Malamulo a boma amaumba pafupifupi mbali iliyonse ya moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, kuyambira madzi amene mumamwa kufikira ku misewu imene mumayendetsa ndi sukulu zimene ana anu amapita. Kumvetsetsa mmene kusiyanasiyana kwa ntchito za boma sikuli kokha kuphunzitsidwa kwa maphunziro . Kumakonzekeretsa nzika kukhala ndi chidziŵitso cha kukhala ndi phande m’midzi yawo, kuchirikiza kusintha, ndi kukhala ndi mlandu wa oimira boma. Mlingo uliwonse wa boma, kuyambira ku likulu la dzikolo mpaka ku bungwe la tauni, uli ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana ndi mathayo ofotokozedwa ndi lamulo, mwambo, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri malamulo olembedwa. Nkhaniyi imafufuza ntchito za boma, boma, ndi maboma, mmene amachitira zinthu, ndi kutsutsana ndi kutsutsana kumene kungabuke m’maungwe zawo za ulamuliro.

Kupenda za Maulamuliro a Boma

M'madongosolo ambiri a demokrase ndi a boma, boma limagwira ntchito pa milongo itatu yaikulu: boma la boma (kapena dziko), boma, ndi malo a komweko. Mtengo wa boma umachita nkhani zimene zimakhudza dziko lonse, monga malamulo akunja, chitetezo cha dziko, ndi ndalama. Maboma amayang'anira nkhani zimene zili m’chigawo, kuphatikizapo maphunziro, zoyendera, ndi thanzi la anthu. Maboma a m’dzikolo . Maboma a boma . Maboma . "Malo, malo a boma, zigawo, ndi madera apadera, ndi madera apadera a chigawo chachikhalidwe cha anthu amafunikira ngati kusonkhanitsa, kutetezera, ndi mautumiki a . Mwachitsanzo, United States amagwira ntchito yogwirizana yoyenerera ndi dziko.

Boma la Federal

Boma la boma ndilo mlingo wapamwamba kwambiri wa boma m'dongosolo la boma. Maulamuliro ake amaŵerengedwa mowonjezereka m'malamulo kapena chikalata chofanana ndi pepala la maziko. Ku United States, Chigawo 8 cha Malamulo amandandalika maulamuliro apadera operekedwa ku Congress, kuphatikizapo ulamuliro wa kuyendetsa malonda a mayiko, kulengeza nkhondo, ndi ndalama. Maulamuliro a boma amamasuliranso matanthauzo ena kudzera m'nkhani za m'mabungwe aakulu (m.g., MCulloch v. Maryland . akukhazikitsa mphamvu zofunikiritsidwa. Boma la boma limafikira ku maiko onse 50, magawo, ndi magawo, ndipo limakhala ndi thayo kaamba ka mfundo za ufulu wa dziko kapena kutsatawa.

Maulamuliro a Boma la Federal

  • Kulamulira pakati pa dziko ndi malonda a mitundu yonse -'imeneyi imaphatikizapo malonda pakati pa maiko, malonda ndi mitundu ina, ndi malamulo a zotumiza, foni, ndi misika ya zachuma. The Commerce Classia yakhala magwero aakulu a ulamuliro wa boma.
  • Kuyang'anira chitetezo cha dziko ndi nkhani zachilendo [1] – Boma la boma limasunga magulu ankhondo, limakambirana mapangano, kukhazikitsa akazembe, ndi kuimira dziko m’magulu a mitundu yonse onga United Nations.
  • Kulengeza malamulo a kusamuka ndi achilengedwe – Boma la boma lokha lingakhazikitse malamulo a amene angaloŵe m'dziko, kukhala nzika, kapena kuthamangitsidwa. Maboma angagwirizane koma sangapange maulamuliro awoawo oloŵa m’dziko.
  • Kupereka ndalama ndi kulinganiza ndalama – The Mint ya U.S. imapanga ndalama, Bureau of Engraving ndi Kusindikiza ndalama zapepala, ndi Federal Reserve imalamulira njira ya ndalama.
  • Kubisa kulephera kwa ndalama, kulembetsa, ndi malamulo opanga zinthu – malamulo a boma a UFENT m'madera ameneŵa amaletsa ntchito ya malamulo a boma otsalira omwe angalepheretse malonda a dziko.

Udindo wa Boma la Federal

  • Kuthandiza kutetezera dziko – Kupyolera mu Department of Defense, Homeland Security, ndi mabungwe a luntha, boma la boma limatetezera ku ziwopsezo za maiko ena ndi zapanyumba.
  • Kutumikira malamulo a boma ndi malamulo – mabungwe a Federal (mlongo, EPA, FDA, OSHA) akupanga ndi kukakamiza malamulo amene amaperekedwa ndi Congress.
  • Kukwaniritsa mautumiki a anthu monga ngati Social Security – Boma la boma lili ndi maprogramu aakulu monga Social Security, Medicare, ndi mapindu a odziŵa ntchito, omwe amafunikira uyang’aniro wa dziko.
  • Kuthandiza kukambirana ndi mayiko achilendo [1] - Department ya Boma imayang'anira maulamuliro, mabungwe, ndi maunansi a mayiko, pamene pulezidenti akutumikira monga mkulu wa bungwe loimira boma.
  • Kusunga dongosolo la khoti la boma – khoti la Federal likumasulira malamulo a boma ndi Malamulo, kuthetsa mikangano imene imadutsa mizera ya boma kapena imaphatikizapo mafunso a boma.

Maakaunti a kuwonongera ndalama pafupifupi nusu ya GDP ya U.S., kusonyeza mlingo wa mathayo ake. Kaamba ka tsatanetsatane wowonjezereka wa mmene Lamulo la U.S. limapatsira mphamvu za boma, chezerani [[FLT: 0] Constitution Annoted yoperekedwa ndi laibulale ya Congress.

Boma

Maboma mu United States ndi madongosolo ena a boma amagwira ntchito pansi pa ulamuliro wa malamulo awoawo, amene angapereke mphamvu zowonjezereka kuposa zimene zasungidwa ku maboma ndi Democracy ya khumi. Maboma ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa nkhani zimene sizinapatsidwe mwachindunji ku boma la boma, kuphatikizapo maulamuliro apolisi . Luso la kulamulira thanzi, chisungiko, ndi makhalidwe a anthu. Iwo amagwiranso ntchito monga malabotaleshoni a demokrase, kuyesa malamulo amene pambuyo pake angavomerezedwe pa mlingo wa dzikolo.

Maulamuliro a Boma

  • Kukhazikitsa madongosolo a maphunziro [[FLT :1] – United States amakhazikitsa miyezo ya maphunziro, zofunika za mphunzitsi, ndi ziŵerengero za kumaliza maphunziro. Zigawo za kumaloko zimagwiritsira ntchito malamulo ameneŵa, koma boma limalamulira njira za kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama ndi kuyesa.
  • Nyumba za boma zomangira [1] -SUA , amamanga ndi kukonza misewu, milatho, madoko, ndi madongosolo oyendera anthu, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi ndalama za boma koma za boma.
  • Kuwona thanzi la anthu ndi chisungiko [1] – madipatimenti a zaumoyo a Boma a laisensi zipatala, malesitilanti, ndi kuyang'anira matenda. Apolisi a boma amakhazikitsa malamulo a pamsewu ndi kufufuza upandu.
  • Kuphunzitsa malamulo a boma ndi malamulo – kukhazikitsa malamulo pa chiweruzo cha upandu, katundu, mapangano, malamulo abanja, ndi ntchito. Zimapanganso miyezo ya boma ya malo okhala ndi antchito.
  • Kusankha za mlingo wa boma [[FLT ] – United States amakhazikitsa njira zovota, kujambula zigawo za malamulo, ndi kutsimikizira zotsatirapo za chisankho cha maofesi a boma ndi boma (pogonjera ku uyang'aniro wa boma).

Udindo wa Boma

  • Kutsatira malamulo a boma ndi malamulo – Bwanamkubwa ndi mabungwe a boma amaswa malamulo operekedwa ndi makhomagedo a boma, kuyambira kutula msonkho mpaka kutetezera malo okhala.
  • Kukonza mautumiki a anthu monga zoyendera ndi zaumoyo – United States akugwira ntchito m'mayunivesite, amayendetsa maprogramu a Medicaid, amasamalira mapaki a boma, ndi kuyang'anira inshuwalansi ya ulova.
  • Kuyang'anira misonkho ya boma [1] – Kulandira misonkho, misonkho ya malonda, misonkho ya makampani, ndi ntchito za ndalama za boma. Maboma amayang'aniranso kusonkhetsa msonkho kwa kumaloko.
  • Kusankha [[FLT :1] – makomiti a chisankho a Boma amalembetsa ovota, kugaŵira mavoti, ndi kuyang'anira malo oonera. Mu 2020, maboma anagawa mavoti 158 miliyoni.
  • Kugwirizana ndi maboma akwanuko [[FLT :1] – United States amapereka matchati ku mizinda ndi mabwinja, kuika malire, ndi kupereka chithandizo cha ndalama ndi chaluso pa ntchito zakumaloko.

Maboma akhala okangalika mowonjezereka m'madera kumene kachitidwe ka boma kaletsa. Mwachitsanzo, maboma ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo awo achinsinsi, kuwonjezereka kwa malipiro ochepera, ndi malamulo a mphamvu zoyera. National Conference of State Legislatures imapereka kulongosola komvekera bwino kwa mphamvu za boma ndi njira za kachitidwe ka malamulo.

Boma Lakumaloko

Maboma a m’dzikolo ndiwo apafupi kwambiri ndi anthu. Ndiwo kulengedwa kwa boma, osati maulamuliro odzilamulira, ndipo maulamuliro awo amachokera ku malamulo a boma, malamulo, ndi zikalata za malamulo. Maboma a kumaloko amabwera m’njira zosiyanasiyana: madera, mizinda, matauni, midzi, zigawo za sukulu, ndi zigawo zapadera (m’chingapo, magawo a moto). Mathayo awo amayang'anira zosoŵa za mwamsanga za chitaganya, kuyambira ku misewu mpaka kuukhondo.

Maulamuliro a Boma Lakumaloko

  • [[''''''kukhazikitsa malamulo a malo ndi malo amagwiritsira ntchito [1] – mabodi a malo amasankha mmene katundu angagwiritsidwire ntchito(makampani, maindasitale , [1] ndi kulola zilolezo za nyumba.
  • [[MLT:0] Kuyang'anira kusungitsa lamulo la kumaloko ndi mautumiki a moto – madipatimenti a polisi a Munipator akutsatiridwa malamulo a kumaloko ndi malamulo a boma; madipatimenti a moto amapereka yankho lamwadzidzidzi ndi kuchinjiriza moto.
  • Kupanga maphunziro apoyera a kumaloko – mabbodi a Sukulu amalamulira K-12, olemba ntchito, ndi kuika bajeti m'zitsogozo za boma.
  • Kusunga mapaki a anthu onse ndi zosangulutsa [1] – maboma a kumaloko amayendetsa mabwalo a maseŵera, malo a anthu, ndi malaibulale.
  • Laisensi yopereka ndi zilolezo – Mabizinesi, eni ziweto, ndi okonza kaŵirikaŵiri amafunikira malaisensi a kumaloko a kugwiritsa ntchito kapena kumanga.

Udindo wa Boma Lakumeneko

  • Kutsatira malamulo ndi malamulo a kumaloko – Malamulo onena za phokoso, kuimika, zinyalala, ndi kuletsa nyama amasungidwa ku mlingo wa kumaloko.
  • Kupereka mautumiki ofunika monga kuyang'anira zinyalala – zosungira zonyansa, kukonzanso, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zonyansa zimasamaliridwa ndi madipatimenti a boma a ntchito za anthu onse.
  • Kusankha zisankho za kumaloko – akuluakulu a chisankho cha kumaloko amayang'anira mipikisano ya m'boma, mipikisano ya chivoti, ndi zisankho zapadera za chigawo.
  • Kufunsira kwa ziŵalo za chitaganya kaamba ka chiwonetso – timaholo ta Town, mabodi oulutsira, ndi nyengo zopereka ndemanga zapoyera zimalola nzika kusonkhezera zosankha za kumaloko.
  • Kuyang'anira msonkho wa katundu ndi bajeti ya kumaloko – chuma cha zinthu ndizo magwero aakulu a ndalama za boma lakumaloko; zosankha za bajeti zimakhudza masukulu, apolisi, ndi misewu.

Kusiyanasiyana kwa maboma akuno n’kodabwitsa. Bungwe la Census ku United States limatchula mabungwe oposa 90,000 a boma lakwawo, limodzi ndi mavuto ake a boma ndi a boma. Kuloŵa kwambiri m'makonzedwe a boma lakwawo ndi machitachita abwino kwambiri, Chigwirizano cha Dziko cha Madera [1]

Kugwirizana Pakati pa Maulamuliro

Boma silimagwira ntchito paokha. Iwo amagaŵana mphamvu, chuma, ndi maudindo kudzera m'maunansi ovuta a boma. Kugwirizana kumeneku kumatchulidwa kuti “uchipani cha boma” chifukwa cha mbali yaikulu ya zopereka ndi ndalama zogawiridwa. Maboma amagwirizanitsa nkhani zimene zimayendera malire a malire a dziko, monga ngati chitetezo cha malo okhala, kuchitapo kanthu kwa tsoka, ndi makampani oyendera. Komabe, maunansiwo sagwirizana nthaŵi zonse; kulimbana pa ulamuliro, ndalama, ndi kutha kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama. Maboma amagwirizanitsa nkhani za malamulo a dziko, monga kuteteza malo okhala ndi malo, kuwonongeka kwa ngozi, ndi makampani a zoyendera. Komabe, mayanjanowo si ogwirizana nthaŵi zonse; kulimbana pa ulamuliro, ndi kudalirana kwa anthu ambiri n’ko.

Kulimbana ndi Opereka Malo

Boma la boma limapereka madola mamiliyoni zikwi mazana ambiri pachaka kuti apereke ndalama zoyendera ndi maboma a kumalo kupyolera mwa ndalama zoperekedwa ku makampani a boma. Izi zimabwera m'mitundu iŵiri: ndalama zoperekedwa (ndi mikhalidwe yokhwima) ndi ndalama zoperekedwa (ndi kusinthika). Mwachitsanzo, Medicaid ndi chilolezo chokwanira chimene chimafunikira kuti apereke ndalama zofanana. Masheya a zapadera kaŵirikaŵiri amaika ndalama kudzera m'madipatimenti a boma a zoyendera ku maprojekthi a misewu akwawo. Potero, maboma amapatsira ndalama zina ku mabwinja ndi mizinda. Kuyenda kwa ndalama kumeneku kumachititsa 07: Maboma amadalira pa boma ndi boma lapadera la ndalama zawo zoyendetsera ndalama, pamene mayiko amadalira pa ndalama zaungwe ndi maphunziro.

Kuthandiza Kwambiri pa Nkhani ya M’tsogolo

Masoka onga mphepo, moto wolusa, ndi miliri imafunikira manja onse. Boma la boma limatsogolera ndi FEMA, maboma amasonkhezera mabungwe awo oyang'anira zangozi, ndi anthu oyamba kuyankha ali panthaka. Makonzedwe ameneŵa amagwirizanitsidwa mu National Reformation Framework ndi Stafford Act. M'nthaŵi ya Hurricane Harvey mu 2017, boma, boma, ndi akuluakulu a boma a komweko anagwirizanitsa kuthaŵa, kufunafuna ndi kufunafuna ndi kukonza nyumba, ndi nyumba za kanthaŵi. Mofananamo, mliri wa bungwe la CHOVID unawona ndalama za boma kaamba ka kugaŵira machiritso, malamulo a boma aumoyo, ndi malo opimirako.

Kutsogolera Ena ndi Kukhazikitsa Malamulo

  • Kuphunzitsa [1] - [1] -The United States All Suctives Foundations Act imakhazikitsa zolinga zazikulu, koma imalongosola madongosolo oŵerengera mlandu ndi zigawo za kumaloko zimene zikuyendetsa masukulu.
  • Lamulo lachibadwa – EPA imatchula miyezo ya dziko, koma maboma angagwiritse ntchito mapulani awo a mpweya (ndi chilolezo cha EPA) monga momwe ambiri amachitira pansi pa Direc Air Act.
  • Ndalama zapamwamba zoyendetsera ndalama - Khomulo la gasi la boma lichirikiza Highway Trust Fund; maboma ndi madera amayenderana ndi ndalama ndi kusankha kuti ndi ntchito ziti zimene zingayambitse kulinganiza.
  • Thanzi la Thublic --'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''m'kati mwa vuto la opioid, ntchito za boma zothandizira anthu ovutika, mapulogalamu oyang'anira mankhwala ovomerezeka, ndi madipatimenti a zaumoyo a m'deralo anachita mpikisano wotetezera.

Mavuto ndi Kupsinjika Maganizo m’Maulamuliro Apamwamba Osiyanasiyana

Pamene kuli kwakuti kugwirizana kwa boma kuli kofunika, kumayambitsanso kusagwirizana. . . . . . . . . . Maboma akhazikitsa malamulo oletsa maboma a m'dziko kuika malipiro ochepera kuposa a boma, kutsutsa kuti mabizinesi a miyezo yofanana amathandiza. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, boma lingachotse malamulo a boma m’madera onga ngati kusamuka kapena malamulo a malo, kuyambitsa milandu.

Kupereka Malipiro ndi Kusintha kwa Zinthu

Maboma a kumaloko kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'anizana ndi “zifuno zosavomerezedwa ndi lamulo la boma kapena la boma popanda kutsagana ndi ndalama. Chitsanzo chapadera ndicho mautumiki apadera a maphunziro pansi pa Bungwe la Anthu Okhala ndi Vuto la Maphunziro (IDEA), Malamulo amene analonjeza kusungitsa ndalama pa 40% ya ndalama koma zakhala zochepera. Mofananamo, maboma angafune kuti magawo a sukulu ayesedwe popanda kupereka ndalama zowonjezereka. Malamulo ameneŵa angachepetse bajeti ya kumaloko ndi malonda a pakati pa mautumiki.

Kuzengedwa Chilango Kopambanitsa ndi Kupeputsidwa

Ndi milingo yambiri ya boma yophatikizidwa m'malo amodzi, iefficiencies ingabuke. Mwachitsanzo, ponse paŵiri boma ndi boma Environmental Protection Affectes zimalamulira mkhalidwe wa madzi; kufufuza kotsatizana ndi mapepala zingasokoneze mabizinesi. M'chiweruzo chaupandu, maloya a boma ndi boma onse aŵiri angakhale ndi ulamuliro pa upandu wofananawo wa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kutsogolera ku “ulamuliro wa anthu omwe amadzutsa mafunso onena za ngozi yoŵirikiza kaŵiri.

Kusintha kwa Ndale ndi Kutsekereza

Kusiyana kwa zipani za ndale zadziko zolamulira milingo yosiyanasiyana ya boma kungatsogolere ku mkangano. Boma lingakane kugwiritsira ntchito lamulo la boma, kapena boma la kumaloko linga “liwuke” ilo lomwelo kutsutsana ndi malamulo a boma oloŵera m'dziko. Kaŵirikaŵiri kulimbana kumeneku kumathera m’khoti, kuyambitsa kusatsimikizirika ndi kuchedwa. Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala likuloŵerera mobwerezabwereza kulongosola malire a boma, boma, ndi mphamvu za kumaloko, zikumapanga bungwe la lamulo limene limasintha ndi mbadwo uliwonse.

Kumaliza

Kuzindikira mmene boma, boma, ndi mayanjano ake amagwirira ntchito . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kuyang'anira kumeneku kumathandiza anthu kusamalira zinthu zimene akukhala pamene akupindulabe ndi mgwirizano wa dziko ndi chuma. Komabe dongosololi silili lopanda kukangana: ndalama zopinga, nkhondo zotha kutha, ndi malo oimira. Mwa kuphunzira mphamvu zimenezi, ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi angayendetse bwino zinthu zolamulira, kuchirikiza bwino zofuna zawo, ndi kuthandiza kuchirikiza demokrase yowonjezereka. Kaya muli osankha m'gulu la sukulu kapena alembitsira pulogalamu ya boma, amene akuzindikira kuti pali kusiyana kwa ulamuliro woyamba.