Nyumba ya malamulo imachita mbali yaikulu yosinthira kutsatsa malonda ndi chidziŵitso cha anthu. Mwakutsata malamulo ndi malamulo, amasankha mabungwe amene makampani ayenera kugwira ntchito, kutsimikizira kuti kusatsa malonda ngoona, si onyenga, ndi otsata bwino. Mphamvu imeneyi ya malamulo imakhudza mwachindunji mtundu ndi kulondola kwa chidziŵitso chimene ogula amalandira, kutheketsa kupanga zosankha ndi kulimbikitsa chidaliro mwa maluso a malonda. Popanda uyang'aniro wa malamulo, machitidwe onyenga angakule, kuvulaza ogula ndi kululuza. Nkhaniyi imafufuza ntchito zosiyanasiyana za malamulo oyendetsera ntchito, kupenda malamulo aakulu, kusungitsa, ndi mavuto amene akupitirizabe kuperekedwa mwa kusintha kwa makompyuta.

Maziko a Lamulo la Kulengeza

Malamulo a lamulo a malamulo a kutsatsa malonda amapangidwa pa malamulo opangidwa pa milingo ya boma, boma, ndi malo a komweko. Mu United States, lamulo lalikulu la boma ndilo Federal Trade Commission ya mu 1938, imene inalenga Federal Trade Commission (FTC) ndi kuipatsa mphamvu yoletsa machitidwe oipa kapena chinyengo kapena machitidwe kapena machenjera m'zamalonda. Pazaka makumi angapo zotsatira, Nyumba ya Maulamuliro inakulitsa mphamvu za FTC mwa kukonzanso zonga ngati Federal-Lea, imene imaletsa “kadyerero kapena machitidwe kapena machenjera a malonda. Momwemonso, maiko ambiri atengera malamulo otetezera ofala amene a malonda kuti akhazikitse miyezo ya malonda, kujambula, ndi kujambula. Nyumba ya malamulo ya malamulo yofotokoza chinyengo, ndi kufalitsa zachinyengo, kukhazikitsa mabodza alamulo a lamulo a lamulo la lamulo la lamulo.

Kuphunzitsa Choonadi

Malamulo otsatizana ndi choonadi ali pakati pa ziŵiya zazikulu za lamulo zotetezera ogula. Malamulo ameneŵa amafuna kuti kusatsa malonda kukhale kowona, osati kosokeretsa, ndipo, ngati kuli koyenera, kochirikizidwa ndi umboni wa sayansi kapena wotsimikizirika. “Zotsogolera za Kugwiritsira Ntchito kwa Endorestémentes ndi TextInialisms . Zimapereka zitsanzo zatsatanetsatane za zimene zimapanga chinyengo. Kampani siinganene kuti chinthu chili“ chotsimikiziridwa bwino” pokhapokha ngati chili ndi maphunziro odalirika a sayansi ochirikiza. Nyumba ya malamulo imathandizanso ma a makampani kufuna chithandizo cha thanzi, chitetezo, ndi maluso otsatsa malonda. Kulephera kuletsa zilengezo, malamulo abwino, kapena kutsatsa malonda, kutsa malonda onse, kuphatikizapo wailesi, ndi wailesi, wailesi, ndi wailesi.

Zofunika Zosadziŵika Bwino

Malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri amafuna otsatsa malonda kukhala ndi “maziko oyenera” kaamba ka zonena zotsimikizirika asanafafanizidwe. Lamulo limeneli, lodziŵika monga lapansi, ndilo maziko a FTC yosungitsa. Otsatsa malonda ayenera kukhala ndi umboni wochirikiza uthenga woperekedwa kwa ogula. Mlingo wa kutsutsa kofunikira kukhoza kusiyanasiyana malinga ndi mtundu wa zonena – mwachitsanzo, kunena za mapindu a zaumoyo ofuna kupima kwa sayansi, pamene kuli kwakuti malingaliro ake monga “laŵa bwino” angadalire pa zofufuza za ogula. Mwa zofunikira zapamwamba za ogulitsa malamulo, malamulo amatsimikizira kuti otsatsa malonda sangapange zonena zosatsimikizirika zimene zingasokere anthu.

Kulemba ndi Kusunga Zofunika

Malamulo amalamulanso chidziŵitso chachindunji chimene chiyenera kuwonekera pa mapepala a zopangapanga ndi m'zotsatsa. Ziyeneretso zimenezi zimapatsa ogula mphamvu yopanga kuyerekezera ndi kutsimikizira ngozi. Ku United States, Fair Packarching ndi Leating Act (FPLA) ikufuna kuti katundu wa ogula alembedwe ndi utali wa khonde, kuzindikiritsa zakudya, mafuta, mafuta, maboskodibosi, ndi zinthu zina zomanga thupi. Ziyenerezo zilipo kaamba ka mankhwala, zodzoletsa zakudya, zakudya, ndi zinthu zina za m'nyumba. Chikalata cha European Union chikalata cha : NELECY [NELEFUFUF: (EGUGUP))) (Eglatementations , mafuta, sodium, ndi ziŵiromenti zina zofunikira kulengeza zinthu zonse. Zikalata zoyenerera za m'dziko lamphamvu, ndi mankhwala owonjezera, zikalata zogwirizana ndi zopanga zakudya.

Dziko Lokhala ndi Anthu Ochuluka

Dziko la dziko la orijini lolemba dzina (COOL) ndi lamulo lapadera limene likuyambukira zinthu zambiri, makamaka zakudya, zovala, ndi galimoto. Malamulo onga ngati lamulo la U.S. Lam'ajaji la 1930 amafuna kuti nkhani iliyonse ya chiyambi chachilendo ikhale ndi dzina la Chingelezi la dziko lake. Malamulo ayamba kutsutsana za kuphatikizidwa kwa zofunika za kuvumbula za ntchito zokakamiza kapena zopangidwa m’madera amene muli ntchito yotsutsana. Cholinga chake ndicho kulola ogula kupenda malamulo a chikhalidwe ndi malo awo ogulira zinthu. Mphamvu ya malamulo yofuna mapepala otere imasonyeza chigamulo chachikulu cha anthu kuti kuonekera kwa zinthu zodziŵika bwino kwa malonda nkofunika m'misika.

Kulamulira Ntchito Zina

Mafakitale ena amayang'anizana ndi kupenda kokulira chifukwa cha kuthekera kwa kuvulaza kwa ogula kapena kucholoŵana kwa zinthu zawo. Malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri amakhazikitsa malamulo otsatsa malonda oyenerera amene amapyola pa miyezo ya chowonadi ndi yochirikiza. Mwachitsanzo, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) imalamulira kupititsa patsogolo kwa mankhwala oletsa kugulitsa, kufunikira kuti kutsatsa malondawo kupereke malongosoledwe oyenera a ngozi ndi mapindu, kuphatikizapo “kutsatsatsa kumbuyo kwa kumbuyo kwa zinthu zapansi ndi kuchirikizana. Makampani a fodya amaletsedwa ndi ziletso zachinsinsi pa malamulo a banja oletsa kuletsa kusuta ndi kuletsa kuletsa kuletsa kugulitsa fodya, zimene zimaletsa kulengeza kunja pafupi ndi sukulu ndi kuchenjeza koonekera bwino. Momwemo, kutetezera ndi makampani onse aŵiri ochirikiza kutetezera zinthu za boma ndi malamulo, kaŵirikaŵiri amaletsa kuchirikiza kutsatsa malonda ndi kugulitsa malonda kwa ndalama zambiri.

Kuteteza Anthu Ovutika

Malamulo akhala akutetezera nthaŵi zonse magulu osoŵa chitetezo kwambiri ku maluso otsatsa malonda. Mwachitsanzo, ana, satha kuzindikira cholinga chokopa kuchokera ku chidziŵitso chenicheni, kuchititsa maulamuliro ambiri kuika malire okhwima pa kusatsa malonda. Ana a Television Act ya 1990 mu U.S. amachepetsa nthaŵi ya malonda pa maprogramu a ana ndipo amafuna malo operekera maphunziro. [FL:0] Ana a Onn Livition Protection Act (COPPA) [A] amayang'aniranso zopereka chidziŵitso chaumwini kwa ana pansi pa 13, ndipo amayambukira mwanjira ina imene otsatsa malonda angapezere omvetsera achichepere. Ku Ulaya, ku , kulengeza kwa zolengeza zakudya zapamwamba, kapena kudyetsatsa malonda a shuga, ana, kutetezeranso ana, ndi okalamba, ndi kuchepetsa kwachidziŵitso cha ndalama, ndi kutsatsatsa malonda wamba, kungasonyeze kuti kutsimikizira bwino kwa okhoza kufalitsa malonda osochezeka bwino ndi osokeretsedwa ndi osavuta kufalitsa malonda osokeretsedwa.

Kulengeza kwa Anthu Achikulire ndi Anthu Okhala ndi M’gulu Lapamwamba

Nzika zazikulu kaŵirikaŵiri zimasungidwa ndi kusatsa malonda achinyengo kapena osocheretsa, makamaka pa zinthu zaumoyo, kubwerera m’malo a nyumba, ndi mwaŵi wa zoikizira. Malamulo ayankha mwa kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amaumiriza kupenda kwambiri zimene zanenedwa kwa achikulire. Mwachitsanzo, Seniornior Citizence Against Marketing Scams Act m'mayiko ena amaika zilango zinanso zachinyengo za ogulitsa amene kwenikweni akuluakulu. Momwemonso, Federal Tranti Commission, monga dipatimenti yopanga makampani amene amagwiritsira ntchito “machenjera kapena zochita zachinyengo zotsutsana ndi anthu wamba. Malamulo ambiri amafunanso kulengeza kopeka mawu oonekera poyera m'za malonda a za ndalama zovuta, kutsimikizira kuti ogula achikulire sakwiriri m'mapepala okongola.

Zonyenga ndi Kukakamizidwa

Mphamvu yalamulo siimangoikidwa kukhazikitsa malamulo; imakhazikitsanso njira zosungira malamulo. Malamulo amapanga, ndalama, ndi mphamvu za mabungwe monga FTC, FDA, ndi maloya a boma maofesi aakulu kuyang'anira madandaulo, kubweretsa zochita zotsutsana ndi ophwanya malamulo, ndi kukhazikitsa zilango. Kukakamiza kungatenga mitundu yambiri – kuleka malamulo ndi malamulo a boma oletsa kuphwanya malamulo a boma chifukwa cha chinyengo chachikulu. M'mayiko ambiri, malamulo a boma amaperekanso ufulu waumwini wa zochita, kulola ogula kusungirira makampani kulipira zowonongedwa kuchokera ku kusatsatsa malonda konyenga. Malamulo a boma angayambitse zivulazo zaching'ono. Kugwira ntchito kulikonse kwa lamulo la kutsatsa malonda pa malamulo ogwirizana, kumene kumadalira pa kuchirikiza kuyendetsa malamulo ndi kuyendetsa malamulo ogwirizana bwino. Ngati malamulo a The Jenearter akusonyeza kuyendetsa malonda, ndi kutsatsa malonda, ngakhalenso kutsa malonda, kutsa malonda kwa polisi, kofala, kotsa malonda, ndi kutsa malonda, kofala, ndipo kutsa malonda, kotsa malonda, kofala.

Malipiro ndi Kulephera

Malamulo anakhazikitsa chilango cha kuswa malamulo a kusatsa malonda. Ku United States, FTC ingafune chilango cha boma cha $4,792 pa tsiku chifukwa cha kuswa malamulo ena, monga Makalata, Internet, kapena foni Orderder Merchandise Launce. Boma “FTCC'ng'onong's . Imalola ziwonongeko zachisawawa ndi ndalama za aloya a boma. Bungwe la European Union’s Unifair Commercing Practics Directives Directives likufuna mamenti a mamenti a “kuthandizira, kugwirizanitsa, kuchotsa ndi kuchotsa [1] Zilango za . Moonjezo, malamulo akufufuza za kugwiritsa ntchito kwa mafashoni zapamwamba mogwirizana ndi ndalama za kampaniyo, kutsimikizira kuti makampani aakulu ayang'anizira zotsatira za phindu. Chilango cha chilango cha chikhoteretso chachikulu chika cha chigamu chachikulu.

Kutsatsa Mafoni ndi Makompyuta

Kusintha kwa wailesi kwasintha mofulumira kwa mlingo wa kutsatsa malonda kwatsutsa malamulo amwambo. Kutsatsa malonda, kugula zinthu, ndi kutsatsa malonda mwa njira yapamwamba kwachititsa nkhaŵa zatsopano zokhudzana ndi kubisa zinthu, kugwiritsa ntchito, ndi kuonekera. Malamulo padziko lonse akuyankha ndi malamulo atsopano amene amalamulira mwachindunji njira zotsatsira malonda. Bungwe la European Union’s General Data Protection Reggate Legamement (GPR) Akufuna kuti makampani avomereze asanapange chidziŵitso chaumwini, ndipo apatsa anthu ufulu wa kuchotsa kutsatsatsa malondawo. Mapangano a bungwe la Western Union amakhazikitsa malamulo apadera pa mabisike ndi maluso ena ofanana ndi ena. Ku United States, Consumption Act (CPA) ndi kutsatira malamulo ake atsopano, kuwonjezera mfundo za ufulu (CCCPP), ndi kuyendetsa malamulo a kugulitsa zinthu za ku kampani a kampani yamakono, kuwonjezera njira za ku United States ndi kuchirikiza kutsatsatsa malonda kwa kampani ya ku United States (S, Chigalamu la Speditionsss kuwonjezera kwambiri, kuyendera kuyendera mfundo zake kwa

Kutsatsa Amalonda ndi Otsatsa Malonda Awo

Malamulo adafunikiranso kulongosola kuchuluka kwa zolembedwa zoperekedwa zimene zimafanana ndi zinthu zolembedwa. FTC yapereka zitsogozo zofunikira kusonkhezera ndi kutumiza zikalata zoululira bwino mayanjano akuthupi . ndiko kuti, ndalama kapena maunansi alionse amene angayambukire kulemera kwa kuvomereza. Kulephera kuvumbula kugwirizana koteroko kungachitidwe monga mchitidwe wonyenga. Maziko a malamulo ameneŵa ali m'chiletso cha FTC Act cha malamulo a chinyengo. Nyumba zina za malamulo, monga Falansa, zapereka malamulo ofunikira kuti zisonkhetse zisonkhetse zokweza malonda monga “potopeze . [kutembenuza]. Malamulo a United States olengeza za ulamuliro (AS) asungidwa pansi pa malamulo ofanana ndi Conservition of Universair. Zoyesayesa zimenezi zimagogomezera ntchito za kuchirikiza kuyendetsa ntchito kwa oyendetsa ntchito za boma.

Malingaliro a Padziko Lonse Okhudza Kulengezanso

Lamulo la kutsatsa malonda siligwirizana padziko lonse; limasonyeza chikhalidwe cha dziko lililonse, zinthu zofunika zachuma, ndi miyambo yalamulo. Ku United States, njirayi imasonyeza kwambiri choonadi m'kutsatsa malonda ndi mpikisano, popanda kuletsa kwenikweni zinthu zotsatsatsa malonda (kusiyapo zinthu monga ndudu). Mayiko ambiri a ku Ulaya ali ndi miyambo yambiri ya upapa, kuletsa kapena kuletsa kwambiri kutsatsa malonda a mowa, kutchova juga, ndi zakudya zosapatsa thanzi. Canada amagwira ntchito yophatikizapo malamulo a m'boma ndi a chigawo, kuphatikizapo kutchonder Act ndi a chigawo cha ogulitsa. Pa kubuka kwa chuma, malamulo amakono a malonda akugwira ntchito ndi miyezo ya dziko lonse. Bungwe la International Commeter of Mentes (IC) limapereka dongosolo lodzifunira, koma bungwe la mayiko a m'dziko lonse la kugwiritsa ntchito kwa kuyendetsa ntchito kwa mayiko osiyanasiyana malamulo otsatsa malonda.

Mavuto Amene Tikukumana Nawo M’tsogolo

Mosasamala kanthu za malamulo ambiri otsatsa malonda, mabwalo a malamulo amayang'anizana ndi mavuto osatha. Kusintha kwa luso kaŵirikaŵiri kumathetsa njira za malamulo, kusiya mipata imene oseŵera oipa angagwiritsire ntchito. Kuchuluka kwa maluso, kupeputsa, ndi maluso ovuta kwambiri akuchititsa maupandu atsopano amene malamulo omwe alipowo angakhale osamveka. Malamulo akulimbana ndi mmene angayendetsere “njira zachinsinsi” , – kupanga njira zimene ogwiritsa ntchito mwachinyengo kuchita zinthu zotsutsana ndi zofuna zawo, monga kukonzanso kobisika kapena mautumiki ovuta kuwonjezera. Kugwiritsira ntchito ubongo ndi kuchititsa malingaliro kusoŵa kwa malingaliro kumakhala kodabwitsa. Kudalirana kwa anthu kumapitirizabe kupitirizabe kuchititsa anthu kufunafuna ndi kuvomereza. Kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa kutsata kutsatsa malonda kodabwitsa, kumangodalirana ndi kutsatsa malonda kwa kudziko lina mchitidwe kwa ena kwa anthu. Kudalira pa malamulo otsatsa malonda kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ena kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kuchirikiza kuchirikiza kuchirikiza kuchirikiza kuchirikizana kwa kutsatsatsa kwa kuchiritsa, kutsatsatsa kwa kutsa kwa kufalikira kwa ku kutsa kwa kutsatsa kwa kutsa kwa

Pomaliza, ntchito ya bungwe la malamulo yoyang'anira kutsatsa malonda ndi chidziŵitso cha anthu n’njamphamvu ndiponso n’njaikulu. Mwa kukhazikitsa miyezo ya choonadi yosintha, kutchula zofunika, malamulo apadera a maindasitale, ndi chitetezo kwa anthu ovutika, makhonsati amapanga malamulo amene amathandiza malonda abwino ndi oona mtima. Madongosolo okhazikitsa malamulo amapereka mano ameneŵa, pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo akusintha maluso atsopano ndi maluso otsatsa malonda. Pamene kusatsa malondawo kukupitiriza kusintha, nyumba ya malamuloyo idzakhala patsogolo potsimikizira kuti ogula alandire chidziŵitso cholondola ndi chowona chimene amafunikira kuti apange. Mphamvu ya bungwe lopanga malamulo siisintha; ndi mphamvu yaikulu imene imatetezera chidwi cha anthu onse pamalonda ogulitsa.

[[FLT : 0] kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, fufuzani Pangano la Fateral Trade Commission [[FLT :2], EU Fonir Commercial Tractures Directive , ndi CD ya chuma [[FLT]]