Mphamvu ndi mfundo yaikulu m’ndale, kusonkhezera zosankha, kulamulira, ndi kapangidwe ka chitaganya chonse. Kumvetsetsa chimene mphamvu imatanthauza m’nkhani zandale kuli kofunika kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi mofanana. Komabe liwulo nlosavuta monyenga: lili ndi miyandamiyanda ya tanthauzo limene limasintha malinga ndi kaonedwe ka zinthu, myeso, ndi nthaŵi ya mbiri yakale. Nkhaniyi ikupenda mafotokozedwe enieni, maziko anthanthi, kusonyezedwa kwa mabungwe, ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa makhalidwe andale, kutengera zitsanzo kuchokera ku dziko lonse ndi ku maphunziro amakono.

Kutchula Mphamvu za Ndale

Pa maziko ake aakulu, mphamvu m'ndale ndiyo kukhoza kuyambukira khalidwe, zikhulupiriro, kapena mwaŵi wa ena, kaŵirikaŵiri kukwaniritsa zolinga zapadera. Wasayansi wandale zadziko Robert Dahl motchuka anafotokoza mphamvu ya A kukhoza kuchita chinthu chimene B sangachite. Malingaliro a kugwirizana kumeneku amaona mphamvu mwachindunji, yowoneka pakati pa ojambula. Komabe, akatswiri onga Steven Lukas atsutsa kuti mphamvu imagwiranso ntchito m’njira zosadziŵika bwino: mwa kukhazikitsa (kuchotsa nkhani zina pathebulo) ndi kupyolera mwa mphamvu ya pa Protopy (kupangitsa anthu kuona kuti ngakhale zimene akuona monga zofuna zawo).

Mphamvu imaonekera m’mitundu yosiyanasiyana, iliyonse imakhala ndi njira zosiyana zopezera mphamvu:

  • Mphamvu ya Chiwonjezeko: Kugwiritsira ntchito kapena kuwopseza kwa mphamvu, kuopseza, kapena ziletso kuti agwirizane. Kulamulira kwa boma pa chiwawa chovomerezeka, monga momwe Max Weber anafotokozera, kuli mtundu wotheratu wa mphamvu yosonkhezera.
  • Legitimate Power: Ulamuliro wodziŵika monga woyenera kwa omvera ake. Umenewu ndi mphamvu ya akuluakulu osankhidwa, mafumu, kapena oweruza amene akugwira ntchito m’malamulo.
  • Mphamvu ya Expert: Chisonkhezero chochokera ku chidziŵitso chapadera, maluso, kapena zitsimikizo. Ganizirani za eni mabanki amene amakhazikitsa chiwongola dzanja kapena akatswiri a zaumoyo oumba njira zaumoyo wa anthu.
  • Mphamvu ya Repent Power: Mphamvu imene imachokera ku kusirira, kukopa, kapena kuzindikiritsa kwaumwini. Atsogoleri ankhanza onga Martin Luther King Jr. kapena Nelson Mandela anali ndi mphamvu zazikulu.

Mwachitsanzo, nduna yaikulu ingaphatikizepo ulamuliro wovomerezeka ndi malangizo a akatswiri a antchito a boma ndi kuthandizidwa ndi apolisi ndi asilikali, pamenenso ikufuna kuchonderera anthu kuti athandize anthu.

Malingaliro Oipa a Mphamvu za Ndale

Akatswiri andale akhala akutsutsana kwa nthaŵi yaitali kuti adziŵe mmene zinthu zilili, kugaŵira, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za ulamuliro.

Kukonda zinthu

Chiphunzitso cha Plavical chimanena kuti mphamvu zandale zadziko zimafalikira pakati pa magulu ambiri achifunitso opikisana . . Makampani, maukwati, magulu achipembedzo, magulu a kulera ana ndi kuletsa . "kupanda gulu limodzi lomwe lingalamulire . M'dziko la demokrase, lamulo la anthu limayambira pa kukambirana ndi kulolera molakwa, ndipo nzika zingayambukire zotsatirapo mwa kuvota ndi kulinganiza. Komabe, osuliza kuti si magulu onse amene ali ndi chuma chofanana kapena kulowa, ndi kuti zikondwerero za kampani kaŵirikaŵiri zimakhala ndi chisonkhezero chochepa.

Kukhulupirira kuti munthu ali ndi matenda a m’thupi

Elite, wogwirizanitsidwa ndi ziŵerengero zonga Gaetano Mosca, Vilfredo Pareto, ndi C. Wright Mills, akutsutsa kuti gulu laling'ono, logwirizana kwa anthu . "kapena ngati chuma, nkhondo, kapena ndale zadziko, ziri ndi mphamvu yeniyeni, mosasamala kanthu za njira zademokrase. Zosankha zimene zimakhudza ambiri zimapangidwa ndi anthu oŵerengeka, amene ali ndi zikondwerero zofanana, ndi mayanjano. Lingaliro limeneli limathandiza kulongosola kusalingana kopitirizabe kwa ndale ndi zigamulo ndi ziyambukiro za ndale zadziko.

Chirashi

Malamulo a Classic Marx posit akuti mphamvu imazikidwa pa kulamulira njira zopangira zinthu. Chiphunzitso cha zachuma [1] amene ali ndi mafakitale, malo, likulu , [1] determine ilo landale ndi la malingaliro. Pansi pa chikapitolizimu, boma limagwira ntchito monga chiŵiya chochirikizira ulamuliro wa bourgeousie. Akatswiri a zachuma monga Antonio Gramsci anawongolera kawonedwe kameneka ndi lingaliro la hegemony: mphamvu inasungidwa osati kokha mwa mphamvu koma mwa chivomerezo cha malingaliro, kumene magulu apamwamba akuvomereza kagulu la anthu a m’dziko monga lingaliro lolamulira.

Chiphunzitso cha Kufuna Kukwatira

Afiminist akuyamba kulamulira amagogomezera mmene amuna amasinthira maunansi andale zadziko, ponse paŵiri m'mabungwe alamulo ndi m’moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Amatchula za kuchotsedwa kwa mbiri kwa akazi pa malo audindo, kuchotsedwa kwa ntchito yosamalira, ndi njira za dongosolo la makolo zopanga. Mafrigatorial feminimism . "" Opalemental fenism yopangidwa ndi Kimberlé Crenshaw . Imasonyeza mmene mphamvu imagwirira ntchito mosiyana ndi ziphaso za amuna, fuko, gulu, ndi kugonana. Afiministism amagogomezeranso [[FLT:] mphamvu zosintha mphamvu monga mtundu wofiira wa mphamvu yomanga mphamvu imeneyo.

Chiphunzitso ndi Nkhani

Wosonkhezeredwa ndi Michel Foucault, nthanthi zapambuyo pa kulembedwa kwa mapologalamu amalingalira mphamvu osati kukhala ya munthu koma monga chinthu chofalikira, chofala chimene chimagwira ntchito mwa nkhani, chidziŵitso, ndi njira zoperekera chilango. Mphamvu imatulutsa anthu ndi choonadi: imagwiritsiridwa ntchito m’makalasi, zipatala, ndende, ndi zoulutsira nkhani, osati m’mabwalo a malamulo. Lingaliro limeneli limalimbikitsa akatswiri kupenda mmene chinenero ndi kusanthula (mzera, "chigaŵenga," "mpanduki," "rope" imapanga maufumu a Hierariaria ndi kutheketsa ulamuliro patali.

Mphamvu Zochuluka za Mphamvu za M’ndale

Madongosolo osiyanasiyana amapanga zinthu zimene zimayambukira zinthu zonse kuyambira pa kupanga malamulo mpaka kukhazikitsa ufulu wa anthu.

  • [[FLT: 0] Mphamvu ya Democracy: Imachokera ku chivomerezo chofala chosonyezedwa mwa masankho aulere ndi oyenera. Maufumu kwenikweni amasonyeza kulekana kwa maulamuliro, ajuli odziimira, ndi zitetezero za ufulu wa anthu ochepa. Komabe, ngakhale ma democracy okhoza kuyang'anizana ndi mavuto monga ngati chisonkhezero cha ndawala, kupondereza, ndi kulanda akuluakulu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Mphamvu ya kusanthula: imaikidwa mwa mtsogoleri mmodzi, junta, kapena chiwiya chimodzi. Kukana kumatsekerezedwa mwa kusanthula, kuyang'anira, ndi kukakamiza. Zisankho, ngati zisungidwa, sizili zaufulu kapena zolungama. Maboma a a aunithorititeria amasiyana kuchokera ku maufumu a monarchy ndi ankhondo kufikira ku maboma amodzi monga China.
  • [[FLT: 0] Chitotaliyani : Kusiyanasiyana kopambanitsa kwa ulamuliro wa areathority kumene boma limafuna kulamulira pafupifupi mbali iriyonse ya moyo wapoyera ndi waumwini . "Ufulu, mwambo, maphunziro, banja, chipembedzo, kupyolera m'nthano ndi kuwopsa. Zitsanzo za mbiri yakale zimaphatikizapo Germany ndi Soviet Union pansi pa Stalin.
  • [[FLT: 0] Féreralism : Mphamvu imagawidwa mwalamulo pakati pa boma lapakati ndi maboma achigawo kapena boma. Kakonzedwe kameneka kamafalitsa ulamuliro, kumalola kuyesa kwa kumaloko, ndi kuteteza magulu a anthu ochepa. United States, Germany, ndi India ndi madongosolo a boma otchuka.

Maboma ambiri lerolino amagwira ntchito m’njira zophatikizapo ndi zinenero zina — monga, kusankhidwa kwa ulamuliro wa authoritarianism kapena demokrase yopanda lamulo ya demokrase imene imagwirizana ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu kochitidwa mwadongosolo. Kumvetsetsa zimenezi nkofunika popenda ndale zadziko zamakono.

Ziŵiya za Mphamvu ya Ndale Zadziko

Mphamvu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwa njira zosiyanasiyana zochitira zinthu, ndipo mfundo yofunika kwambiri pa zinthu zimenezi ndi ulamuliro wa boma, chuma, kukakamiza, kukopa, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chidziŵitso.

Mabungwe ndi Ulamuliro wa Augariya

Mabungwe a boma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mphamvu ya Chuma

Mabungwe, anthu olemera, ndiponso mabungwe a zamalonda angapereke ndalama, kulimbikitsa anthu kuti apereke malamulo, kuopseza anthu kuti athane ndi makampani, kapena kuyambitsa nkhani za anthu onse.

Mphamvu ndi Nkhonya

Boma limakhala ndi ulamuliro pa chiwawa chovomerezeka . . . . Ngakhale kuti likhoza kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake mwalamulo, kuyambira pa nkhanza za apolisi mpaka kulanda asilikali, likhozanso kulepheretsa kuvomerezedwa ndi kuchititsa anthu kukana. Ochita masewera a Non PNGstate, kuchokera ku magulu oukira apandu, akugwiranso ntchito mogwirizana.

Kukopa ndi Mabodza

Maboma amagwiritsira ntchito zoulutsira mawu, maphunziro, ndi maunansi a anthu kuumba malingaliro a anthu ndi kumanga chivomerezo. M'nyengo ya manambala, maprojekiti a formation, ma system-driven , ndi kulinganizika kwa papula kwakhala malo atsopano ankhondo yolamulira chidziŵitso. Lingaliro la la mphamvu , lopangidwa ndi Joseph Nyate, limafotokoza kukhoza kukopa ndi kukopa ndi kutsendereza m'malo mwa kukakamiza chikhalidwe, mfundo, ndi mapangano.

Mphamvu m’Maunansi a Padziko Lonse

Pampambo wa dziko lonse, mphamvu imagwira ntchito pakati pa maboma, mabungwe a boma, makampani osiyanasiyana, ndi madongosolo a maiko osiyanasiyana. Nthanthi za Realist zigogomezera maluso akuthupi: nyonga yankhondo, kutuluka kwa chuma, kukula kwa malo, ndi anthu. Nthanthi zachibadwidwe zimagogomezera kufunika kwa mabungwe apadziko lonse, malonda, ndi miyambo yogwirizana. Opereka zikondwerero amapenda mmene chindunji, malingaliro, ndi nkhani zimapanga chimene maboma amawona kukhala champhamvu kapena choyenerera.

Bungwe la United Nations Security Council, lapereka mphamvu kwa mamembala asanu osatha . . Komabe kusintha kwamakono, monga kuchuluka kwa Intaneti, kuchuluka kwa makampani apadziko lonse, kutsutsa mphamvu zamwambo. Mphamvu zofewa, ulamuliro wa makompyuta, ndi kulamulira kwa makampani zakhala maziko a boma lamakono.

Mphamvu Zandale Zochuluka

Mphamvu yopanga zinthu nzovuta kwambiri, koma akatswiri apanga zizindikiro zoyerekezera chisonkhezero cha ndale zadziko m’maiko onse ndi nyengo za nthaŵi.

  • Zitsanzo zachikomyunizimu: Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo Fragile States Index (kusanthula mphamvu ya boma ndi kuyenera kwa boma), Economist Intelligence Unity’s Democracy Index, ndi Varieties of Democracy (V93DEM).
  • Bridget ndi antchito: Ukulu wa ndalama zowonongedwa ndi boma, chiŵerengero cha antchito a boma, ndi ukulu wa mautumiki a anthu umasonyeza kufika kwa mphamvu ya boma.
  • Oseŵera: Chiŵerengero ndi kusiyana kwa malingaliro a oseŵera amene pangano lawo limafunikira kaamba ka kusintha kwa malamulo, kutsatira ntchito ya George Tsebelis.
  • Kupenda foni: Kugwirizanitsa maunansi pakati pa anthu apamwamba, makampani, ndi opereka mapangano a ndale zadziko kuvumbula mphamvu ya zomangamanga yobisika kwa anthu.

Palibe milingo imeneyi imene ili yabwino, koma pamodzi imathandiza kudutsa pamlingo wolinganiza zinthu.

Kutsutsa ndi Kutsutsa ­ Mphamvu ya ­

Mphamvu siimakhala yopanda malire; nthaŵi zonse imayang'aniridwa ndi mitundu ya kutsutsa. Kuchokera ku chitsutso chamtendere ndi kusamvera kwachiŵeniŵeni ndi kusokoneza ndi kuukira, anthu ogonjera ku ulamuliro angasinthe. Lingaliro la mphamvu ya kuŵerengera limalongosola mphamvu ya magulu apamwamba kutsutsa magulu aakulu ndi kupanga nyumba zina.

Magulu a mbiri yakale amasonyeza mphamvu imeneyi. Kagulu ka ufulu ku United States kanagwiritsa ntchito njira yosaukira kuukirana kwa mafuko ndi kusintha kwa malamulo. Arab Spring ya 2010] [Nyengo ya] [1] [2] Zionetsera mmene makampani olankhula ndi anthu angagwirizanitse zitsutso zotsutsana ndi maulamuliro anthaŵi yaitali. Posachedwapa, , kusinthitsa kwa Blo kwa moyo wa anthu ndi # Too[FLT:]

Kukana kumachitidwanso mwa njira zosadziŵika bwino za tsiku ndi tsiku — footfooddrag, miseche, siledi, marekodi obisika (liwu la James Scott) — amene amachirikiza ulemu ndi umodzi pansi pa chitsenderezo.

Kuganizira ndi Kupatsa Mphamvu Mwanzeru

Kodi ndi liti pamene kukakamiza anthu kuti akhale ndi mphamvu pa nkhani zandale kuyenera kulangidwa?

Afilosofi a Plato ndi Aristotle mpaka Yohane Rawls ndi Hannah Arendt alimbana ndi nkhani zimenezi.

  • Umboni: Malamulo monga masankho, kupenda komiti, ndi ombudsts amayesa kuchititsa mphamvu kukhala ndi mlandu. Koma mphamvu zamwamwayi , kuyang'anitsitsa kwa anthu, kulira jnipng àpang .
  • Kutseguka kwa malamulo a boma, ufulu wa chidziŵitso, ndi kusanthula kwapoyera kuchepetsa kukongola kumene kumatheketsa nkhanza.
  • Particotion : Kuphatikizidwa kwatanthauzo kwa anthu oyambukiridwa m'chosankha chopanga [1] kulinganiza ndalama zothandizira, misonkhano ya nzika, kapena mabungwe a ntchito.
  • Resprict: Kuzindikira upandu wa mphamvu yosumika, zolinganiza za malamulo zimaphatikizapo macheke ndi zipimi, kulekana kwa maulamuliro, ndi chitetezo kaamba ka ufulu wa anthu.

Kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu mwamakhalidwe kumafunanso kudzipereka ku kunena chowonadi ndi kulemekeza ulemu.

Kufufuza za Mlandu wa Pambuyo Pake

Bungwe la Chisungiko la United Nations

Bungwe la Security ndi malo odziŵika kwambiri a ndale zamphamvu. Mamembala ake asanu okhazikika . Chitchana, France, Russia, United Kingdom, ndi United States . Iliyonse imasunga zigamulo zapansi pa chigawo cha Nazi. Mabungwe aŵiriwa amasungitsa kukhazikika (mwa kuletsa nkhondo yamphamvu zazikulu) ndi kuchirikiza kusalingana (mwakutsekera pa mapu a mphamvu ya mphamvu ya ulamuliro wa 1945). Zoyesayesa za kusintha, monga kufutukula ziŵalo zachikhalire kuphatikizapo India, Brazil, kapena maiko a mu Afirika, zasonyeza mmene mphamvu zozikika zimatsutsira kubwereranso.

Kugwira Ntchito Mwachisawawa ndi Kupanga Ndalama za Mkupiti ku United States

Mu U.S., Bwalo Lapamwamba Citizens United chigamulo cha (2010) chinachotsa malire ambiri pa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zandale, kumasula ndalama zambiri kwa makampani ndi anthu olemera. Ma Great PAC, magulu a ndalama zopanda phindu, ndi kusintha kugwirizana pakati pa boma ndi maindasitale kumasonyeza mmene mphamvu zachuma zimasinthira kukhala zolamulira. Ofufuza akusonyeza kuti malamulo amasonyeza kukonda kwa anthu apamwamba pa zachuma kuposa a nzika wamba.

Kulankhulana ndi Anthu ndi Kusinthasintha Zinthu

Mabungwe monga Meta, X (yemwe kale anali Twitter), ndi Google ali ndi mphamvu yoposa zonse pa nkhani ya anthu. Marom jekiransi awo amasankha zimene zikusintha, malamulo awo amaika malire a mawu ovomerezeka, ndi zolemba zawo zimasintha mipata ya ndale zadziko. Chipwirikiti cha Capitol, kufalikira kwa mawu osokonekera a COVID 7619, ndi makampani otsutsa kugawa kwa mphamvu m’manja mwa anthu.

Kumaliza

Kuzindikira mphamvu m'ndale nkofunika kumvetsetsa kuvuta kwa kulamulira ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe. Mwa kupenda ziphunzitso zosiyanasiyana, madongosolo, ndi zochitika ndi kufufuza kwa zandale zadziko . Kuyambira pa nthanthi zamakono za magetsi ndi malo a nkhondo amakono ndi maluso angayamikire bwino lomwe masinthidwe a mphamvu zandale zadziko. Mphamvu siibwino mwachibadwa kapena yoipa; ndiyo chiŵiya chimene chingagwiritsiridwe ntchito kumasula kapena kulamulira, kumanga kapena kuwononga. Kuzindikira mapangidwe ake, magwero, ndi mphamvu ndiyo njira yoyamba yoloŵeramo, kaya monga nzika, akatswiri, akatswiri, kapena atsogoleri.

Kuti muŵerenge mowonjezereka, talingalirani Encyclopedia ya Plato yoloŵa m'zandale zadziko pa mphamvu [1], nkhani ya Max Weber yotchuka "Malamulo monga Vocation ," ndi malongosoledwe a panthaŵi ino a VÍM Institute ya chidziŵitso chakuya. Kumvetsetsa mphamvu sikuli kuyesayesa kwa maphunziro okha [1]