Ntchito ya bwanamkubwa ndi imodzi ya malo owonekera kwambiri ndi otsatirapo m'boma la America. Pamene kuli kwakuti nzika zambiri zingatchule dzina la bwanamkubwa wawo, zochepera kumvetsetsa kotheratu ukulu wa ulamuliro umene umabwera ndi ofesi. Mphamvu ya kazembeyo siiali yotheratu; imafotokozedwa ndi malamulo a boma, malamulo alamulo, ndi dongosolo la kuyang'anira ndi kulinganiza. Utsogoleri wowonjezereka umenewu umaswa chiyambi, mathayo, ziletso, ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwenikweni kwa dziko kwa mphamvu ya gabernera, kupereka chidziŵitso chomvekera bwino cha malamulo a boma, kuyendetsa chilungamo, ndi kusonkhezera moyo wa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri tsiku ndi tsiku.

Kumvetsa Ukulu wa Ulamuliro wa Anthu Olamulira

Bwanamkubwa amatumikira monga mkulu wamkulu wa boma lawo, mkulu wa boma kwa Pulezidenti wa United States koma pamlingo wa boma. Malo ameneŵa ali ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana, malamulo, ndi mphamvu zamwaŵi. Kazembe ali ndi udindo wokhazikitsa malamulo a boma, kuyang'anira bajeti, kukhazikitsa akuluakulu a boma, ndi kutumikira monga mkulu wa boma. Mosiyana ndi bwanamkubwa wa boma, kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi kugwirizana koonekera bwino ndi anthu awo ndipo akhoza kulabadira kwambiri zosoŵa za boma. Mphamvu zenizenizo zimasiyana ndi boma, koma ulusi umaphatikizapo chisonkhezero chalamulo, malangizo audindo, ndi chifundo cha boma.

Kusintha kwa Ulamuliro Kwa mbiri

Ofesi ya bwanamkubwa ili ndi maziko aakulu mu America. Kaŵirikaŵiri akazembe a atsamunda oyambirira anaikidwa ndi Briteni ndi kukhala ndi ulamuliro waukulu, kuphatikizapo mphamvu ya kukhazikitsa ndi kusungunula nyumba zoyaluza. Pambuyo pa Chipanduko cha America, maboma odziimira chatsopano anafunafuna kuchepetsa mphamvu za boma, kuchenjera kukhazikitsanso ufumu. Malamulo oyamba anapanga maulamuliro ofooka ndi malamulo achidule ndi kulamulira kwapadera kwa malamulo. Komabe, kazembeyo anasintha kukhala malo olimba kwambiri, osonkhezeredwa ndi kuyendetsa bwino boma ndi kukwera kwa gulu lamphamvu. Lerolino olamulira amakono ali anthu amphamvu amene amalamulira ma bajeti aakulu, oyang’anira zikwi zambiri za antchito, ndi kukhazikitsa mapangano a maboma awo.

Malamulo ndi Maziko a Mphamvu

Gwero loyamba la ulamuliro wa bwanamkubwa ndilo malamulo a boma. Maboma 50 ali ndi malamulo ake amene amandandalikidwa a boma ndi kumasulira nthambi ya boma. Makalata ameneŵa amapatsa bwanamkubwa ulamuliro wokhazikitsa malamulo, kuika akuluakulu a boma, ndi kulamula kuti boma likhale loyang'anira boma. Kuwonjezera apo, malamulo a boma operekedwa ndi bungwe la malamulo a boma amafotokoza ndi kutumiza maulamuliro. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo la boma lingapatse kazembe ulamuliro wa kukhazikitsa malamulo a akuluakulu a boma panthaŵi ya ngozi kapena kulinganizanso mabungwe a boma. [[FLT: 0] Nationalal Conference of State State States likugaŵiranso zinthu zambiri pa mmene maulamuliro ameneŵa amagwirizanitsidwira ntchito ndi kuzungulira maulamuliro osiyanasiyana.

Ntchito ya Malamulo a Boma

Malamulo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amalongosoledwa ndi kusinthidwa kaŵirikaŵiri kuposa Malamulo a U.S. amandandalika mwachindunji maulamuliro a kazembe ndi kuikanso malire omvekera bwino. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo ambiri a boma amafuna bwanamkubwa kubweretsa Boma la Boma, kukonzekera bajeti yolinganizika, ndi kuipereka kwa malamulo. Maboma ena, monga Texas, amapatsa mphamvu zawo zolamulira, pamene ena, mofanana ndi New York, amapatsa ulamuliro waukulu, kuphatikizapo kutha kuika akuluakulu a mabungwe ndi mabungwe popanda chitsimikizo cha lamulo.

Maziko Amwaŵi a Chisonkhezero

Kusiyapo malamulo ndi malamulo, akazembe amapatsidwa mphamvu zazikulu kuchokera ku magwero amwaŵi. Maluso a kazembe wandale, kutchuka kwaumwini, kuchirikiza luso lawo, ndi kukhalapo kwa ofalitsa nkhani zonse zimathandizira kusonkhezera iwo. Kazembe amene ali ndi ulamuliro wamphamvu wa anthu kugwiritsa ntchito kagulu kawo kusonkhezera anthu kuti athandize anthu kuchitapo kanthu, opanga malamulo, ndi kusonkhezera malingaliro a anthu. Maluso a kazembe, ndi maluso a malamulo, ndi kukhoza kupanga zigwirizano zaungwe nthaŵi zambiri nkofunika mofanana ndi ulamuliro wa boma.

Maulamuliro ndi Mathayo

Ulamuliro wa bwanamkubwa ndi waukulu ndipo umaphatikizapo kuyang'anira mabungwe a boma, malamulo, ndi kuyendetsa ndalama. Pamene bwanamkubwa akutsimikizira kuti malamulo a boma aperekedwa mokhulupirika. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo madipatimenti oyang'anira kuyambira pa maphunziro ndi zoyendera kufikira ku chitetezo cha anthu. Bwanamkubwa amaika akuluakulu a mabungwe ameneŵa, amakhazikitsa malamulo, ndipo angachotse oikidwa m'nkhani zambiri. Kazembeyo alinso ndi mphamvu yolinganizanso mabungwe a nthambi audindo, amene kaŵirikaŵiri angavomerezedwe ndi boma.

Ulamuliro wa Malamulo a Malamulo

Chimodzi cha ziŵiya zamphamvu kwambiri zimene bwanamkubwa ali nazo ndicho kulamulira bajeti ya boma. Pafupifupi boma lililonse, bwanamkubwa akufunika kupereka bajeti kwa kampani ya malamulo. Gawo limeneli limakhazikitsa ndalama zoyendetsera maprogramu onse a boma ndi kulengeza malamulo a bwanamkubwa. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo a boma angasinthe bajeti, akazembe angagwiritsire ntchito chinthu chawo ulamuliro (wopezeka m’maiko ambiri) kuchotsa zinthuzo popanda kukana lamulo lonse la bajeti.

Mphamvu Yosankha

Bwanamkubwa amasankha akuluakulu zikwizikwi, kuphatikizapo alembi a bungwe, makomiti ndi mamembala, oweruza (m’mayiko ena), ndi malo ena aakulu. Malamulo ameneŵa a boma kwa zaka zambiri, kazembe akachoka pa udindo. Ukulu wa mphamvu zoika munthu amasiyana: m’mayiko ena, bwanamkubwa amasankha ndi uphungu ndi chivomerezo cha boma; ndipo m'mayiko ena, kuikidwa kumachitidwa moyenerera ndi kazembe.

Kukakamiza Lamulo ndi Mphamvu Zadzidzidzi

Bwanamkubwa amatumikira monga mkulu wa gulu la National Guard , kusiyapo pamene Alonda aikidwa. Izi zimapereka kwa kazembeyo kukhoza kwa kutumiza asilikali kaamba ka masoka achilengedwe, kusakhazikika kwa anthu, kapena mavuto ena odzidzimutsa. Kuwonjezerapo, malamulo a boma ambiri amapatsa kazembe mphamvu zazikulu zangozi kulengeza boma, limene lingawonjezere kwakanthaŵi ulamuliro wa akuluakulu a boma. Mwachitsanzo, mkati mwa mliri wa CHOVID-19, akazembe m'dziko lonselo anatulutsa malamulo a pokhala panyumba, ovala chophimba, ndi kutsogolera malo operekera chithandizo cha mankhwala. Kazembe wa boma la National Association . [FLT.FFLD:1] lathandiza kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zangozi zimenezi.

Maulamuliro Alamulo: Vetoes, Mabungwe Apadera, ndi Boma

Bwanamkubwa ali oloŵetsedwa kwambiri m’dongosolo la malamulo. pamene kuli kwakuti sangathe kuyambitsa ndalama mwachindunji (kusiyapo m’maiko oŵerengeka), iwo angasonkhezere malamulo kupyolera mwa mphamvu yawo ya kuyendetsa zinthu, kukhoza kuitana magawo apadera, ndi maadiresi a pachaka a Boma omwe amakhazikitsa malamulo.

Mphamvu ya Veto

Bwanamkubwa aliyense ali ndi mphamvu ya kukhazikitsa malamulo operekedwa ndi boma. Mtundu wofala kwambiri ndi waveto, umene umakana lamulo lonse. Komabe, maboma ambiri amapatsanso kazembeyo layini-tento (kapena chinthu trato) kuti apereke ndalama zoperekera ndalama zotsalazo posaina lamulo. Maboma angapo amapatsa akazembewo mamembala a mamenti, amene amawalola kusintha pa lamulo ndi kulibwezera ku nyumba ya malamulo. Kubwezera mapepala ovomerezeka kumafunikira kuti apereke ndalama ziŵiri zapadera m'mabwalo onse aŵiri, kupanga zovuta. Akuluakuluwa amapereka lamulolo m'kachitidwe ka kupanga lamulo.

Kuitana Magawo Apadera

Maboma angakhazikitse nyumba yoyaluza m'chigawo chapadera kuti athetse nkhani zina, monga vuto la bajeti kapena tsoka lachilengedwe. Pa gawo lapadera, bungwe la malamulo lingalingalire nkhani zimene bwanamkubwa wa boma wasankha. Zimenezi zimapangitsa kazembe kukakamiza zinthu zofunika kwambiri ndi kulamulira kalendala ya malamulo. Maboma ena amalolanso kuti bungwe la okhazikitsa malamulo lidziitanire lokha m’chigawo chapadera, koma kokha ndi voti yapamwamba.

Mtundu wa Adiresi la Boma

Mofanana ndi Boma la Boma la University Address of the Union, bwanamkubwayo akuuza boma la boma, kufotokoza zimene lakwaniritsa, zitokoso, ndi malamulo a chaka chamaŵa. Mawu ameneŵa sangokhala mwambo; amatumikira monga pulatifomu ya onse kwa bwanamkubwa kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi kuchirikiza lamulolo.

Mphamvu za Oweruza: Mapardon, Malamulo, ndi Kubwereranso

M'mayiko ambiri, kazembe ali ndi mphamvu zokhululukira, kuphatikizapo kukhululukira, kubwezera zigamulo, ndi kubwezera. Mphamvu imeneyi ya mkulu imagwira ntchito monga kuyang'anira dongosolo la chiweruzo. Kukhululukira kokwanira kukhululukira upandu ndi kubwezeretsa ufulu wa anthu, pamene kuchotsa chilango kuchepetsa chigamulo popanda kukhululukira upandu. Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu imeneyi kungachedwetsetse kuweruza. Ena, monga Alabama ndi Florida, ali ndi mabungwe amene amavomereza, koma bwanamku amasunga ulamuliro womaliza. M'zigawo zochepa, zosankha zimafuna chilo cha bungwe. Kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu imeneyi kungayambitse mkangano, makamaka m'nkhani zazikulu zokhudza imfa.

Kulephera ndi Kufufuza Mphamvu ya Kugunda

Ulamuliro wa bwanamkubwa, ngakhale kuti ngwokulira, ngwosaletsedwa konse, malamulo a boma ndi malamulo amaika malire ambiri, ndipo nthambi zina za boma zimapereka malire.

Kufufuza Malamulo

Nyumba ya malamulo ya boma ingachotse lamulo la kazembe ndi chivoti chachikulu. Malamulo amalamuliranso bajeti ndipo angakane kutsimikizira kuikidwa kwa kazembe. M’mayiko ena, bungwe la malamulo lingapereke chilolezo ndi kuchotsa bwanamkubwa pa nkhani ya kusamvera. Kuwonjezera apo, makhonsati angapereke malamulo amene amachepetsa ulamuliro wa kazembe kapena amene amalinganizanso mabungwe a boma m’njira zimene bwanamkubwa sagwirizana nazo.

Kufufuza za Chiŵeruzo

Ngati bwanamkubwa akuchita zinthu mosemphana ndi lamulo kapena kuswa ufulu wa munthu, nzika kapena bungwe lokhazikitsa malamulo angam’sunge mlandu.

Malire a Boma la Maboma Ogwirizana

Lamulo la U.S. ndi lamulo la boma limakhazikitsa zoletsa kwa akazembe a boma. Mwachitsanzo, Supremacy Claus imatanthauza kuti malamulo a boma sangawombane ndi lamulo la boma. Boma la bomalo lingasiyenso kupereka ndalama kuti ligwirizane ndi miyezo ya boma. Pulezidenti angalamulire National Guard, kuchotsa lamulolo. M'malamulo ena monga ngati kusamuka ndi malamulo a malo okhalako, malamulo a boma akutsekereza kachitidwe ka boma.

Maganizo a Zandale ndi a Anthu Akusintha

Maboma amasankhidwa ndi anthu ndipo amayang’anizana ndi masankho anthaŵi zonse. Zosankha zosatchuka zingatsogolere ku kugonjetsedwa pa masankho kapena kukumbukira masankho m’maiko ena. Magulu okondwerera nthaŵi zonse amafufuza zochita za kazembeyo, kupangitsa kuŵerengera. Mawu m’maiko ambiri amaletsanso munthu aliyense wosakwatira kukhala ndi udindo mpaka kalekale, kutsimikizira kusintha ndi malingaliro atsopano.

Zitsanzo za Mphamvu za Bwanamkubwa

Kumvetsetsa mphamvu zongoyerekezera nkofunika, koma zitsanzo zenizeni za dziko zimasonyeza mmene akazembe amachitira ulamuliro. Nazi zochitika zingapo zodziŵika:

  • Kupereka ndalama zapepala: mu 2023, Kazembe Gavin Newsom wa California adalemba ndalama zingapo za pulojekiti pa nkhani kuyambira pa ufulu wa antchito mpaka malamulo a nyumba, kukonza zotsatira za malamulo m'malamulo a democratic-democratic com
  • Kukhazikitsa magawo apadera: Mu 2021, Bwanamkubwa Greg Abbott anaitana magawo angapo apadera kuti apereke malamulo oletsa kuvota ndi mapu osintha, kukakamiza bungwe la malamulo kusumika maganizo pa nkhani zimenezo.
  • Akuluakulu oika oyang'anira: Kazembe wa New York Kathy Hokul anakhazikitsa woweruza wamkulu watsopano ndi akuluakulu angapo a boma pambuyo pa kukwera kwake ku ofesi, kusonyeza kusintha kwa njira ya kachitidwe ka lamulo.
  • Kukhululukira kobwezera: Kazembe Ron Desantis wa Florida anapanga mitu yankhani kaamba ka kupereka chikhululukiro kwa anthu opezedwa ndi mlandu wina monga mbali ya chiweruzo chaupandu kuwongolera zoyesayesa.
  • Zowopsa zowonetsera: Mkati mwa Mphepo Ian mu 2022, Bwanamkubwa wa Florida Ron Desantis analengeza mkhalidwe wangozi, anasonkhezera National Guard, ndi kugwirizanitsa chivomerezo chatsoka ku mabungwe ambiri.

Kuphunzira Nkhani: Olamulira ndi Olamulira a COVID-19 Pandemic

Mliriwu unaonetsa mphamvu ya kachitidwe ka ngozi yochuluka ndi yochepa. Maboma a boma monga New York, California, Michigan, ndi Ohio anapereka malamulo a akuluakulu amene anatseka mabizinesi, zophimba, ndi mabungwe ochepera. Malamulo ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri anatsutsidwa m'khoti, kutsogolera ku maulamuliro amene anayambiranso kwa akazembe ena pamene anali kutsimikizira ulamuliro wa ena. Mwachitsanzo, Bwalo Lapamwamba la Wisconsian linaka bwanamkubwa Tony Evers, lolamulira kuti iye anaposa mphamvu zake zangozi. Nkhaniyi imasonyeza kuti ngakhale panthaŵi ya tsoka, mphamvu ya kazembeyo imayang'aniridwa ndi makonzedwe a boma apadera.

Boma Lisinthasintha Mphamvu ya Gubernatorial

Palibe maboma aŵiri amene amapatsa mphamvu zofanana kwenikweni kwa bwanamkubwa wawo. Akazembe ena ali pakati pa amphamvu koposa m'dzikolo, pamene ena amagwira ntchito ndi zopinga zazikulu. Mwachitsanzo, kazembe wa New York ali ndi mphamvu zoikizira, chivomezi champhamvu, ndi ulamuliro wangozi waukulu. Mosiyana ndi, kazembe wa Texas ali ndi mphamvu zoikizira (akulu ambiri amasankhidwa okha), palibe mzera wa chigawo chilichonse, ndi nyumba yachigawo imene imaletsa mphamvu za boma. Kazembe wa North Carolina alibe mphamvu pa malamulo operekedwa ndi malamulo, akumapanga kuti akhale mmodzi wa ofooka kwambiri m'nkhani za ulamuliro wa boma. Kusemphana kumeneku kumasonyeza kusiyana maganizo kwa boma lililonse kwa chikhalidwe ndi mbiri ya zandale ndi zochitika za mbiri yakale.

Zomwe Zikuchitika Masiku Ano ndi Mtsogolo mwa Mphamvu ya Kugunda

Zotsatirapo zingapo zikuumba ntchito ya bwanamkubwa m’zaka za zana la 21. Choyamba, kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo a akuluakulu kwakula kwambiri, makamaka m'madera amene malamulo a boma akutsekeredwa. Akuluakulu akugwiritsa ntchito mosagawanika kukonza kusintha kwa nyengo, kusamuka, ndi thanzi la anthu. Chachiwiri, ntchito yomakulakula ya boma yayambitsa mikangano ndi maboma, kutsogolera olamulira kukhazikitsa ufulu wa maboma ndi kutsutsa malamulo a boma m’khoti. Kachitatu, malamulo akupitirizabe kukonzanso dziko; pafupifupi maboma 36 amakhazikitsa malire pa akazembembe, amene angachepetse kukwera kwa mphamvu ya boma koma amasonkhezeranso malingaliro atsopano. Pomalizira pake, kukwera kwa nkhani za manyuzipepala ndi maola 24 kwachititsa kuti akaze ndunawo kukhala ndi udindo wawo, kuwalola kuchotsa malo awo a kuyendera wailesi yamwambo ndi kulankhulitsa anthu wamba.

Kumaliza

Mphamvu ya kazembeyo ndi mbali yaikulu ya ulamuliro wa Amereka. Kuzindikira malire ndi malire a ulamuliro wa gawo ndi machitidwe, kumaphatikizapo maulamuliro, malamulo, ndi ntchito zachiweruzo. Pamene kuli kwakuti ali oyenera kuyang'anira bwino kuchokera ku makhoti, makhoti, ndi anthu, ofesiyo idakali maziko a mphamvu ya ndale zadziko ndi njira zatsopano. Kumvetsetsa malire a ulamuliro wa gabuloni kuli mfungulo kumvetsetsa mmene maboma angagwirire ntchito(ndipo ndi mmene angagwirizanirane ndi mavuto a mtsogolo. Kaya kupyolera mu ndandanda ya kampando, kapena kampando wapamwamba, nduna zidzapitirizabe kuumba miyoyo ya nzika zawo m’njira zazikulu.