Lok Sabha
| Feature | Rajya Sabha | Lok Sabha |
|---|---|---|
| Mode of election | Indirect (by MLAs) | Direct (by citizens) |
| Voting system | Single transferable vote | First past the post |
| Term | 6 years (staggered) | 5 years (dissolution possible) |
| Minimum age | 30 years | 25 years |
| Representation | States and UTs (population-based) | Constituencies (population-based) |
| Nominated members | 12 by President | None |
Zomwe Raje Sabha Sabha Asankha
Bungwe la Communition la India limapereka chilengezo chakuti masankho akhale malo.
- Kuvomereza chisankho: Pulezidenti, pa uphungu wa boma, akutumiza chilengezo chosonyeza deti la chisankho ndi chiŵerengero cha mipando imene idzadzazidwa.
- Kuchuluka kwa masinthidwe: Kusintha mapepala a faelo ndi ofisala wobwerera (makamaka mkulu wa IAS) mkati mwa nyengo yoikizidwa. Kuika dzina lirilonse kumafuna ndalama zosungidwa (pakali pano 76100,000 kwa oyembekezerawo, 765,000 kwa SC / Ofuna kubatizidwa) ndipo kuyenera kulingaliridwa ndi pafupifupi ndi MLA.
- Kusintha ndi kuchotsa: Kusanthula, ndipo oyembekezera kutha m'nthaŵi yoikidwiratu.
- Kuvota : pa deti loikidwiratu, MM Monga voti m'chipinda cha msonkhano wa boma kugwiritsira ntchito pepala lachinsinsi. Chosankha chimachitidwa ndi mapepala a chilolezo ndi mabokosi apadera.
- Kuŵerenga: Ofesi yobwererayo imaŵerengera mavoti pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya STV . Otsalira kufika pa chigawo chosankhidwa. Ngati oyembekezera kulowa afika pa gawo kuposa mipando, wobatizidwa ndi mavoti ochepa kwambiri amachotsedwa, ndipo mavoti awo amasamutsidwira ku zinthu zina zimene amakonda. Izi zikupitirizabe kufikira mipando yonse itadzaza.
- Kulengeza zotsatirapo: Ofesi yobwerera imalengeza opambana.
Mavuto ndi Kuvuta
Raje Sabba Sabba nthaŵi zina wakhala akuyang'anizana ndi zitokoso za lamulo. Nkhani zimaphatikizapo zinenezo za kutsutsa lamulo loletsa kugawana, kulamula kuti gulu litseguke, ndipo zigamulo za Khoti Lapamwamba pa kuvomerezedwa kwa malangizo a kuvota. Mu 2017, Khoti Lapamwamba linagamula kuti chisankho mu Rajiya Sabba sichimachotsedwa pa lamulo loletsa kugawa kwa opasawola, koma kuti MAKALA amene amavotera pa Raja Sabbaha sadzi asakhalenso. Komabe, khotilo linamasulira kuti chikwacho chingaperekedwe kokha kaamba ka gulu la ofunsira ndi kusatsa malonda modzifunira. Mu 2023, Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza kutchuka kwa gulu la Savyaba chisankhoti kuti liletse chivoti ndi kuletsa chiphuphu cha gulu la oyendetsa zinthu.
Kumaliza
Chisankho cha Raje Sabba kupyolera mwa kuimira kwa munthu mmodzi wosamutsidwa ndi kusankhidwa ndi njira yodabwitsa imene imagwirizanitsa kuimira ndi kukhazikika. Mawu a zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi odabwitsa amatsimikizira kupitirizabe pamene akulola kusintha kwa nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi. Makonzedwe ameneŵa amalimbitsa dongosolo la boma mwa kupereka mawu a m’nyumba yapamwamba ndi kupereka malo kwa akatswiri mwa kugwiritsa ntchito mawu otsatsata. Kumvetsetsa kasankhidwe ka Rajiya Sabba nkofunika kwa wophunzira aliyense wa democracy ya India, pamene akugogomezera kujambula kogwirizana pakati pa madongosolo apamwamba a dziko, malamulo a jini, ndi kachitidwe ka ndale.
Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, sonyezani za zikalata zovomerezeka: Mawebusaiti a pa Rajiya Sabha, ndi masankho [[FLT:] [FLT 80-84] , [[FLT:] Commission of India [[FLT]] a Sectagiants , ndi [FLT:] Enclopadia Britannica yoloŵa pa Rajya Sabha . Malamulo olongosoledwa aliponso mu [FL:] Kachitidwe ka anthu, 1951 [FLT:] ndi [FLT:]