Chida Chogwirizana ndi Malamulo cha Sayansi

Unansi pakati pa nthambi ya malamulo ndi makampani a sayansi uli wosiyana ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri suvomerezedwa. Pamene kuli kwakuti asayansi ndi mayunivesite akuchititsa kufufuza kwenikweniko, ndiyo nyumba ya malamulo — makamaka Nyumba ya Malamulo ya U.S. — imene imakhazikitsa dongosolo la zachuma ndi lalamulo limene kufufuzako kumachitika. Kumvetsetsa mphamvu imeneyi kuli kofunika kwa ofufuza, opanga malamulo, ndi nzika zimene zikufuna kuona sayansi ikukula.

Oyang’anira malamulo angasonkhezere sayansi kupyolera m’njira zosiyanasiyana: kupereka ndalama mwachindunji, kupereka lamulo lopanga kapena kukhazikitsa maprogramu ofufuza, kumvetsera zimene zimapanga ziungwe zofunika, ndi malamulo a malamulo amene amakhazikitsa miyezo ya makhalidwe abwino ndi ya chisungiko. Kachipangizo kalikonse kali ndi ziyambukiro zapadera za mmene sayansi imachitidwira ndi zimene potsirizira pake zimafikira anthu onse.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ndalama Kuti Mupeze Malipiro

Chiyambukiro chachindunji kwambiri chiri kupyolera m'dongosolo la chaka ndi chaka. Nyumba ya malamulo imasankha bajeti ya mabungwe aakulu a sayansi onga National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Science Foundation (NF), Department of Energy Office of Science , ndi NASA. Ma bajeti ameneŵa amakhazikitsa denga la ntchito yofufuza pa pafupifupi malangizo alionse a sayansi. Ndalama zoyendetsedwa bwino zingawonjezetse kupita patsogolo kwa njira zochiritsira kansa kapena kujambula za nyengo, pamene kuli kwakuti kudula kukhoza kukwaniritsa mizere yofunsira kwa zaka zambiri.

Mwachitsanzo, 21st Century Cures Act, yomwe inachitidwa mu 2016, inapereka ndalama zokwana madola 4.8 biliyoni pothandiza anthu a NiH, kuphatikizapo Precision Medicinitinitive ndi BRAIN Initive . Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, sequester akutsatira lamulo la kuyang'anira Balbajal Lact mu 2011 loikidwa pamtengo umene unachepetsa NSF kuchepetsa ndalama za ndalama ku zotsalira ndalama ku zotsalira m'mbiri ([[[FLT: 0]] zosungiramo zinthu zapangika ndi zolembedwa za BRANT:1]).

Kulemba Malamulo

Pambali pa mlingo wa ndalama wamba, Nyumba ya Malamulo ingapereke lamulo lokhazikitsa maprogramu atsopano kapena mabungwe. Chikalata cha America COMPETES, choyamba chinaperekedwa mu 2007 ndi kuloledwanso kangapo, chinawonjezera ntchito ya NSF pa maphunziro a sayansi ndi kuyambitsa bungwe lofufuza zinthu zowonjezereka lotchedwa Earst Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E). Lamulo limeneli kwenikweni limaphatikizapo malamulo apadera amene amapanga mmene ndalama zimagwiritsidwira ntchito — mwachitsanzo, kufunikira kusumika maganizo pa kufufuza kwa mabaibulo kapena pa anthu ena otsalira.

Kulemba mafaindi kukhazikitsanso malamulo a kupenda ausinkhu wanu, kugawana masamu, ndi kusagwirizana kwa chidwi. Pamene Congress analemba Foundations for Evidence-Based Policybing Act ya 2018, inalamula kuti mabungwe a boma, kuphatikizapo aja opereka ndalama za sayansi, atsatire miyezo yaukatswiri ya zolemba ndi njira zofufuzira. Zimenezi zimasintha kwambiri mmene ofufuza amapangira maphunziro ndi kusimba zotsatira.

Kuyang’anira ndi Kumva

Makomiti oyang’anira bungwe la Congress akupereka milandu imene ingasinthe kwambiri zinthu zasayansi. Pamene komiti iitana otsogolera bungwe la boma kapena ikuchititsa asayansi kuti apereke umboni, nthaŵi zambiri zimasintha maganizo andale. Mwachitsanzo, nkhani zokhudza vuto la opioid zinawonjezera ndalama zothandizira kufufuza ululu ndi sayansi ya ubongo womwerekera.

Oversight can also uncover mismanagement or scientific misconduct, leading to reforms. The National Academy of Sciences was restructured in part because of congressional hearings on conflict-of-interest scandals. Good oversight helps maintain public trust, but when driven by partisan motives, it can chill legitimate research.

Kufufuza za Chisonkhezero cha Malamulo pa Sayansi

Zitsanzo zenizeni za dziko zimamveketsa bwino mmene zosankha za malamulo zasinthira chisonkhezero cha sayansi ya ku Amereka.

Ntchito ya Munthu wa Genome

Kuyesayesa kwakukulu kwa mitundu yonse kumeneku kunayambitsidwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo mu 1990 pamene kunayenerera $3,000,000,000 kuposa 15 kwa Dipatimenti ya Energy ndi NIH. Opanga malamulo anagwirizanitsa ndalama ndi zochitika zapadera, kutsimikizira kuti luso la zopangapanga lipita patsogolo mofulumira. Chipambano cha ntchitoyo chinasonyeza mmene kudzipereka kopitirizabe kwa malamulo a sayansi ya maziko a sayansi kungaperekere zotulukapo zosintha — ndipo chinatsegulira khomo la kusintha kwamakono kwa zamankhwala.

Kuchitira Mchitidwe wa Bayh-Dole

Mwinamwake palibe lamulo limodzi limene lachita kuchititsa kusamutsidwa kwa luso la zopangapanga la yunivesite kuposa Bayh-Dole Act ya 1980. Lamulo limeneli lisanapangidwe, zopangidwa ndi kufufuza koyendetsedwa ndi boma zinali za boma, ndipo zochepa zinagulitsidwa. Bayh-Dole analola mayunivesite ndi mabizinesi aang'ono kusunga ufulu ndi chilolezo kwa makampani. Kuyambira pamenepo, masangwe masangwe ndi zinthu zoyamba — kuchokera ku njira zoyamba zofufuzira za Aglotteous ku CHOVID-19 tekinoloji ya zamaphunziro ya za za za za zamaphunziro ([[FLT:]GAO] pa Bayh-Dole ziyambukiro za makampani.

Kupereka Ndalama Zowononga ndi “Chigwa cha Imfa”

Si mphamvu zonse za lamulo zimene zili zabwino. Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa ma 2000, mphamvu yogula ndalama ya NIH yatha, chifukwa cha ndalama zambiri ndi kukwera mtengo kwa zinthu. Zimenezi zachititsa “mpata wa imfa . Kufufuza koyambirira komwe sikungapeze ndalama zowonjezereka zofunikira kuti apite ku mayeso a odwala. Opanga malamulo ayesa kutsekera mpata umenewu kudzera m'mapulogalamu onga ngati kampani yaing’ono ya NiH Innovation (SBIR) yopereka, koma ndalama zonse zikukhalabe nkhaŵa. AAAAS R&D Babyment ndi Programme .

Kuvutika Kulinganiza Zinthu Zofunika Kwambiri za Sayansi ndi Malamulo

Pali kusagwirizana kwa nthaŵi zonse pakati pa cholinga cha sayansi cha kudzilamulira ndi kufunika kwa lamulo la bungwe la malamulo kutsimikizira kuti adziŵerengera mlandu ndi kulinganiza zolinga za dziko.

Zolemba ndi Zopereka Zotsogozedwa

Chida chimodzi chotsutsana ndicho chiŵalo cha bungwe la communional, chimene chimatsogolera ku za ndalama ku bungwe lina kapena ntchito, kaŵirikaŵiri m'chigawo cha wopanga malamulo. Ochirikiza zikalata angathandize kupititsa patsogolo chuma m’chigawo ndi kuyendetsa ntchito zaumoyo za kumaloko. Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti amanyalanyaza njira ya ausinkhu wawo, zimene zimachititsa kuti sayansi ikhale yotsika ndi kutayidwa kwa zinthu. Popeza kuti chiletso cha zilembo chinaletsedwa mu 2011 chinachotsedwa mu 2021, mkanganowo ukupitiriza.

Ngati tichita zinthu moonekera bwino ndiponso mopereŵera, ndalama zoyendetsedwa zingathandize kuti tipeze mpata woyendera zinthu monga kufufuza zaumoyo m’madera akumidzi.

Kusintha kwa Nkhani Zofufuza za Patsogolo pa Zandale

Mabungwe a sayansi satetezedwa ku zikhalidwe zandale. Nyumba za malamulo zingagwirizanitse “opikisana” ndi ndalama zimene zimaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama pofufuza mitundu ina ya kafukufuku — mwachitsanzo, kufufuza zachiwawa, maphunziro a zasayansi ya zachikhalidwe, kapena kusintha kwa nyengo. Kuyambira 1996 mpaka 2020, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) zinaletsedwa kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama pofufuza zimene zingagwiritsidwe ntchito poteteza mfuti, zomwe zimachititsa kusiyana kwa umboni wonena za njira zotetezera zogwira ntchito.

Ziletso zimenezi zimasokoneza maluso a sayansi chifukwa chakuti zimapeŵa ntchito yovuta yopanga mfundo zamphamvu. Njira yabwino ndiyo kulimbikitsa maphunziro ovuta, odziimira paokha pamene zikulola anthu odziŵa ntchito kupanga malongosoledwe a kafukufuku ( masukulu a National Academme mepu ya ufulu wa sayansi [).

Mmene Malamulo Angachirikizire Kupita Patsogolo Kwasayansi

Pali zochita zingapo zomangirira zimene opanga malamulo angachitire mayeso aakulu.

  • Kuwonjezera ndi kukhazikitsa ndalama za boma za R&D .: Kulemba ndi kudalira ndalama za madera ena (m’chitsanzo, mphamvu, mliri wokonzeka) kuchepetsa kukayikira. Defense Exploring Research Projects Agency (DARPA) ya malembo a programu a zaka 5 76 zakhala zachipambano koma zoŵerengeka chifukwa cha malamulo a bajeti.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kufalikira paipi ya ntchito : Mafailo a zikole monga ngati America COMPETES Act project ya zopereka kuphunzitsa, maphunziro a timagulu tochepa, ndi maprogramu a kuŵerengera. Antchito osiyanasiyana amalimbitsa kuyambika kwa ntchito.
  • Promote promote project ndi mathekishoni ogaŵana : Malamulo angapereke malamulo otseguka ndi miyezo ya zofalitsa zojambula makina zopititsira ntchito zoyendetsedwa ndi boma. OSTP “Nelson Meeting" (2022) yofuna kupezeka kwa anthu onse mwamsanga ndi chinthu chochititsa chidwi, koma kuchirikiza kopitirizabe kwa msonkhano nkofunika kusungitsa ndalama za nyumba zosungiramo zinthu.
  • Maunansi a anthu onse paokha [1]: Zofunika monga Bio Medical Edval Research and Development Authority (BARDA) ndi Manufecting USA zimapezeka kokha chifukwa chakuti Nyumba za Ufumu zinalenga. Mafanizowa a de-risk ayambiriro ndi kufulumiza malonda.
  • Kujambula ndi matupi a sayansi ophunzitsa zinthu [1]: Maluso achibadwa monga Bungwe la Prezidenti la Advisors pa Sayensi ndi Technology (PCAST) ndi Congregational Research Service (CRS) imapereka ukatswiri wosakondera. Olemba malamulo amene amadalira chuma chimenechi amapanga zosankha zabwinopo.

Kumanga Manda a Sayansi

Sayansi yapeza chichilikizo chachikulu cha sayansi m'mbiri, koma sichirinso chibadwa. “CHIPS ndi Science Act” ya 2022 inadutsa ndi mavoti aakulu kuchokera ku mbali zonse ziŵiri, kuphatikizapo kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa NSF, DOE, ndi katswiri wa zasayansi waumwini. Mfungulo inali kukhazikitsa malamulo a mpikisano wa dzikolo ndi chisungiko cha zachuma mmalo mwa miyezo yofufuza. Pamene sayansi ingakhale yogwirizana ndi ntchito ndi chitetezo cha dziko, imapeza mphamvu ya ndale.

Njira zabwino kwambiri zoyendetsera malamulo a sayansi zimagogomezera zotsatira zake: thanzi labwino, mphamvu yosawononga zinthu, ndiponso dziko lotetezeka.

Kuyang’anira Kwabwino ndi Kusintha kwa Njira Zofufuzira

Pamene sayansi ikupita mofulumira m’magawo onga kukonza majini (CRISPR), nzeru zopeka, ndi madongosolo odzilamulira, bungwe lokhazikitsa malamulo liyenera kutheketsa kachitidwe ka zinthu zatsopano ndi kutetezera chitaganya ku zotulukapo zosayembekezeredwa.

Kukonza Majini kwa Munthu

Kubadwa kwa mahatchi okonzedwa mwachibadwa ku China kunayambitsa mkwiyo wa dziko lonse ndi kubwezeretsa malamulo otetezera. Mu U.S., Msonkhano walingalira kuti mapepala akuletsa kusanthula maselo a anthu popanda kupenda bwino. Ntchito yamakono — FDA ulamuliro wa kuyang'anira njira za majini, zitsogozo za NiH zofufuzira, ndi malamulo a boma a zasayansi za kubereka — n’zosakwanira kaamba ka kupita patsogolo kofulumira.

Luntha Lopanga

AI akupereka chitokoso chapadera chifukwa chakuti maseŵero ake amakhudza pafupifupi mbali iliyonse. Act ya kuŵerengera ndi NIS FIS GARY] Areat system system system ndi zoyesayesa zapasadamo, koma Mabungwe ayenera kupitiriza kukonza malamulo osamalira tsankhu, zachinsinsi, ndi ntchito. Malamulo amene amagwirizana ndi akatswiri a zaluso ndi oyendetsa ndege angapereke malamulo olimbikitsa kukonza zinthu pamene akusungabe chidaliro kwa anthu.

Kuyerekezera Kwapadziko Lonse: Zimene Malamulo Ena Akuchita

Kupenda mmene maiko ena amachitira ndi dongosolo la sayansi kungadziŵitse njira zabwino za malamulo.

Ulaya Union

Mayiko a bungwe la EU amagwirizanitsa kufufuza kochitidwa ku Yuropu, pulogalamu ya chaka cha 776,000,000 yomwe imagogomezera “kulalikira padera lokhala ndi zolinga monga kukana kulowa usilikali ndi kuteteza kansa. Kutenga nawo nyumba za malamulo za dziko kumathandizira kuthandizirana, ndipo Nyumba ya Malamulo ya EU imasonkhezera mwa kuvomereza ndi kuyang’anira European Research Council.

China

Bungwe la China la National People’s Congress lagwirizana ndi ndalama zambiri za boma zothandizira maluso apamwamba monga AI, quantam computensing, ndi kupangidwa kwa makina. Koma njira ya malamulo siioneka bwino kwambiri komanso siikuoneka bwino kwambiri. Chitsanzo cha ku China chikusonyeza kuti ndalama zoyendetsera anthu pansi kwambiri zikhoza kuchititsa kuti ayambe kugwiritsa ntchito mwamsanga ntchito njirayi, koma zingalepheretse kufufuza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zodzifunira.

Germany

Malo a Max Planck ndi Helmholtz a ku Germany akupereka ndalama zimene zimapatsa mphamvu zaka zambiri, kumasula ofufuza ku kayendedwe ka ndalama pachaka. Zimenezi zachititsa kafukufuku wofunika kwambiri wa ku Germany padziko lonse la mpikisano. Opanga malamulo a ku United States angaone kuti ndalama zothandizira mabungwe monga NSF zikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito zaka zambiri.

Kuyerekezera kwa maiko ambiri kumagogomezera kuti palibe dongosolo limodzi lokha limene liri langwiro, koma njira zabwino koposa zoperekera ndalama zimaphatikiza ndalama zokhazikika, kupenda kwaubwenzi kwaumwini, ndi zonulirapo zachikhalidwe chomvekera bwino.

Mfundo Zothandiza Asayansi ndi Ochita kafukufuku

Ngati ndinu wasayansi kapena wochirikiza kufufuza, sikuti muli wopanda mphamvu m’dongosolo lino.

  • Nkhani yosatsutsika kapena kuyendera malo a opanga malamulo a palaboleya [1]: Kupezeka kwa munthu mwini ku malo ofufuzira kungakhale kokopa kwambiri kuposa tsiku lodzaza. Mamembala a Congress amene achezera alabbia ali othekera kwambiri kuchirikiza ndalama zake.
  • Kufufuza m'chinenero cha pulogalamu [1]: Peŵani chikhomo; pewani ntchito yanu mogwirizana ndi ntchito, thanzi, chisungiko, kapena kuwonjezereka kwa chuma. Chidutswa chowonekera bwino cha pepala la mmene kufufuza kwanu kumapindulira chigawo kapena boma nloyenerera madesiki zikwi zambiri.
  • Kugwirizanitsa ndi magulu aukatswiri : Magulu onga American Association for the Advance of Science (AAAS) amasunga madongosolo amphamvu a kufalitsa ndipo angapereke maphunziro m'madongosolo a sayansi. Science & Technology Policy Acropoctive [ imaika asayansi mwachindunji m'maofesi ndi mabungwe.
  • Partipate mu nyengo zakumva ndi ndemanga : Mabungwe a Federal afunikira kufalitsa malamulo operekedwa kaamba ka ndemanga zapoyera. Mwa kupereka mayankho olingalira bwino, asayansi angapange malamulo amene amayambukira minda yawo. Ndemanga iriyonse imaŵerengedwa ndi kulembedwa.

Kufunika kwa Sayansi ya Bipartis

Mu Nyumba ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo ya United States, muli masunagoge osumikidwa pa sayansi, kuyambika kwa zinthu, ndi kufufuza kwa zamankhwala. Magulu ameneŵa amalinganiza maulendo ndi kupeza zenizeni. Asayansi ayenera kuyesayesa kutumiza makampani ameneŵa kuti apereke ukatswiri. Ngakhale unansi umodzi ndi wogwira ntchito ya sayansi ungakhale ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu pamene nkhondo za bajeti zibuka.

Kumaliza

Nthambi ya malamulo imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zazikulu pa malangizo, liŵiro, ndiponso ngakhale kukhalapo kwa kufufuza kwa sayansi. Mwakugwiritsa ntchito masinthidwe, zilolezo, kuyang’anira, ndi malamulo, opanga malamulo angafulumize kupambana kapena kuwachititsa iwo. Ofufuza angapeze mphamvu zambiri. Opanga makampani atha kukhala ochirikiza nzeru, oyang’anira za sayansi. Cholinga chachikulu ndicho: madongosolo amphamvu a zasayansi amene amachirikiza zinthu zofunika kwambiri zimene zafotokozedwa m’nkhani ino.

Kwa awo ofuna kufufuza mozama, Canreg .gov personal pa mapangidwe a malamulo ndi Gavernation Accounting Office pa malipoti a R& D imapereka mfundo zotsegulira.