Kugaŵira mphamvu ndi ulamuliro m'midzi sikuli chinthu chosadziŵika koma mphamvu yaikulu imene imasintha nthaŵi zonse kugwirizana kwa anthu, maulamuliro, ndi bungwe lililonse. Kugwirizana kwa anthu a m’deralo ndi maboma a mayiko, funso la amene ali ndi ulamuliro nlofunika kwambiri kuti amvetse mmene zosankha zimapangidwira, zinthu zimagawidwira, ndiponso malamulo amatsatiridwa. Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira omwe amasinthasintha maganizo awo, kutsutsana ndi mfundo zimenezi n’kofunika kuti akulitse unzi wadziko ndi kuzindikira njira zobisika zimene ulamuliro wadziko umagwira ntchito [1] Nthaŵi zina mosaoneka. Kufufuza kumeneku kupenda bwino mphamvu ndi ulamuliro, kupenda mafotokozedwe awo, zisonyezero, ndi kulimbana komwe kukupitirizabe kumene kumalongosola moyo wa anthu.

Kutchula Mphamvu ndi Ulamuliro

Mphamvu ndi ulamuliro zimagwiritsiridwa ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri mosinthasintha, koma zimaimira malingaliro osiyana a chikhalidwe. [[FLT:] mphamvu [[FLT:] ndi mphamvu yoposa, ndi kuyenerera kapena kukakamiza ena kuchitapo kanthu, ngakhale motsutsana ndi chifuniro chawo. Ikhoza kugwiritsiridwa ntchito mwa kukakamiza, kukopa, kapena kukakamiza. [FLT:]] [Kudzisungira [[FLT]], mwa kusiyanitsa, ndiko kuyenera kapena chikhalidwe cha anthu kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. Katswiri wa zachijeremani Max Weber amadziŵika ndi mitundu itatu yoyera ya ulamuliro: ulamuliro wamwambo (wozikidwa pa mwambo ndi chibadwidwe), ulamuliro wokopa (wozikidwa pa maluso a munthu mwini), ndi ulamuliro walamulo (wondandandalikidwa pa malamulo ndi njira zoyendetsera). Chiyambi chimenechi chimakhalabe choyenerera m’maudindo amakono. Mkhalidwe wamakono, kaŵirikaŵiri chimatsutsidwa, chimathandiza, chivomerezo, chika, chika, chikanere, chika, chika, chikugwirizana chachi, popanda chimvekere, chika, chika, chika, chika, chika, chika

Mitundu ya Mphamvu m’Midzi

Akatswiri a zamaganizo a kakhalidwe ka anthu ndi asayansi andale zadziko apeza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mphamvu zimene zimagwira ntchito m’zitaganya.

  • Mphamvu ya Ufulu: Chiwumbo chimenechi chimadalira pa mantha, chilango, kapena chiwopsezo cha zilango. M'madera, mphamvu ya kugwirizana zingagwiritsiridwe ntchito mwa kusungitsa lamulo, kusoŵa kwa mayanjano, kapena zilango zachuma. Mwachitsanzo, mphamvu ya mwininyumba ya kuthamangitsa oloŵa nyumba kapena mphamvu ya boma ya kukakamiza zabwino kwa osagwirizana ndizo zisonyezero za mphamvu ya tsiku ndi tsiku.
  • Mphamvu ya Repard Power : Kukhoza kupereka zisonkhezero [1] Ndalama, kukwezedwa, chivomerezo cha mayanjano, kapena kupezeka kwa zinthu. Kusukulu, aphunzitsi amagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu mwa magiredi ndi chitamando. Kuntchito, mabhonasi ndi kuzindikira ndi zida zofala. Mphamvu yopereka mphoto ikhoza kuchirikiza kugwirizana koma ingayambitsenso [1].
  • Legitimate Power: Imeneyi imadziŵikanso monga mphamvu ya malo, imachokera ku ntchito ya munthu kapena udindo wapamwamba m'gulu la akulu. Ofesi, woweruza, kapena mkulu wa anthu ali ndi mphamvu zovomerezedwa ndi anthu. Mtundu umenewu umagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi ulamuliro ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri umagwirizanitsa malamulo kapena malamulo a gulu.
  • Mphamvu yotchuka: yozikidwa pa kukhumbira, ulemu, kapena kuzindikiritsa. Atsogoleri a kazitape, otchuka, ndi akulu a chitaganya kaŵirikaŵiri ali ndi mphamvu zoimira chifukwa chakuti anthu amafuna kuwatsanzira kapena kuwakondweretsa. Martin Luther King Jr., mwachitsanzo, adatenga mphamvu zazikulu zozikidwa pa ulamuliro wa makhalidwe abwino ndi nsembe yaumwini.
  • Mphamvu ya Actet: Imachokera ku chidziŵitso chapadera, maluso, kapena ukatswiri. Madokotala, mainjiniya, ndi maprofesa ali ndi mphamvu yaukatswiri m'malo awo. M'madera ena, mphamvu yaluso ikhoza kusonkhezera anthu pa nkhani monga zaumoyo, nyengo, kapena luso la zopangapanga. Ili ndi mtundu wolemekezeka kwambiri wa chisonkhezero pamene agwiritsira ntchito mowonetsera.
  • Mphamvu ya chidziŵitso: [[FLT :1] Imakhala yosadziŵika kwambiri koma yofunika kwambiri, mphamvu ya chidziŵitso imachokera ku kulamulira chidziŵitso, maumboni, kapena nkhani. M'nyengo ya manambala, awo amene amalemba nkhani, kuyang'anira maalamu a za mayanjano, kapena kulamulira kupezeka kwa chidziŵitso kungaumbe zikhulupiriro ndi zosankha za chitaganya.

Ulamuliro m’Maulamuliro

Madongosolo osiyanasiyana andale amagaŵira mphamvu m’njira zosiyanasiyana, kuyambukira miyoyo yatsiku ndi tsiku ya nzika. Kumvetsetsa madongosolo ameneŵa kumathandiza kuunikira amene amalamulira ndi mmene amasungidwira kapena kutokosedwa.

Madongosolo a Democraticism

M’kulamulira kwa demokrase, ulamuliro umazikidwa pa chivomerezo cha olamulidwa. Mphamvu imachitidwa kupyolera mwa oimira osankhidwa, ndipo nzika zimasunga kuyenera kwa kukhala ndi phande m'kupanga zosankha kupyolera m'kuvota, kuvomereza, ndi pangano la boma. Mbali zazikulu zimaphatikizapo:

  • Masankho anthaŵi zonse, aufulu, ndi abwino amene amatsimikizira kuŵerengera mlandu.
  • Kutetezeredwa kwa ufulu wa munthu ndi ufulu wa anthu, kaŵirikaŵiri woikidwa m’bungwe loikidwiratu.
  • Kupenda ndi kulinganiza pakati pa nthambi za akuluakulu, za malamulo, ndi zachiweruzo kuti ziletse kuika mphamvu pambali.
  • Ufulu wa manyuzipepala ndi anthu wamba okangalika amene amayang’anira zochita za boma.

Komabe, mademokrase salephera kuchepetsa mphamvu. Kusiyana kwa chuma, kusonkhezera, ndi kutsendereza ovota kungafooketse lingaliro loyenerera la kuimira mofanana.

Olemba Mabuku

Chiphunzitso cha unduna chimasumika mphamvu mwa mtsogoleri mmodzi kapena kagulu kakang’ono kapamwamba, kupondereza kusiyanasiyana kwa ndale zadziko ndi kutsutsana.

  • Nthawi zambiri olamulira amakhala ndi mphamvu zolamulira mpaka kalekale.
  • Kutsekerezedwa kwa magulu otsutsa, manyuzi odziimira paokha, ndi magulu a anthu.
  • Kudalira mphamvu za boma zotetezera kuti zilimbikitse anthu kugonjera ndi kulanga ena.
  • Nkhani zokopa ndi kulamulira chidziŵitso kuti chikhalebe chogwirizana ndi malingaliro.

M’madongosolo amenewa, anthu aulamuliro amapitirizabe kuchita zinthu mwamantha ndi kukakamiza anthu kuti azichita zinthu mwachilungamo, ngakhale kuti maboma ena amayesetsa kuyambitsa chivomerezo cha dziko lawo kapena mwa kulankhula zachipembedzo.

Maufumu a “monarchy ”, Theocracies, ndi Hybrid Systems

Kusiyapo demokrase ndi ulamuliro wa a democracy, mitundu ina ya ulamuliro iripo. Maufumu a monarchy (m’jere, United Kingdom, Japan) amaphatikiza ulamuliro wophiphiritsira ndi mabungwe a demokrase. Theocracies (m’chitsanzo, Iran) amaikapo ulamuliro wotheratu m'matsogoleri achipembedzo kapena m'malemba. Madongosolo a Hybrid, monga ngati democracy, amaphatikiza masankhoti a democracy ndi machitachita a ufumu wa a a democracy. Dongo lililonse limavumbula mayankho osiyanasiyana a amene ali ndi ulamuliro ndi mmene mphamvu yawo iyenera kukhalira.

Makonzedwe a Mayanjano ndi Ulamuliro

Maboma si mabungwe okha amene ali ndi mphamvu ndi ulamuliro.

Mbali ya Maphunziro

Mabungwe amaphunziro ndi otsogolera kwambiri a kakhalidwe ndi ulamuliro. Samangopereka chidziŵitso komanso amachirikiza utsogoleri wa anthu ndi miyambo ya chikhalidwe. Aphunzitsi ali ndi ulamuliro wovomerezeka pa ophunzira, koma kaŵirikaŵiri amasonkhezeredwa ndi mphamvu za ndale zadziko ndi zachuma.

  • Maphunziro obisika: Malamulo ndi makhalidwe osalembedwa amene amaphunzitsa kumvera, kusunga nthaŵi, ndi mpikisano.
  • Kuyesa ndi njira zopezera njira zimene zingapititse patsogolo kusalingana.
  • Sukulu monga malo otsutsa, kumene ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi amatsutsa malamulo otsendereza.
  • Kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu ya makampani a anthu ndi makampani a zamaphunziro pokonza zimene amaphunzitsa.

Mwachitsanzo, makambitsirano onena za nthanthi ya fuko yosuliza m’masukulu a ku United States amasonyeza mmene ulamuliro wa maphunziro umatsutsidwira, ndi magulu osiyanasiyana opikisana kulamulira mbiri ndi kudziŵika.

Mabungwe a Chipembedzo

Ulamuliro wachipembedzo wakhala maziko a moyo wa anthu. Atsogoleri achipembedzo amapereka malangizo a makhalidwe abwino, mautumiki a anthu, ndi lingaliro la kukhala ndi anthu.

  • Ziphunzitso zachipembedzo: Ulamuliro wa tchalitchi cha Katolika wa papa umatsutsana ndi zitsanzo za mpingo m’matchalitchi Aprotesitanti.
  • Kugwirizana ndi ulamuliro wandale: Zipembedzo kaŵirikaŵiri zimasonkhezera anthu kufuna malamulo ogwirizana ndi ziphunzitso zawo.
  • Magulu ochirikiza mwambo: Nthanthi ya ufulu mu Latin America inagwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro wachipembedzo kuchirikiza chilungamo cha kakhalidwe ka anthu.
  • Zotsatirapo za kudziko: M’madera ambiri amakono, ulamuliro wachipembedzo wachepa, koma udakali wamphamvu m’madera ena.

Ulamuliro wa Zauthenga ndi Chidziŵitso

M’zaka za zana la 21, mabungwe a ofalitsa nkhani akhala maziko a kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ya chidziŵitso. Ma station amwambo, mapulogalamu a manyuzi, ndi ma algoritimenti amagamula kuti ndi nkhani ziti zimene zimatchuka. Izi zili ndi tanthauzo lalikulu la nkhani za demokrase. Nkhani zofunika zikuphatikizapo:

  • Kulimbikitsana kwa ofalitsa nkhani: Makampani angapo amalamulira nkhani zambiri ndi zosangalatsa, ndipo amasumika maganizo pa nkhani za anthu.
  • Kulephera kudziŵa zinthu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mawu a m’makutu: Nkhani zabodza zingafalikire mofulumira, ndipo zimalepheretsa anthu kukhulupirirana ndi mabuku odalirika.
  • Kulemba nkhani za nzika ndi nkhani zina: Ulamuliro woletsedwa umachititsa kuti anthu ayambe kutsutsa nkhani zikuluzikulu.

Atsogoleri a chitaganya ndi Kudziloŵetsamo

Mphamvu ndi ulamuliro si zochitika zapamwamba zokha. Atsogoleri a anthu ndiponso anthu olimbikitsa udzu amachokera m'mabanja okhazikitsa nyumba kuti atsutse. Anthu amenewa amapatsidwa ulamuliro chifukwa cha makhalidwe abwino, chifukwa chodziwa zinthu, ndiponso chifukwa cha kuthandizidwa ndi anzawo.

  • Kusonkhezera gulu kuti lisinthe chikhalidwe mwa zionetsero, kukwiya, ndi kuukira boma.
  • Mawu opatula amene samapezeka m’magulu a mphamvu zazikulu za mphamvu.
  • Kumanga malo ena othandizira anthu, monga malo odalirana, mabizinesi ogwirizana, kapena mabungwe othandizana.
  • Kukambirana ndi akuluakulu a boma kuti atsimikizire kuti malamulowo asintha.

Magulu amakono monga Black Live Confector, kuchuluka kwa nyengo padziko lonse kumene achinyamata amayambitsa, ndiponso ntchito yokhazikitsa ufulu wa dziko, zimasonyeza mmene ulamuliro wa udzu ungachitire ndi boma ndiponso mphamvu za makampani.

Kufufuza za Ulamuliro wa Anthu

Kufufuza nkhani zakale kumatithandiza kumvetsa bwino zinthu zimene tafotokozazi.

Bungwe la Civil Rights Movement (United States, 1950s-1960)

Civil Rights Movement idakali imodzi ya zitsanzo zofufuzidwa koposa za kutsutsa ulamuliro wa boma kopanda chiwawa. Aafirika ndi ogwirizana nawo anatsutsa dongosolo la kugaŵikana kwalamulo kochirikizidwa ndi mphamvu ya boma. Ziŵerengero zazikulu zinaphatikizapo:

  • Martin Luther King Jr. – adachirikiza kusamvera kwachiŵeniŵeni kopanda chiwawa, akugwiritsira ntchito maphunziro a Zaumulungu Achikristu ndi nthanthi ya Gandhian . Ukulu wake wa makhalidwe unasonkhezera mamiliyoni.
  • Rosa Parks [1] – Kukana kwake kutaya mpando wake pa basi ya Montgomery kunadzutsa kuukira kwa mabasi kwa tsiku 381. Kachitidwe kake ka kunyoza kanaimira mphamvu ya kulimba mtima kwa munthu pa ulamuliro waudani.
  • MPONES X [1] – inaimira njira yolimbana kwambiri, kugogomezera kudzipatsa mphamvu ndi mphamvu za Black . Iye anagogomezera malire a kusachita chiwawa ndi kufunika kwa ufulu wa zachuma ndi wandale.

Bungweli linapambana milandu yosaiwalika, kuphatikizapo Chikalata cha ufulu wachibadwidwe cha 1964 ndi Chikalata cha Voting Rights Act cha 1965.

Gulu la Akazi (zaka za zana la 10)

Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, akazi anamanidwa ulamuliro wa ndale zadziko mwa lamulo ndi mwambo. Gulu la apolisi linatsutsa kusiyanitsa kumeneku mwa kuchita maseŵera opitirizabe:

  • Atsogoleri onga Susan B. Anthony ndi Elizabeth Cady Stanton [1] misonkhano yolinganizidwa, zifuno, ndi mapepala. Anthony anamangidwa kaamba ka kuvota mosemphana ndi lamulo, kugwiritsira ntchito mlanduwo kufalitsa cholinga.
  • Magulu ofufuza anaphatikizapo zionetsero za anthu ambirimbiri, njala (mu Britain), ndi kusamvera boma.
  • Gululi linagawanitsidwa ndi chilungamo china cha anthu, kuphatikizapo kutsekereza ndi ufulu wa antchito, komanso linayang’anizana ndi magaŵano a mkati mwa fuko ndi kakhalidwe.

Chikalata cha 19 cha Lamulo la U.S., chimene chinavomerezedwa mu 1920, chinapereka ufulu wovota kwa akazi.

Anti-Apartheid Movement (South Africa, 1948-19994)

Pangano linali njira ya kusiyanitsa mafuko ndi kupambana kwa azungu kosungidwa mwa mphamvu ya boma. Gulu lotsutsa kuphatidwa likuimira nkhondo yapadziko lonse yolimbana ndi ulamuliro wa mbeta.

  • Nelson Mandela [1] [1] Poyamba anachirikiza kutsutsa kosamenya, koma pambuyo pa kupha kwa Sharfeville, iye anagwirizana kumanga phiko la zida la African National Congress . Kuikidwa kwake m’ndende kunampangitsa iye kukhala chizindikiro cha kutsutsa, ndipo pambuyo pake kumasulidwa kwake ndi kukhala kwake woyang’anira anasonyeza mphamvu ya ulamuliro wozikidwa pa kuyanjanitsa.
  • Kugwirizana kwa mayiko: Anthu odana ndi boma, ophwanya malamulo, ndiponso opereka ziletso zokakamiza boma la tsankho, zomwe zikusonyeza mmene anthu padziko lonse angatsutsire ulamuliro wa dziko.
  • Commission ya Coonadi ndi Reconciliation: Post-apartheid South Africa inayesa kuthetsa nkhanza zakale mwa kukonzanso chilungamo mmalo mwa kubwezera, kupereka chitsanzo china cha kutembenuza ulamuliro.

Kumaliza: Kumvetsa Mphamvu Zochuluka

Mphamvu ndi ulamuliro siziri malingaliro ongoikidwa m'mabuku . Ndizo zenizeni zimene zimakhudza mbali iliyonse ya moyo wa anthu. Mwa kusanthula mitundu ya mphamvu, madongosolo a kakhalidwe, ndi madongosolo a udzu, timapeza kuzindikira bwino kwa amene amalamulira ndi mmene ulamulirowo ungatsutsidwe kapena kusinthidwira. Kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi, chidziŵitso chimenechi ndicho chiŵiya chodziwira. Chimatilimbikitsa kufunsa kuti: Ndani amapindula ndi kugaŵira mphamvu? Kodi ndani amaleka kugwiritsa ntchito mawu?

Kuphunzira za mphamvu ndi ulamuliro kumatikumbutsa kuti ulamuliro, kaya mu boma, sukulu, kapena m’banja, si wachibadwa kapena sungatheke, ndipo chifukwa chake uli wokonzeka kumasuliranso. Mwa kumvetsa mphamvu zimenezi, timadzipatsa mphamvu ndi ena kuti tithandize mopindulitsa pantchito ya demokalase imene ikuchitika.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, kufufuza chiphunzitso cha Max Weber cha ulamuliro (chopezeka kupyolera mwa [[FLT: 0] Encyclopedia ya Philosophy ), malemba a U.S. Constitution ndi zisinthiko zake, ndi kulongosola kwake kwa mbiri yakale kwa magulu a anthu kuchokera ku [[FLT: 4.] Kachipangizo ka [[FLT]] Kachipangizo ka . Ziŵiro zimenezi zimapereka mawu apansi kwa zizitsanzo zofotokozedwa pano.