Zopereka za mpikisano ndizo mwazi wa ndawala za ndale zadziko, koma zirinso imodzi ya mbali zolamuliridwa mokulira za masankho a America. Malamulo olamulira amene angapereke, unyinji wa zimene angapereke, ndi zimene ziyenera kuulutsidwa zinapangidwa kusungitsa kuwonekera, kuletsa ziphuphu, ndi kutsimikizira kuti otengamo mbali onse asunge ndi malamulo ofanana. Opereka, oyembekezera, ndi makomiti a ndale zadziko, kumvetsetsa malamulo ameneŵa nkofunika kwambiri pogonjera ndi kuchirikiza kudalirana kwa onse mchitidwe wa voliyumu. Nkhaniyi imapereka kulongosola bwino malamulo ofunika kwambiri kwa aliyense ayenera kudziŵa, kuchokera ku malire a boma loikidwa ndi bungwe la Federa Ecom (FC) ku ntchito ya boma ndi malamulo a kumaloko kuti awonjezereko mfundo ina ya kucho.

Kukonzanso Ndalama m’Nthaŵi Yakalekale

Kampani ya zachuma mu United States yasintha kwambiri m'zaka za zana lapita. Zoyesayesa zoyambirira zokhala zoletsa zopereka za makampani, zothera mu Chikalata cha Tillman cha 1907, chimene chinaletsa makampani ndi mabanki adziko kupanga zopereka zachindunji kwa oyembekezera. Federal Ecomputation Campaignment Act (FEKA) ya 1971 ndi 1974 zisinthidwe zinapanga malamulo amakono oletsa, kukhazikitsa malire a zopereka, kuvumbula, ndi kulinganiza kwa FEC yeniyeni. Chigamulo cha Supreme Court mu [[FL: 0]. Valeo[FL: [FL: 1] [FLT] [1] [7] [7] [7])] . Zitsalira zopereka zopereka zopereka koma zinagwedetsedwa monga zopa, kuika maziko a zopereka pakati pa zodziimira. [FT.5]

Malamulo Ogwirizana pa Zopereka za Mkupiti

FEC ndi bungwe lodziimira lokha lomwe likugwira ntchito yokhazikitsa malamulo a ndawala ya boma. Limapereka malamulo a zandalama, limafuna kusimba nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi, ndi kufufuza kuswa. Bungweli limagwira ntchito ndi oimira boma asanu ndi mmodzi (osapitirira atatu kuchokera pa gulu limodzi) kutsimikizira kuti pali kulinganiza. Malamulo a boma amagwira ntchito kwa oimira a bungwe la United States, Nyumba ya Malamulo, ndi Pulezidenti, limodzinso ndi makomiti a ndalereshoni (PAC). Lamulo la maziko ndilo lakuti zopereka ziyenera kuchitidwa modzipake, popanda kukakamiza, ndipo ziyenera kuonekeratu.

Malire a Magulu ndi Zochita za Anthu

Malire othandizira amasinthidwa zaka ziŵiri zilizonse kaamba ka kukwera mtengo kwa zinthu. Monga mzera wa masankho 2023 - 2024, malire aakulu amaphatikizapo:

  • Zopereka zaumwini kwa wobatizidwa : $3,300 pa chisankho (chodziŵika, chachisawawa, kutha, ndi zina, chigawo chilichonse chosiyana).
  • Zopereka zachisawawa ku komiti ya chipani cha dziko : $4,300 pa chaka.
  • Chiwonkhetso cha onse oyembekezera ndi makomiti ophatikizapo : Chiyeso cha Biggreate chosatha chimene chinagulidwa mu 2014 ( Mccheon v. FEC[FLT ,]) chotero anthu tsopano akusoŵa chipewa chonse.
  • PAC zopereka kwa wosankha : $5,000 pa chisankho chilichonse.
  • Zopereka ku komiti ya chipani cha dzikolo [: $15,000 pa kalendala chaka.
  • Makomiti a chipani chachigawo (pa maakaunti a boma): $100,000 pachaka kaamba ka kuphatikiza zopereka kwa oyembekezera ndi kusamutsira ku makomiti ena.

Malire ameneŵa amagwira ntchito pa “ndalama zolemera” — ndalama zoperekedwa mwachindunji kwa oyembekezera kapena zipani zogwiritsira ntchito mkupiti. Malamulo apadera amagwira ntchito ku“ ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito ntchito ntchito zomangira zipani” zimene zinaletsedwa ndi Bipartisan Champaign Reformation Act ya 2002 (BCRA), kusiyapo zina za ntchito za boma ndi za kumaloko.

Mitundu ya Makomiti a Zandale

Kumvetsetsa makomiti osiyanasiyana n’kofunika kwambiri kwa opereka.

  • Komiti za Candidate [1]: Mkupiti walamulo wa woloŵa m'bungwe. Iwo angalandire zopereka mkati mwa malire ndipo ayenera kujambula malipoti anthaŵi zonse.
  • [[FLT: 0] . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zingagwirizanitsidwe ndi makampani, makampani a antchito, kapena makampani, kapena kusalumikizidwa (oyenerera).
  • Imaupedi : Makomiti amene angakweze ndalama zosaŵerengeka kuchokera kwa anthu, makampani, ndi maukwati — koma sayenera kugwirizana ndi oyembekezera kapena zipani. Amadziŵikanso monga makomiti odzifunira ogwiritsira ntchito ndalama zokha.
  • . . . . adalengedwa ndi andale zadziko kuchirikiza ena oyembekezera. Amagonjera ku malire ofanana ndi APC.
  • Makomiti a Chigawo [1]: National, State, ndi mabungwe a zipani. Ali ndi malire apamwamba opereka ndipo angapangenso zowonongedwa zogwirizana.

Ziletso ndi Zopereka Zoikidwa

Magwero ena ndi mitundu ya zopereka imaletsedwa kotheratu pansi pa lamulo la boma. ziletso zazikulu zimaphatikizapo:

  • Amitundu yachilendo [1]: Osakhala a kampani (osakhala nzika zachikhalire zololedwa, inde, zokhala ndi makadi obiriwira) sangapereke ku boma, boma, kapena masankho akwawo. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo zopereka za ndalama kapena kanthu kalikonse kamtengo wapatali.
  • Kugwirizanitsa ndi maukwati a antchito [1]: Iwo sangapereke mwachindunji kwa makomiti a boma kapena zipani kugwiritsira ntchito ndalama zawo zachisungiko. Komabe, angakhazikitsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ma PC amene amakweza zopereka zaufulu kuchokera kwa antchito kapena mamembala. Pambuyo pa [FLT:] Citazisantions United, angawononge ndalama zosamalitsa pa zowonongedwa paokha.
  • Makonti a boma [1]: Anthu kapena mabizinesi amene akukambitsirana kapena kuchita mapangano ndi boma amaletsedwa kupereka zopereka ku chipani cha ndale, ofunsira, kapena komiti.
  • Opereka zinthu zopereka : kupereka chopereka m'dzina la munthu wina, kapena kubwezera munthu wina kaamba ka zopereka, n’kosemphana ndi lamulo. Zopereka zonse ziyenera kupangidwa kuchokera ku ndalama za mwiniwake.
  • Zopereka zachikole : zopereka zoposa $100 sizingapangidwe m'Mabanki. Macheke, makhadi a ngongole, ndi kutumiza kwa pakompyuta kumafunikira.
  • Zopereka zachinsinsi [1]: Opereka ayenera kudziŵika; zopereka zochokera ku magwero osadziŵika zoposa $50 zingavomerezedwe ku malamulo apadera kapena kutayikiridwa.

Kuwonjezerapo, zopereka sizingaperekedwe ndi achichepere kugwiritsira ntchito ndalama zawo kusiyapo ngati zili za malipiro opezedwa.

Kufufuzira ndi Kusimba Zofunika

Kuoneka bwino ndiko maziko a malamulo a zandalama. Zopereka zonse zopitirira malire ena ziyenera kuperekedwa ku FEC. kwa oyembekezera kulowa m’bungwe ndi makomiti, malamulo aakulu a m’makomitiwo ndi monga:

  • Khomo lopatsirapo [: Zopereka za $50 kapena kuposapo mkati mwa chaka cha kalendala ziyenera kuikidwa — kutanthauza komitiyo iyenera kusimba dzina la woperekayo, keyala, ntchito, ndi bwana.
  • Ndandanda ya ndandanda yopanga ndandanda [1]: Makomiti amalemba malipoti a nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi (mwachisaruzo, ndi chaka chatha) kuphatikizapo malipoti a pambuyo pa voti. Ofuna kukhala prezidenti ali ndi zofunika zowonjezereka.
  • Komiti zachipani ndi makomiti a chipani [1]: Ayeneranso kuvumbula kuphonya kwawo, kuphatikizapo ndalama zowonongedwa paokha, zowonongedwa zolinganizidwa, ndi kusamutsidwa.
  • Ma komiti a kampani ndi makomiti odziimira okha ogwiritsira ntchito ndalama : Amalemba kuti amavumbula onse opereka ndalama zopereka $200 kapena kuposa, kuphatikizapo ndalama zimene amawononga.
  • Kupezeka kwa . Kulipo pa webusaiti ya FEC ( https.fec.gov/data / ) kuti afufuze kwa anthu. Mapikica amakopedwanso kwambiri kuti apeze.

Ngati munthu sapereka lipoti lokwanira, akhoza kulipira faindi, kuŵerengera ndalama, ngakhalenso kupha anthu.

Boma ndi Malamulo a M’dzikolo

Maboma ena amaika malamulo otsika kusiyana ndi a boma, koma ena alibe malire. Maboma ambiri amalamulira zopereka ku boma ndi ku mayiko amene akufuna kulowa m’dzikolo, komanso ku makomiti a zaulimi.

  • Malire operekera [: Madziko onga California ndi New York ali ndi malire otsika, pamene kuli kwakuti maboma onga Texas ndi Virginia amalola zopereka zosatha m'mafuko a boma (ofuna kuulula opereka).
  • Magwero oikidwiratu [1]: Zina zimaletsa zopereka kuchokera kwa olandira kapena mabungwe amene amachita bizinesi ndi boma. Ena amaletsa zopereka za kampani zimene zimapyola lamulo la boma.
  • Ndalama za kampani : Maboma ochepa (m’chitsanzo, Arizona, Maine , Connecticut) amapereka ndalama za boma kwa oyembekezera kuvomereza kupereka malire ndi kutaya zopereka zaumwini zazikulu.
  • Malo a kutsekereza [1]: Khomo la kutumiza zopereka limasiyana; maiko ena amafuna kuvumbulidwa kaamba ka zopereka zochepera $100, pamene ena amayamba pa $500 kapena kuposapo.
  • Zowonongedwa zodziimira zokha : Maboma ena amalamulira kwambiri ma PAC kwambiri kuposa lamulo la boma, kufuna kuvumbulidwa kwa opereka onse oyambirira (“kutenga kulipiridwa").

Opereka ndi ophatikizidwa m'ndale zadziko kapena za kumaloko ayenera kupenda malamulo padera a ulamuliro wawo. Msonkhano wa National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) umapereka chiwonetso chothandiza ( https:/www.ncsl.org/electation--campaigns/campaign-fectornce

Kukakamiza ndi Kupatsidwa Ntchito

FEC ili ndi ulamuliro wofufuza zimene zingaswedwe ndi kukhazikitsa zilango zachiŵeniŵeni. Zochita zokakamiza zingabuke kuchokera ku zolakwa zaumwini, madandaulo operekedwa ndi anthu, kapena oimira mabungwe ena. Njirayo imaphatikizapo:

  1. Matter Under Review (MTUR) : FEC imatsegula MPUNDA ngati pali chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti kuswa kwachitika. Woyankhayo amapatsidwa mpata woyankha.
  2. Chochititsa chotsimikizirika [: Ngati Commission ipeza chochititsa chothekera cha kuswa, imayesa kufikira pangano — kugaŵikana kumene kumaphatikizapo chilango ndi machitidwe owongolera.
  3. Zilango zachikole : Zabwino zochokera ku mtundu ndi ukulu wa kuswa. Mwachitsanzo, malire a zopereka ochuluka kwambiri angapangitse kulingana ndi unyinji wochuluka, kuphatikizapo chiwongola dzanja.
  4. Audits [FLT:]: Mapilo a FEC a makomiti osankhidwa, makamaka chigawo cha pulezidenti. Mapilo angatsogolere ku kupezedwa kwa zilango zotsutsana ndi zotsatirapo.
  5. Kuzembera kwachisawawa [1]: Nthaŵi za kuswa ndi kuswa dala (m’chitsanzo, kugwirizana kosakhala kwa lamulo, opereka udzu, zopereka zachilendo), FEC ingapereke mlanduwo ku Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo kaamba ka mlandu wa upandu.

Maboma ena apereka makhonsati a zachuma (monga California Fair Political Practicals Commission), pamene ena amadalira loya wamkulu wa boma kapena mlembi wa boma.

Kusintha kwa Zinthu Komwe Kwachitika Posachedwapa

M’zaka zaposachedwapa, zinthu zingapo zasintha kwambiri malo:

  • [[FLT :0] Ndalama za magetsi [1]: Kukwera kwa 501(c) ndi mabungwe ena osapindulitsa amene amagwiritsira ntchito ndalama zandale popanda operekawo apangitsa kuti pakhale kuonekera kokulira. Maboma ena apereka malamulo ofuna kuululidwa kwa zinthu zimene zinachokera kwa ndalama.
  • Kulengeza kotsatsa malonda [1]: Lamulo la Honest Ads (lolembedwa koma losaperekedwa) lingafunikire mapulatifomu a pa Intaneti kuti asunge pulogalamu ya onse ya kusatsa malonda kwa ndale ndi kuvumbula ndalama. Maboma ena akhazikitsa malamulo ofanana.
  • [[FLT: 0] Zigamulo za Khoti za Alamu [1]: Khoti likupitiriza kukonza lamulo la ndalama. Mu 2022, linachirikiza chiletso cha Montana pa zopereka za kampani mwachindunji mu Americas ya Procession Foundation v. Bonta [1] (Kupereka kwa opereka kaamba ka ndalama zothandizira), ndi 2024 inamva [[FLT:] EC v. Camment Center of Provection Foundation v. Bonta ponena za kuchedwa kwa ntchito zopereka chithandizo.
  • Opereka ang'onoang'ono amafanana : Matauni ndi maboma angapo atengera maprogramu amene amayenderana ndi zopereka zazing'ono ndi ndalama za anthu, monga njira yofutukutsira mawu a nzika wamba. Programu yofanana ya New York City iri chitsanzo chotchuka.
  • Kusintha kwa mitolo [1] : FEC imafuna ndawala ya pulezidenti kuvumbula anthu amene amasunga zopereka kuchokera kwa ena. Lamulo limeneli likufuna kuunikira kwa opanga ndalama zamphamvu.

Kwa awo amene akufuna kusintha, Congress Research Service imafalitsa malipoti atsatanetsatane a za ndawala ( HTTPs :/crsipours.conves.gov/pdf/R/R1542 . Malamulo amphamvu amaphatikizapo DSCLOSE Act ndi Act ya People Act (H.R. 1), imene idzaika malire owonjezereka ndi zopereka.

Kuthandiza Opereka ndi Opereka Mabuku

Kukhazikitsa malamulo a ndawala ya zandalama kumafuna khama. Opanga malamulo ayenera kusunga mosamalitsa zopereka zonse, kutsimikizira kuti iwo saali oletsedwa (m’chitsanzo, kampani yadziko kapena ya boma lachilendo), ndi kupeŵa kupereka zoposa malire a lamulo. Makomiti ndi makomiti ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito zolamulira zamkati kuyang'anira zopereka, antchito a sitima, ndi malipoti a nthaŵi. Zotsatira za kusagwirizana ndi malamulo za kuulula kochititsa manyazi kwa anthu onse ndi chilango chachikulu.

Omwe angakumvereni:

Kumaliza

Malamulo a kuthandizira operekawo saali oletsa kutengamo mbali koma kutsimikizira kuti zisankho zikhale zaufulu, zolungama, ndi zowonekera. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulowo ali ocholoŵana ndi osinthika, malamulo amakhalidwe abwino — kuululidwa, malire, ziletso pa ulamuliro wachilendo ndi wa makampani, ndi kusungidwa kwa lamulo — nzofunika kuti anthu akhale ndi chidaliro. Mwakumvetsetsa malamulo ameneŵa, opereka ndi oyembekezera angatengemo mbali mokhutiritsa pamene akukhalabe m’migamu ya lamulo. Pamene dziko landale likusintha ndi mitundu yatsopano ya kagwiritsidwe ka ntchito ndi kulankhulana, limakhala losuliritsa ndi maphunziro. Kukhalabe ophunzitsidwa kupyolera ku mitu yamphamvu monga FEC ndi mabungwe ya boma kuli njira yabwino koposa kwa otenga mbali onse.