Mfundo Zoyamba: Njira Yodzikhululukira Yolamulirana

Malamulo a kupima ndi kulinganiza amaikidwa mu Malamulo a U.S. monga njira yotetezera nthambi iliyonse ya boma kuti isatole ulamuliro wosatseguka. Abambo Okhazikitsidwa, akujambula panthanthi yandale ya Montesquieu ndi kuzoloŵera kwawo mwachindunji ndi kulephera kwa nyumba ya malamulo ya Briteni, kulinganiza kapangidwe ka ka kapangidwe ka malegislati (Conreverative), Superstiat (Prent), ndi Justicial (Supreme Court), nthambi iliyonse ili ndi mphamvu ndi mathayo. Nthambi iliyonse ili ndi mphamvu ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana, koma iliyonse ili ndi zida zofunikira kutsutsa, kapena kuchotsa ntchito zina. Yakobo adatsutsa motchuka mu [FLD: 0] No. "Flactive"

Lingaliro lalikulu nlakuti palibe nthambi imene ingachite popanda kuyang'anira kapena kutsutsa kothekera. Nyumba ya Malamulo imalemba malamulo, koma Pulezidenti angawasunge; Pulezidenti amaweruza, koma Nyumba ya Malamulo imatsimikizira; Bwalo Lapamwamba limamasulira malamulo, koma Nyumba ya Malamulo ingathe kuwathetsa kapena kukhazikitsa zigamulo za lamulo. Dongosolo limeneli silinalinganizidwire kutetezera ufulu. Kumvetsetsa mmene mayanjano ameneŵa amagwirira ntchito m’mbiri yeniyeni ndi nkhondo za malamulo kuli kofunika kumvetsetsa kulimba ndi kutha kwa demokrase ya ku America.

Chitsanzo 1: Kukhazikitsa Judicial Review – Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Pamene kuli kwakuti sikunayambike kuchokera ku mkangano wachindunji pakati pa nthambi za mkulu ndi zalamulo, mlandu wa Supreme Court [FLT: 0] Marbury . Madison ndi chitsanzo cha maziko a macheke ndi mamiyeso chifukwa chakuti inakhazikitsa lamulo la kupenda [[FLT:].

Mkanganowo unayambika ndi mapangano a Pulezidenti John Adams omalizira a oweruza a Federalist. Boma la Thomas Jefferson lobweralo linakana kupereka ena a maodawo, linachititsa William Marbury kum'kazembe wa Boma James Madison. Woweruza wamkulu John Marshall adayang'anizana ndi vuto: ngati analamula bungwe loperekedwa, a Jefferson anganyalanyaze, kufooketsa ulamuliro wa Khoti; ngati akana kukana kumva mlanduwo, iye anavomereza kuti Khoti silingayang’ane mkuluyo.

Marshall anatha mwanzeru kulengeza kuti gawo la Chilamulo cha Judiciary la 1789 lolola Marbury kusungirira mwachindunji ku Khoti Lalikulu linali losemphana ndi malamulo. Mwa kuswa lamulo loperekedwa ndi Congress, khoti linatsimikizira mphamvu yake yomasulira malamulo monga lamulo lalikulu la dzikolo.

Kukhudza Macheke ndi Kulinganiza

Chigamulo chimenechi chinakhazikitsa chigamulo chachikhalire cha judia . . . . chisatha kuletsa ntchito za Congress kapena Pulezidenti amene amapitirira malamulo. Chisatsabe chida champhamvu kwambiri chimene chija chokhala nacho kuyang'ana nthambi zina. Popanda mabury v. Madison , Khoti Lapamwamba lingakhale ndi ulamuliro wosankha milandu yonga United States v. Nixton .[FLT: 3] kapena [FL:] FB. Selius[FL:]

Chigwirizano cha Kunja: [[FLT: 0] National Archives – Marbury . Madison (103) [[FLT: 1]

Chitsanzo 2: Buku la Andrew Johnson (1868)

Kuvomereza koyamba kwa pulezidenti wa United States anakhazikitsa mkangano wachindunji pakati pa nthambi za malamulo ndi akuluakulu. Pulezidenti Andrew Johnson, Democrate wa Kum’mwera yemwe analoŵa mmalo Abraham Lincoln, anatsutsana mobwerezabwereza ndi Republican Congress yolamulira pa lamulo la Republican lokonzanso. Njira ya Johnson yololera maboma akale a Confederate ndi malamulo ake a ufulu wachibadwidwe zinakwiyitsa Congregation Republicans.

Johnson anafulumira kuswa Act of Office (1867]), zimene zinafuna chilolezo cha Nyumba ya Malamulo pulezidenti asanachotse anthu ena oimira mabwana. Johnson anachotsa Mlembi wa Nkhondo Edwin M. Stanton, wogwirizana ndi Religion Republican, ndi kuyesa kumloŵa mmalo popanda chilolezo cha boma. Nyumba ya Oimira Osankhidwa kuletsa Johnson pa nkhani 11, makamaka chifukwa cha kuswa lamulo limeneli.

Mbali ya Nyumba ya Malamulo Monga Choyang’anira

Nyumba ya Malamulo inaweruza mlandu. Pansi pa malamulo, Nyumba ya Malamulo yokha iri ndi mphamvu ya kugamula mlandu ndi kuchotsa pulezidenti. Johnson anapulumuka ndi voti imodzi – 35 kusakhala ndi liwongo la 19 , kupereŵera kwa magawo aŵiri achitatu ofunikira. Kulakwa kumeneku kunasonyeza kuti kukana kuli chida chandale zadziko, osati njira yaupandu, ndi kuti kuyang'anira kwa Nyumba ya Malamulo kuli koyenera kuŵerengera kwa ndale zadziko. Chochitikacho chinachititsanso kuchepetsa mphamvu ya preziden wa zaka makumi angapo zotsatira.

Chitsanzo 3: The Watergate Scandal ndi United States v. Nixon (1974])

Mwinamwake chitsanzo chamakono chodabwitsa kwambiri cha mayeso ndi kulinganiza chinasonyezedwa pa nthaŵi ya manyazi a Watergate. Maulamuliro a Pulezidenti Richard Nixon anachitapo ndandanda ya nkhanza, kuphatikizapo kuswa kwa 1972 pa likulu la Democratic National Committee ndi kukwera kwake kotsatira. Pamene Congress inayambitsa kufufuza, Nixon anayesa kugwiritsira ntchito mwaŵi wa mkulu wa ntchito kuimitsa tepi ya makaseti a zokambirana zake kwa ofufuza ndi oweruza apadera.

Nkhaniyo inafika ku Khoti Lalikulu mu . Khoti linzake linakana mawu ameneŵa, kugamula kuti pamene kuli mwaŵi waukulu, sikokwanira ndipo liyenera kupereka zofunika za dongosolo la milandu. Woweruza Wamkulu Warren Burger analemba kuti "Siline chiphunzitso cha kulekana kwa maulamuliro, kapena kufunika kwa kubisa matepi a kulankhulana kwapamwamba, kungachirikize mwayi wokwanira, wa prezidenti wa kuweruza milandu m’mikhalidwe yonse."

Mmene Machenjezo Agwirira Ntchito Pano

Congress inagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yake yofufuza ndi kutulutsa mapolona. Oweruza anakakamiza apapa ang'onoang'onowo, akumakhazikitsa malire pa mwaŵi wapamwamba. Pulezidenti anamvera lamulo la Khoti, kutulutsa matepi amene potsirizira pake anasonyeza kuti akuloŵererapo. Kuyang'anizana pafupi ndi kulephera ndi kuchotsedwa, Nixon anachotsapo – pulezidenti woyamba kuchita motero.

Chigwirizano cha kunja: [[FLT: 0] Oyez – United States v. Nixon (1974) [1]

Chitsanzo 4: Afford Care Act and Judicial Review – [[FLT: 0]NFIB v. Sebelius (202)

Pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo inapereka lamulo la munthu aliyense la ku Amereka la kugula inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo kapena chilango. Otsutsa anatsutsa kuti Congress analibe ulamuliro wa malamulo pansi pa Afford Care (ACA) mu 2010, inaimira kuwonjezereka kwakukulu kwa mphamvu ya boma pa zaumoyo. Lamulolo linaphatikizapo lamulo la munthu aliyense la kulamula kuti anthu ambiri a ku Amereka agule inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo kapena kulipira chilango. Otsutsa anatsutsa kuti Commutsira ulamuliro wa Comyunizimu mu Commasme Classias kukakamiza anthu kulowa m'malonda. Mlandu, Dederation of Independeration . Sebelus [FLT:] [FLT:] , anakhala mayeso a bungwe la judiary judiary]

Khoti Lapamwamba, m'chigamulo cha 5-4, linachirikiza lamulo la munthu aliyense koma osati pansi pa Commerce Claus . Mmalomwake, Woweruza Wamkulu John Roberts analemba kuti lamulolo lingalungamitsidwe kukhala msonkho pansi pa mphamvu ya Congress. Khotilo linasiyanso makonzedwe amene akanalola boma kukana ndalama zonse za Medicaid kuchokera ku maboma omwe anakana kufutukula – kupenda kwakukulu kwa bungwe la Congress la zachuma.

Masewera Ambiri

Mlanduwu umasonyeza mmene Khoti Lalikulu limapimira zonse ziŵirizo (mwa kupenda malamulo a lamulo) ndi nthambi ya akulu (mwa kuchepetsa mmene Department of Health and Human Services inagwiritsirira ntchito lamulo). Imasonyezanso kuti Bwalo silimangogwiritsira ntchito mphini ya lamba kapena kuchotsa lamulo; lingasunge lamulo pa maziko osiyana kuposa aja olinganizidwa ndi Congress, mwakutero kuumba malamulo. ACA anapulumuka, koma likulu lake linafotokozedwa ndi Judiary, osati ndi bungwe la malamulo kapena pulezidenti.

Chitsanzo 5: Prezidenti Vetoes ndi Congress

Mphamvu ya veto ndi imodzi ya mayeso olondola kwambiri a Pulezidenti pa Nyumba ya Malamulo. Mfundo I, Chigawo 7 cha Malamulo imapereka kwa pulezidenti masiku khumi kusaina kapena kutulutsa lamulo. Ngati adalemba, lamulolo limabwerera ku Nyumba ya Malamulo, imene ikhoza kuchotsa ndi unyinji wa masuti aŵiri m’zipinda zonse ziŵiri. Mphamvu zamphamvu zimenezi zimakambirana ndi kutsimikizira kuti malamulo ali ndi chichirikizo chachikulu.

Chitsanzo chaposachedwapa chinachitika mu 2015 pamene Pulezidenti Barack Obama anayesa kuchotsa , koma Nyumbayo inagwa pa zofunikira ziŵiri [1] (voti inali 241:186). Veto inaima, kuteteza lamulo la zaumoyo la Obama's Huegation.

Mafuta Ena Ochititsa Chidwi

Kuchiyambi kwa mbiri ya United States, Pulezidenti Andrew Jackson anaimba ndandanda yotchuka ya kupha Second Bank ya United States mu 1832, akumapereka kupenda kwamphamvu kwa mkulu pa malamulo a zachuma. Posachedwapa, Pulezidenti Donald Trump adatulutsa chikalata cha zikalata zambiri za bipartisan zotsekera chithandizo chankhondo ku Saudi Arabia pa kupha kwa Khahoggi, kumene Congress adalephera kuchotsa. Chochitika chilichonse chimasonyeza kuti veto siingokhala mwambo wa pulogalamu ya za zachuma koma kupima kwapansi kwa anthu omwe angapindulitsenso lamulo laponse pamene Pulezidenti ndi Congressstion atsutsa.

Chitsanzo 6: Zimene Nkhondo Inachita Posankha Nkhondo

Chigamulo cha Nkhondo cha 1973 (kuposa Pulezidenti Nixon's vento]) chinali kuyesayesa kwa Congress kutulutsa ulamuliro wake walamulo kulengeza nkhondo pambuyo pa nkhondo zokhalitsa ku Korea ndi Vietnam. Chigamulocho chimafuna Pulezidenti kudziŵitsa Congress mkati mwa maola 48 akutumiza magulu ankhondo ku nkhondo ndi kuchotsa magulu ankhondo mkati mwa masiku 60 pokhapokha ngati Msonkhano uvomereza kufutukulidwa. Lamulo limeneli ndilo kuyang'anira mwachindunji maulamuliro a Pulezidenti monga mkulu wa dziko.

Mwakugwiritsira ntchito, chigamulocho chakhala chotsutsana. Mapresidenti a mbali zonse ziŵiri zanena kuti chimaswa ulamuliro wa akuluakulu, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amatumiza asilikali popanda kufuna chilolezo cha bungwelo. Mwachitsanzo, Pulezidenti Barack Obama's 2011 adapitirizabe kuloŵererapo pankhondo ya pa Libya ya masiku 60 popanda chilolezo cha kukhazikitsa lamulo, kutsogolera ku zitokoso za lamulo. Khoti la boma linagamula kuti boma silinaswe Chigamulo cha Nkhondo chifukwa chakuti ntchitozo sizinali "umboni" m’lingaliro lalamulo – kumasulira kwa lamulo kumene kunaloladi ndunayo kuwonjezera malire a lamulo.

Kuvutika Maganizo

Ngakhale kuti makampani a boma ndi a zaudindo safuna kutsutsa mwamphamvu ntchito ya asilikali, dongosololi likhoza kukhala lopanda nzeru. Komabe, mfundo ya zankhondo ya Socials Commission idakali lamulo loletsa mapresidenti kukambirana, ndipo imapereka malo ochitirako mkangano ndi kuyang’anira, ngakhale ngati kupenda komaliza kungakhale kwandale m’malo mwa lamulo.

Chitsanzo 7: Kusaphunzira kwa Bill Clinton (1998 - 1999)

Pulezidenti Bill Clinton adatsutsa pa unansi wake ndi White Housenn intern Monica Lewinsky ndipo pambuyo pake kuswa milandu ndi kutsekereza milandu. Nyumba ya Oimira, yolamuliridwa ndi Republican, inavotera ku Klinton woimira Clinton mu December 1998 pa nkhani ziŵiri: kulira pamaso pa ajuli aakulu ndi kutsekereza chilungamo. Zimenezi zinasonyeza mphamvu ya Nyumba ya kubweretsa milandu kwa pulezidenti wokhala kaamba ka kunenedwa kukhala wolakwa.

Khoti la Malamulo linamaliza mlandu wolakwa, ndipo mamembala 50 anavotera kugamula mlandu wozengedwa mlandu ndi 50 pa kutsekereza – kufupidwa kwa 67 zomwe zinafunikira kuchotsedwa. Chotulukapo chinatsimikizira kuti njira yokanira ndiyo chida cha ndale zadziko monga chalamulo. Chinasonyezanso kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo, monga munthu womalizira wonena zoona, imakhala ngati kuyang'anira kofunikira kwambiri pa nyumba ya agulu la boma. Clinton anachoka pa ofesi ndi zilo zovomerezeka zazikulu, ndipo nkhaniyo sinaletse boma.

Chitsanzo 8: Khoti Lalikulu ndi Malamulo Otsogolera – [[FLT: 0] Trump v. Hawaii [1] (2017])

Malamulo a akuluakulu amalola Pulezidenti kutsogolera ntchito za boma la boma popanda lamulo latsopano, koma ayenera kupendedwa. Mu 2017, Prezidenti Donald Trump anatulutsa Lamulo la Olamulira 13769, lomwe limatchedwa mofala "kuletsa," kuletsa kuloŵa m'maiko ambiri a Mlamu. Makhoti a Boma anatseka mwamsanga lamulolo pa maziko akuti linaswa Chiyambi cha Claus mwa kuchotsa lamulo la chipembedzo.

Boma linakonzanso dongosololo kambirimbiri, ndipo mlanduwo unafika ku Bwalo Lapamwamba monga Trump . Hawaii [1] [1] (2017]). Khoti linachirikiza kuletsedwanso kwa zoyendera, kutchula ulamuliro waukulu wa Pulezidenti pa kusamuka ndi chitetezo cha dziko. Komabe, chochitikacho chinasonyeza kuti jadiary angaimitse ndi kupenda zochita za mkulu, kukakamiza mkulu wa bungwe kukonza malamulo ake kuti agwirizane ndi malamulo a . Chinagogomezeranso kuti kuyang'anira kwa judiary kulibe kopanda malire; boma lingapambane ngati lilankhula ndi bwalo la khoti.

Chigwirizano cha Kunja: [[FLT: 0] Court Ivisions – Trump v. Hawaii (No. 17-965) [1]

Kumaliza: Kulimba kwa Machesi ndi Kulinganizika

Zitsanzo zenizeni za moyo za mbiri ya United States zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti njira ya kupima ndi kulinganiza si lingaliro lakungoyerekezera m’bukhu. Ndilo kakonzedwe kamoyo, kamphamvu kamene kamasintha nthaŵi zonse m'mavuto, zitokoso za lamulo, ndi kukambitsirana kwa ndale zadziko. Kuyambira kukhazikitsa kwa kupenda kwachiweruzo mu 1803 kufikira nkhondo zaposachedwapa za malamulo a akuluakulu a boma ndi kusintha kwa zaumoyo, nthambi iliyonse yayesa mphamvu zake ndi kusonkhezera ena.

Dongosololo nlopanda ungwiro. Nthaŵi zina Pulezidenti waposa mphamvu zawo; Nyumba za Malamulo nthaŵi zina zalephera kuyang’anira wopambanitsa; nthaŵi zina oweruza akhala ochedwa kuchitapo kanthu. Komabe, nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi, dongosolo la malamulo lapereka njira zowongolera. Impeachment, vetoes, oweruza, Power Resolution, ndi njira yotsimikizira zonsezo yakhala yotetezera mphamvu zosalamuliridwa.

Kuzindikira njira zimenezi kumathandiza nzika kuzindikira chifukwa chake Malamulo a ku United States adapirira kwa zaka zoposa mazana aŵiri. Ilo linapangidwa kusapangitsa boma kukhala losavuta, koma kupangitsa upo kukhala wovuta. Pamene dzikolo likuyang'anizana ndi mavuto atsopano — kuyambira pa kuyang'anira kwa makompyuta kufikira ku mphamvu ya kulamulira mu nyengo yogaŵanika – zitsanzo za mbiri yakale zimenezi zimatikumbutsa kuti kulinganizika kwa mphamvu kuyenera kusungidwa mosamalitsa ndi nthambi zonse zitatu ndi wofufuza wodziŵa bwino.

Kuti muŵerenge mowonjezereka, [[FLT: 0] Mfundo za Chivomezi patsamba pa macheke ndi malingana zimapereka kufupikitsa. Sanete's jastry’s project imapereka nkhani yowonjezereka.