Maboma ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu umene umasintha mbali iliyonse ya moyo wanu wa tsiku ndi tsiku, kuyambira pa kuchuluka kwa madzi amene mumamwa kufikira pamlingo wa liŵiro pa ulendo wanu, sukulu zimene ana anu amapitako, ndi njira zaumoyo zimene zimapezeka pamene mukudwala. Komabe anthu ambiri samalingalira za malamulo amene amapereka malamulo a mphamvu zimenezi, kapena mmene kuchita mokangalika ndi malamulo a boma kungapangire kusintha koonekera bwino m’midzi yawo. Chitsogozo chothandiza chimenechi chimasintha mtundu wa mphamvu za dziko, chimafufuza mphamvu zawo m’mbali zazikulu za moyo wa anthu, ndipo chimapereka njira zowonekera bwino zimene mungatengere kuti mukhale wodziŵa ndi wogawana bwino m’boma.

Kodi Maulamuliro a Boma Nchiyani?

Maulamuliro a boma ndi alamulo ndi maulamuliro a boma osungidwa ku boma limodzi lokha pansi pa Malamulo a U.S.. Mosiyana ndi boma la boma, limene lili ndi mphamvu za boma zokhazo zimene lipatsidwa ndi Malamulo, maboma ali ndi mphamvu zambiri, zapolisi zamphamvu zolamulira thanzi, chisungiko, makhalidwe, ndi ubwino wa anthu onse okhala m’dziko. Malamulo ameneŵa ndi Olamulira [malamulo] , amene amalengeza kuti: "Maulamulirowo amene saperekedwa ndi Malamulo a United States, kapena oletsedwa ndi boma, amasungidwa ku United States, kapena kusungidwa kwa anthu onse." Kukhazikitsa lamulo la ufulu wa dziko — dongosolo limene lili ndi ulamuliro wa dziko lonse la dziko lonse, limodzi, ndi magulu audindo osiyanasiyana.

Khoti Lapamwamba la United States lamasulira chikalata cha Tenth Amendment kutetezera ulamuliro wa boma m’madera ambiri, kuyambira malamulo a upandu ndi maphunziro ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malo ndi malamulo a banja. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, kulinganiza pakati pa mphamvu za boma ndi boma kwasintha mwa malamulo, zigamulo za khoti, ndi malamulo alamulo. Mwachitsanzo, Commerce Claus (Artle I, Chigawo 8) chagwiritsidwa ntchito kufutukula boma kuti lifike kumadera onga malamulo a malo okhala ndi miyezo ya ntchito, komabe likukhazikitsa ufulu wa kumbali zimenezi kupyolera m'maprogramungwe a boma logwirizana. Kumvetsa maziko a malamulo a malamulo ameneŵa ndi njira yoyamba yodziŵira chifukwa chimene zosankha zanu za boma kaŵirikaŵiri ziliri zofunika kwambiri kuposa zimene zapangidwa ku Washington, DC.

Kuti afufuze lemba lenileni la Demendment ya khumi ndi Federali Mapepala amene anaiumba, chezerani Conrect .gov Constitution yolembedwa.

Mbali Zazikulu za Maulamuliro Adziko

Ngakhale kuti pali ndandanda yochuluka ya maudindo a boma, mbali zimene zimachitikira anthu a ku America ndi monga maphunziro, chithandizo cha zaumoyo, kayendedwe, chitetezo cha anthu onse, ndi malamulo a malo okhala.

Maphunziro

Maboma ndiwo oyendetsa madalaivala oyambirira a K-12 ndi maphunziro apamwamba. Malamulo alionse a boma amalamulira kukhazikitsa dongosolo la sukulu za boma, ndi mabungwe a boma, mabungwe a maphunziro, ndi madipatimenti a maphunziro okhazikitsa miyezo ya maphunziro, makiniki, kuŵerengera ophunzira, ndi kuŵerengera sukulu. Mwachitsanzo, maboma amagwiritsira ntchito miyezo yonga ya Common Core State Core State (kape mabaibulo osinthidwa) ya Chingelezi, kuyambitsa mayeso a boma monga ngati Smatept kapena STAAR, ndi kugamula zofunika zofunikira kumaliza maphunziro. Ndalama ndizofunika kwambiri — zikumapereka pakati pa 40% ndi 60% ya ndalama za sukulu kupyolera ndalama kupyolera ndalama zambiri pakati pa zigawo zachuma ndi zaumphaŵi. Malinga ndi malamulo a sukulu opanga mapulogalamu aposachedwapa. Malinga ndi [FL: 0]

Kupitirira Kne12, maboma amayang'anira mayunivesite a anthu onse ndi makoleji a anthu, kukhazikitsa mafomu a zaumoyo, kuvomereza, ndi kupatsa ndalama zofufuzira. Maphunziro a boma ndi kupatsa maprogramu — monga Georgia’s HEREL Scholarship kapena Cal Grant — kupanga maphunziro apamwamba kukhala opezeka kapena osafikirika kuchokera ku kumene mumakhala. Mu 2024, maboma angapo anasamuka kuti achotse madeti a pakoleji kaamba ka ntchito za boma, kusintha msika wa ntchito ya mamiliyoni. Mphamvu youmba pa kavalo kuchokera ku sukulu kumka ku ntchito ya California imakhala ndi malikulu a boma.

Kusamalira thanzi

Boma limayang'anira pafupifupi mbali iliyonse ya kupereka chithandizo ndi ndalama. Mwa mphamvu zawo [[FLT: 0], likulamula madokotala, manesi, zipatala, nyumba zodwalira, ndi malo ena osamalira zaumoyo. Iwo amayang'aniranso misika ya inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo, kuonetsetsa kuti apereketseretsa ntchito zaumoyo, ndipo angapereke malamulo oyendetsera ntchito zina monga kuchiritsa kwa maganizo, kusamalira kwa mwana, kapena kulera. Affordable Carect (ACA) akuuza kuti afutukule Mdi — programu ya boma la United States - Supt — ndi chosankha cha kuwonjezera (kaya) kukhuthula modabwitsa. Monga 2025, [FLD:] Kalter Famis Famitten Active Active Act (AA) akulengeza kuti anthu a Médiodol, osawonjezedwa ndi anthu mamiliyoni ambiri, ndipo akutulukapopo.

Umoyo wa anthu onse ndi mbali ina yaikulu. Madipatimenti a zaumoyo amayang'anira matenda, makampani a katemera, amayi ndi ana, ndi kuchitapo kanthu pa kuyambika kwa matenda. Mliri wa CHOVID-19, akazembe a boma anatulutsa malamulo a panyumba, malamulo a kubisa, ndi ziyeso za katemera, kusonyeza maulamuliro aakulu a zaumoyo amene ali ndi mavuto a zaumoyo. Kuwonjezera apo, maboma amayang'anira zopereka mankhwala, kuyang'anira maprogramu a chamba, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kutha kwa moyo wa moyo ndi kuchotsa mimba. Kusamalira kwaumoyo kutanthauza kuti ziyambukiro zaumoyo wa munthu zingasiyane modalirana ndi mkhalidwe umene amakhala.

Zoyendera

Madipatimenti a boma a zoyendera (DOTS), kumanga, ndi kusungitsa unyinji wa njira za dzikolo, maulalo, masiteshoni, ndi madongosolo a zaulendo. Boma la boma limapereka ndalama kupyolera ku Highway Trust Fund ndi maprogramu onga Indracture Investivement ndi Jobs Act (IJA), koma amasankha mmene angalinganizire ntchito, kuika malire, kukhazikitsa malamulo a oyendetsa galimoto, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a pamsewu wa pamsewu. Msonkhoma ndi galimoto zimasunga ndalama zambiri zolipirira ndalama za zoyendera. Mwachitsanzo, 2024, mayiko angapo (kuphatikizapo Colorado, Minnesova, ndi Washington) amavomereza kuti abweze ndalama zoyendetsera msewu kapena zoyendera za oyendetsa ntchito za galimoto kuti achotse ndalama za msonkho wa mafuta, zokhudzana ndi kulipira ndalama zambiri zimene ayendetsa galimoto amalandira.

Kuyenda kwa anthu onse — mabasi, njanji yopepuka, njanji yoyenda, — kulinso kwakukulukulu thayo la boma ndi la kumaloko. Madziko onga California ndi New York agwiritsira ntchito mabiliyoni m'kufutukulidwa kwa zoyendera, pamene kuli kwakuti ena atsutsa ndalama, kutsogolera ku kusiyana kwakukulu m'njira zoyendera. Federal Highway Administration imapereka guidance ndi data imene imanena kuti igwiritsire ntchito ntchito mayendedwe, koma mkhalidwe weniweni wa tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku umadalira pa zosankha zopangidwa ku likulu ndi mpando wanu wa boma.

Chitetezo cha Anthu Onse

Maboma amagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zazikulu kumasulira ndi kukakamiza lamulo laupandu, kugwira ntchito kwa apolisi a boma, kuyang'anira zigonjetso, ndi kuyang'anira dongosolo la zangozi. Boma lililonse lili ndi malamulo ake a upandu, chilango, ndi zitsogozo zopereka chilango — zotsogolera ku kusiyana kwakukulu m'miyezo ya kuikidwa, malamulo a anamgoneka, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito chilango cha imfa. Butureau of Justice Statistics [[FLM:1] Ziganizo zimenezi, zikuwona kusiyanako kukusonyeza kuti kumangidwa kwa Louisiana ndi Oklahomas ndi Omas ndi ku Massachusetts ndi Mainee, kusonyeza zosankha zalamulo zapadera.

Makhoti a boma — kuyambira ku makhoti aakulu — amasamalira milandu yambiri ya mlandu, kuphatikizapo kugamula milandu, malamulo a banja, kuvulala kwa munthu, ndi milandu yambiri yaupandu. Maloya a boma amaweruza kuswa lamulo la boma ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'anira kutetezeredwa kwa ogula, kudalirana, ndi ntchito zosungitsa zachilengedwe. Mabungwe oyang'anira za zadzidzidzi amalinganiza ngozi ndi kuchitapo kanthu, kuyambira pa mphepo zamkuntho ndi moto mpaka zochitika zowombera. M’zaka zaposachedwapa, malamulo a boma asinthanso malamulo a chitetezo chapoyera olamulira otetezera, apolisi, ndi kuŵerengera mlandu, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zankhondo, zikuyambukira mwachindunji mmene nzika za m’madera awo zimamvera kukhala zotetezeka.

Kusintha kwa Malo Okhala

Pansi pa malamulo a boma a malo okhala onga Clean Air Act and Clean Water Act, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Udindo wa kusungitsa kukhazikitsa kupyolera m'njira yotchedwa ulamuliro. Maboma amene amalandira ulamuliro amakhazikitsa miyezo yawoyawo ya mpweya (pansi panthaka ya boma), kutulutsa zilolezo za kutulutsa mafakitale, kuyang'anira maprogramu a madzi abwino, ndi kuyang'anira kutaya zinyalala. Maboma atenganso chitsogozo pa kusintha kwa nyengo — California, mwachitsanzo, kuyendetsa kapetikedwa kwake kwa [1]trade program, amakhazikitsa miyezo ya galimoto imene ili yolimba kwambiri kuposa ya boma, ndi yofunikira kubwezeretsa mphamvu.

Mabungwe a boma osamalira malo osungirako zachilengedwe amayang'anira ntchito ya kukonza malo osungirako malo, nkhalango, ndi nyama. Kukongola kwa madzi anu akumwa, udongo wa mtsinje wanu, ndi kupezeka kwa mapaki ndi malo achilengedwe zonsezo zimasonkhezeredwa kwambiri ndi malamulo a boma. EPA’s tsamba la chigawo ndi makhonsati a munthu aliyense amene akufuna kuphunzira za maprogramu a boma lake.

Chiyambukiro cha Mphamvu za Boma pa Moyo Wanu wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku

Mphamvu za boma si chinthu wamba, koma zikuonekera m’njira zosaoneka masiku ano.

Maphunziro

Sukulu imene ana anu amapitako imafotokozedwa ndi malire a kupezeka pasukulu yokhazikitsidwa ndi boma, ndipo imachirikizidwa ndi njira yolembedwa ndi bungwe la boma lokhazikitsa malamulo, ndi kutsata malamulo a bungwe la zamaphunziro. Maphunziro amene amaphunzira, mabuku amene amagwiritsira ntchito, ndi mayeso amene amachitidwa onse amagamulidwa ndi boma. Ngati mwana wanu afuna maphunziro apadera, kupezeka ndi kulimba kwa mautumikiwo kumadalira pa ndalama za boma ndi kuyang'anira. Maphunziro apamwamba — kaya mungalipirire pa koleji popanda ngongole yowononga — zimadalira pa mayunivesite a boma ndi kukhalapo kwa maprogramungwe a chithandizo a boma.

Kusamalira thanzi

Mukapita kwa dokotala, laisensi ya boma imene sing'anga ndi kuika malamulo a bungwe lochita opaleshoni , mwachitsanzo, kaya madokotala angapereke mankhwala okha. Makonzedwe anu a inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo, kaya bwana wanu, Medicaid, kapena ku ACAId, amayendetsedwa ndi dipatimenti ya inshuwalansi ya boma. Ngati mukufuna kupatsidwa katemera kapena kuonetsedwa kwa anthu, dipatimenti ya zaumoyo ya boma imalinganiza kupezeka.

Zoyendera

Madzulo anu amayendetsedwa ndi malamulo a boma (kuphatikizapo liwiro la galimoto ndi zofunika zapampando), misewu ya boma, ndi magetsi a m’misewu oyendetsedwa ndi malamulo a boma. Mkhalidwe wa misewu imene mumayendetsa ndi wotsatira mwachindunji wa madongosolo a boma a DOT ndi ndalama. Ngati mukwera sitima kapena basi, njira yoyendera imagwira ntchito ndi ulamuliro wa boma wopangidwa ndi . Ngakhale mtengo umene mumalipira pampope umayendera ndi misonkho ya gasi ya boma — imene imasiyana ndi masenti 14 pa lini imodzi ku Alaska kufika pa 60 sentisting ku California ndi Illinois.

Chitetezo cha Anthu Onse

Ngati mukumana ndi lamulo losungidwa, maofesala a boma amene amalamulidwa ndi malamulo a boma ogwiritsira ntchito usilikali, kufunafuna, ndi kugwidwa, ndi njira zomangira. Kutetezereka kwa mudzi wanu kumadalira pa njira zapolisi ndi chuma zimene boma limagaŵira madipatimenti akwanu. Ngati muli mkhole wa upandu, malamulo a boma amasankha mmene wolakwayo amaperekedwera mlandu ndi kugamulidwa. Pa ngozi yamwadzidzidzi — chigumula, moto wadzidzi, kapena chivomezi — bungwe la boma loyang'anira zangozi limachititsa ndi kukonza ndi kukonzanso, kupulumutsa miyoyo ndi katundu.

Kusintha kwa Malo Okhala

Mpweya umene mumapuma umayendetsedwa ndi masiteshoni a mpweya apamwamba ndi kutulutsa mphamvu ya mafakitale ndi mafakitale. Madzi oyenda kuchokera kumpope yanu ayenera kuyenderana ndi madzi akumwa a boma, amene kaŵirikaŵiri amapitirira pa zofunika za boma. Mapaki ndi malo obiriŵira pafupi ndi nyumba yanu amayang'aniridwa kapena kuyendetsedwa ndi mabungwe a boma. Maprogramu a Recycketing, malamulo ochotsera zinyalala, ndi kuletsa mapulasitiki ogwiritsa ntchito [1] ndi zinthu zapafupi. Mafakitale akawonongeka, boma limayang'anira ntchito yoyeretsa ya 24up.

Mmene Mungagwirizanitsire ndi Maulamuliro a Boma

Kuzindikira kuti mphamvu za boma zimakhudza mbali iliyonse ya moyo wanu kuli sitepe loyamba; lotsatira ndi kuphunzira mmene mungatengere mbali mogwira mtima m'zochitika za ndale zadziko ndi za nzika zimene zimaumba maulamuliro amenewo. Maboma, mwa kulinganiza, n’kotheka kwambiri kwa nzika wamba kuposa boma lolamulira. Nazi njira zokhoza kuchitapo kanthu:

  • Admid ndi kutengamo mbali m'misonkhano yapoyera. Nyumba za malamulo za Boma, mabungwe a maphunziro, makampani a zaumoyo wa anthu, ndi akuluakulu a zoyendera amaweruza anthu pa malamulo ndi ma bajeti operekedwa. Kulankhula pa milandu imeneyi — ngakhale mwachidule — kungasonkhezere zosankha. Misonkhano yambiri njotseguka kwa anthu ndipo ingakhalenso ndi zosankha za ndemanga zakutali.
  • Kukumana ndi oimira a boma ndi oimira boma lanu. Opanga malamulo a boma ali ndi thayo la kulembedwa malamulo amene amakhudza maphunziro, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, misonkho, ndi zina zambiri. Kuitana kapena kutumiza maofesi awo papepala lapadera ndi imodzi ya njira zogwira mtima kwambiri zodziŵitsira mawu anu. Ogwira ntchito a komiti ya malamulo a njira zolankhulirana ndi anthu, ndipo mafoni angapo olingalira angachotsere voti ya wopanga malamulo.
  • Kuvota m'zisankho za boma. [FLT :1] Turmout m'masankho a boma — makamaka kwa kazembe, nyumba ya boma, loya wamkulu, ndi oweruza — kaŵirikaŵiri n’ngwotsika kuposa m’zaka za pulezidenti, kutanthauza kuti voti yanu ili ndi kulemera kwakukulu. Maboma ambiri tsopano amapereka chisankho cha voti pa Intaneti, kuvota koyamba, ndi kutumiza makalata kuti apeputse kutengamo mbali. Pendani ofesi yanu ya boma kaamba ka malamulo akutiakuti.
  • Kudziloŵetsa kapena kuchirikiza mabungwe a boma. Magulu onga League of Women Voters, Common Cemive, ndi State ~ CODE COMPLE Office ndi kuchirikiza malamulo a boma. Kudzipereka kapena kupereka kwa magulu ameneŵa kumagwirizanitsa mphamvu zanu kuposa zimene munthu mmodzi angakwaniritse.
  • Gwiritsirani ntchito nyengo zonena za anthu pa malamulo a mabungwe. Pamene makampani a boma apereka malamulo atsopano (m.g., zilolezo za malo okhala, masinthidwe aukatswiri, malamulo a zaumoyo wa anthu), ayenera kufalitsa chidziŵitso ndi kulandira ndemanga zapoyera kwa nyengo yoikiziridwa. Kupereka ndemanga zopeka bwino kungasinthe lamulo lomaliza. Masebusi onga .gov ndi kunena kuti zikhale zomveka.
  • [1] Kuthamangira ku ofesi yakwanuko kapena ya boma. Komiti ya Sukulu, bungwe la mizinda, konsi ya boma, ndi mipando ya boma ya malamulo yatseguka kwa nzika wamba ndi chikhumbo cha utumiki wa anthu. Mpata woloŵamo ngwaung'ono kuposa mmene ambiri amaganizira, ndipo chiyambukiro chingakhale chachikulu.

Kumaliza

Maboma si maulamuliro a boma ongoyerekezera; iwo ndiwo makina enieni amene amasankha mkhalidwe wa moyo wanu wa tsiku ndi tsiku — maphunziro a ana anu, kukhoza kwanu kusamalira thanzi, misewu imene mumayenda, chisungiko cha mudzi wanu, ndi malo okhala ozungulira inu. Mwakumvetsetsa mmene maulamuliro ameneŵa amagwirira ntchito ndi kuphunzira mmene angagwirizanitsire nawo, mukhoza kuchoka pa kukhala wolandira malamulo a boma ndi kukhala wochirikiza wachangu m’kuukonza. Nthaŵi zambiri boma limalamulira mitu ya nkhani za m’nyuzi, koma zosankha zimene zikuyambukirani mwachindunji zinapangidwa m’boma, mipando ya chigawo, ndi mabwalo a tauni. Mukhoza kuphunzira malamulo a boma lanu, kutsatira malamulo ake, ndi kupanga mawu anu. Moyo wanu wa tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku — ndi moyo wanu wa m’chitaganya ndi moyo wanu — ndi zigamu za boma lanu limakutsimikizirani kukhala zinthu zofunika.