Milandu ya boma ndiyo maziko a njira yothetsera mkangano ku United States ndi malamulo ena ambiri ofala. Pamene anthu, makampani, kapena mabungwe satha kuthetsa kusamvana kwawo, amatembenukira kumakhoti kukafuna mankhwala oletsa mwalamulo. Mosiyana ndi milandu ya upandu, imene imaperekedwa ndi boma kuti ilange machimo, milandu ya boma imaperekedwa ndi mabungwe achinsinsi (kapena kuti nthaŵi zina mabungwe a boma a m’manja mwa boma a boma a m’manja mwa boma) kuti apeze malipiro, kuchita zinthu zinazake, kapena lamulo. Ulendo wopereka chidandaulo ku chigamulo cha chigamulo ndi wolinganizidwa, lamulo lolamulidwa ndi malamulo a boma pa zigawo zonse ziŵiri. Kuzindikira njirayi sikofunika kwa akatswiri a zalamulo okha koma kwa aliyense amene angakhale woyenerera kusungidwa kapena woyang’anizana ndi chiweruzo.

Kupenda Malamulo a Chiŵeniŵeni

Chipani china chimayamba kuweruza mlandu pamene chipani china chachiŵeniŵeni, (chigamulo) chikuyamba pamene chipani china cha munthu china, woimbidwa mlanduyo ((wawawa) wachititsa kuvulazidwa mwa kuswa ntchito, kuswa ufulu, kapena kulephera kuchita ntchito. Malamulo amene angapangitse suti yachiŵeniŵeni n’ngokulira, kuphatikizapo kunyalanyaza, kuswa, chinyengo, kuipitsa, kulakwa, kulakwa, kulakwa, ndi kusaŵerengeka kwa ena. Cholinga cha wolakwa ndi kuphwanya malamulo amene amalamulira milandu ya boma n’kutsimikizira, kuwala, ndi kuchuluka kwa ndalama, koma nthaŵi zina kulephera kuchotsako: lamulo la khoti lofuna kuimbidwa kapena kuletsa kuchita kanthu kena. Chifukwa chakuti zikhoza kukhala zapamwamba ndi za ndalama zambiri, ndi mbiri yabwino, ndipo kugamula mlandu womalizira, kugamula mlandu womalizira, ndi kugamula mlandu.

Kuthamanga kwa Zinthu

Chiyambi cha lamulo la mlandu wa boma chimachitika pamene wolunjika apanga collectt ndi khoti loyenerera. Chikalata chimenechi chimagwira ntchito monga kuchonderera, kukhazikitsa zikalata za mtsogoleri ndi maziko alamulo opezera chithandizo. Njira yolembayo si kungopereka pepala; imaphatikizapo zosankha zanzeru ponena za kumene mungasunge, zimene mukufuna kuphatikizapo, ndi mmene mungaperekere mfundozo.

1. Kukonzekeretsa Kudandaula

Kuchepetsa kudandaulako kumafuna kupenda mosamalitsa nsonga ndi lamulo.

  • Zinenezo ndi malamulo: Maina a zipani ndi ndemanga yolongosola chifukwa chake khoti lili ndi ulamuliro wa kumvetsera mlandu (ulamuliro wa ulamuliro wa ulamuliro wa ulamuliro ndi ulamuliro wa munthu).
  • Malo a mfundo: A nkhani yomveka, yachidule ya zochitika zimene zimayambitsa mlandu, yolinganizidwa m'mandime a manambala.
  • Mawu a Chilamulo: Chifuno chilichonse cha ntchito (m’ lekuatiso, kunyalanyaza, kuswa pangano) chiyenera kutchulidwa mosiyana, ndi mbali zofunika kuti zipambane.
  • Pemphero kaamba ka mpumulo: Pempho lachindunji kaamba ka mankhwala ochiritsa lifunafuna, kaya akhale ndalama yadola, ntchito yapadera, kapena lamulo.

Pansi pa Federal Rules of Civil Procediture, kudandaulako kuyenera kukhala ndi “mawu achidule ndi omveka akusonyeza kuti wochondererayo ali ndi ufulu wa mpumulo.” Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. mu Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Ziŵirizi ziŵiri [2007] [2007] ndi [FLT:] Ashcroft v. Iqbal [2009]) anakweza muyezo wosawoneka, akumafuna kuti zinenezo zenizenizo zikhale zokwanira kukweza chiyembekezo choyenera chimene chikavumbula chinenedwecho. Kutanthauza kuti zopanda pake sizingadalire pa mfundo zomveka kapena zomveka; iwo ayenera kutsimikizira, ngati anena zoona.

Kudandaula ndi Khoti

Pamene alembedwa chidandaulocho, woyang'anira mlandu ayenera kuchilemba ndi kalaliki wa khoti pamalo oyenera. Kuimba kumafuna malipiro a ndalama zoikizira, zimene zingasiyanitse ndi madola mazana angapo pa madola ang’onoang'ono ku makhoti a boma. M'khoti la boma, ndalama zoperekera ndalama zimaikidwa ndi lamulo ndipo zinali pafupifupi $4222 monga 2025. Mabungwe a kuboma angalembetse kuwonjezera ndalama zolembedwa paups [pact] (mopanda malipiro a kulipira) mwa kupereka ndalama zopimira za ndalama. Pakhoti, khotilo limagaŵira nambala ndi woweruza. Pamenepo khotilolo limalandira chikalata chalamulo cha mlanduwo.

Kutumikira Msilikali

Kupeputsa chidandaulocho kuli kokha theka la nkhondo; woimbidwa mlanduyo ayenera kudziŵitsidwa mwalamulo za mlanduwo. Sitepe limeneli likudziŵika monga nkhoswe ya ntchito ndipo ndilo lamulo lofunikira. Popanda utumiki woyenerera, khoti silingapereke ulamuliro waumwini pa woimbidwa mlanduyo, ndipo chiweruzo chirichonse chingakhale chopanda pake.

1. Njira Zotumikirira

Malamulo amasiyanasiyana malinga ndi malamulo, koma njira zimene anthu amayendera zimaphatikizapo izi:

  • Iutumiki waumwini: [ Server ] Nthawi zambiri woimba, woyendetsa, kapena munthu waumwini, amaitana ndi kudandaula kwa woimbidwa mlanduyo.
  • Kuthandiza ndi makalata: M'zigawo zina, wofufuza angatumize zikalatazo kupyolera mwa lisiti yovomerezeka ndi loti yobwezera yofunsidwa, malinga ngati woimbidwayo avomereza nauti.
  • Kuthandiza ndi chofalitsidwa: Ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo sangapezedwe mosasamala kanthu za zoyesayesa zakhama, khoti lingalole utumiki mwa kufalitsa chidziŵitso m’nyuzipepala kwa nyengo yakutiyakuti. Njira imeneyi siifala kwambiri ndipo imagwiritsiridwa ntchito kokha monga njira yomalizira yopezerapo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Umboni wa utumiki: Mu ulamuliro wa Federal Procedure 4 (d), mtsogoleri angatumize kudandaulako limodzi ndi mpangidwe wa woimba mlandu. Ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo abweza wokwiyirayo, amapeŵa mtengo wa utumiki, ndipo woperekayo amapeza nthaŵi yowonjezereka ya kuyankha.

Ntchito iyenera kumalizidwa mkati mwa nthaŵi yoikika pambuyo pa kusonkhanitsa [1] Nthaŵi zambiri masiku 90 m’khoti la boma. Kulephera kutumikira woimbidwa mlandu mkati mwa nyengo imeneyo kungatulukepo kuchotsedwa kwa mlanduwo popanda tsankho, kutanthauza kuti woweruzayo angabwezeretse, koma kumachedwetsa kuzenga mlanduwo.

Zimene Msilikaliyo Anachita

Pambuyo pa kulandira mafomu ndi chidandaulo, woimbidwa mlanduyo ali ndi nthaŵi yochepa ya kuyankha. M’khoti la boma, yankho limakhala loyenera mkati mwa masiku 21 pambuyo pa utumiki (kapena masiku 60 ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo alandidwa ndi suti yake ku United States). Malipire a bwalo lamilandu amasiyana, makamaka kuyambira 20 mpaka 30. Woimbidwa mlanduyo ali ndi zosankha ziŵiri zazikulu: kujambula yankho kapena kujambula kuyambika kwa mayezero.

Kupeza Yankho

Yankho ndilo yankho lalamulo la woimbidwa mlanduyo pa chinenezo chilichonse. Woimbidwa mlanduyo ayenera kuvomereza kapena kukana ndime iliyonse. Kulephera kukana chinenezocho kungachitidwe ngati chololedwa. Yankho lake likhozanso kudzutsa chitetezo [[[FLT:], chimene chili mfundo zatsopano kapena mikangano yalamulo imene, ngati ndi yoona, kugonjetsa mawu a m’tchalitchi ngakhale ngati ndi oona. Kuvomereza kumaphatikizapo malamulo a chinyengo, raiver, estolpel, ndi malamulo a kulephera. Kuwonjezera apo, woimbidwa mlanduyo anganene kuti .

2. Kangaliridwe kochotsa

M’malo moyankha, woimbidwa mlanduyo angafulumire kuchotsa chidandaulo cha pa Lamulo 12 (b) la Malamulo a Federal. Zifukwa zofala zimaphatikizapo:

  • Malo a ulamuliro wa munthu: Khoti silili ndi ulamuliro wa kumva mtundu wa mlandu.
  • Lack ya ulamuliro wa munthu: Woimbidwa mlandu alibe kugwirizana kokwanira ndi boma la m'chigawo cha m'mabwinja.
  • Malo oyenera: Mlandu unaikidwa pamalo olakwika.
  • Kufotokoza mfundo imene ingapereke mpumulo: Ngakhale ngati zinenezo zonse zili zoona, lamulo silimapereka mankhwala.

Ngati alola kukana, wopalamulayo angaperekedwe mpata wa kuchepetsa kudandaulako kuti athetse zophophonya.

Kupeza Phase

Pamene zipemphero zoyambirira zakwanira ndipo zachitika modzifunira zigamula, mlandu umaloŵa chigawo cha chofufuzira. Kutulukira kuli njira yamwambo imene zipani zimasinthana chidziŵitso ndi umboni wogwirizana ndi mlandu. Nthaŵi zambiri ndi mbali yaitali ndi yokwera mtengo kwambiri ya kuweruza, koma nkofunika kuletsa kudabwa poyesedwa ndi kupeputsa nkhani zokambirana zachinsinsi.

Mitundu Yomwe Anatulukira

Pansi pa Malamulo a Federal ndi zigwirizano zambiri za boma, mapwando angagwiritsire ntchito ziŵiya zingapo zopezedwa:

  • Kudziwitsa: Mafunso olembedwa amene ayenera kuyankhidwa pansi pa lumbiro, olekezera kwa 25 (kuphatikizapo mbali) m'khoti la boma. Malo othandizira ali opindulitsa kupezera chidziŵitso choyambirira monga maina a mboni, masiku, ndi maziko a zinenezo kapena zitetezero.
  • Malamulo: Umboni wolembedwa wotengedwa m’khoti, ndi maloya akufunsa umboni. Maloya amalola anthu kupenda kukhulupirika ndi chitseko cha umboni. Iwo angatengedwe ndi zigawo, mboni zenizeni, ndi mboni zaluso.
  • Mapangano a Zolemba: Madansi angafunikire kuti mbali ina ipange zikalata zakuthupi kapena zamagetsi, zithunzithunzi, mapangano, ma email, ndi maumboni ena owoneka. Kutulukira kwa electronic (e-dificy) kwakhala mbali yaikulu, yofuna kuti anthu asunge ndi kupanga maimelo, masewero, ndi makompyuta ena.
  • Mapangano kaamba ka Kulengeza : Mawu olembedwa amene munthu winayo ayenera kuvomereza kapena kukana. Ngati avomereza, chenicheni chatsimikiziridwa kotheratu kaamba ka zifuno za kuweruza mlandu, kuchepetsa nkhani za mlandu.
  • Kusanthula kwa m'matupi ndi m’Malingaliro: m'zochitika pamene mkhalidwe wakuthupi kapena wamaganizo wa munthu umakhala wotsutsana, khoti likhoza kulamula kupima kwamankhwala kwaumwini.

Kutulukira Zinthu Zotsutsana ndi Zoteteza

Si zonse zimene zapezedwa . Mabwalo angatsutse mafunsiro pamaziko onga ngati kugwiritsa ntchito, mtolo wosayenerera, mwaŵi (kuchuluka, ntchito, ndi zina), kapena kulingana. Ngati sangafikire pangano, angafune lamulo la khoti lokakamiza kapena dongosolo lotetezera loletsa kuchuluka kwa milandu. Makhoti ambiri amafuna kuti anthu ayambe avomereza zachikhulupiriro chabwino asanachite machitachita mwambo. Njira yotulukira imalamulidwa ndi lamulo la la .: kutulukirako kuyenera kukhala kogwirizana ndi kufunika kwa nkhanizo, kulingalira kufunika kwa nkhanizo, kulingana kwa mikangano, chuma, ndi kulemera kwa zipani. Zimenezi zinalimbikitsidwa ndi mfundo yokhudza mfundo ya pa gulu lomvera.

Zotsatirapo Zapatsogolo

Asanayeze, mamembala angalembe njira zosiyanasiyana kuti apereke nkhaniyo kapena kuithetsa popanda chiyeso. Chochititsa chachikulu koposa m'maboma asanayambe ndicho kukhudzidwa kwa chiweruzo chachidule.

1. Njira Yoweruzira Chidule

Chipani chingatuluke kaamba ka chiweruzo chachidule, kutsutsa kuti palibe mkangano weniweni ponena za chenicheni chirichonse chakuthupi ndi kuti ali oyenerera kuweruza monga nkhani ya lamulo. Gulu loyendetsa liyenera kuloza ku umboni m'zolembedwa (malembo, zikalata, affidavits) zimene zimasonyeza kusoŵa kwa nkhani ya chenicheni. Gulu losayendayendalo liyenera kutulutsa umboni wotsutsana ndi kusonyezera nkhani yeniyeni yosatsutsika. Ngati khoti lipereka chigamulo chachidule kwa wotsutsayo, nkhani yotsalayo ingakhale chiwongola cha zowonongedwa. Ngati mlanduwongowo apatsidwa, mlanduwo amachotsedwa. Chiŵeruzo ndi chida champhamvu kwambiri chochotsera nkhani zomveka zosayenera.

Kuyenda ku Limine ndi Kuyenda

Aloya asanazenge mlandu, kaŵirikaŵiri amalemba mawu otsatizana m'lim'kaundula kuti achotse kapena avomereze umboni wina. Mwachitsanzo, angayese kuletsa mbali ina kuti asatchule chitsimikizo kapena malo operekera. M'nkhani zokhudza umboni wa akatswiri, kuyendayenda kwa . [Malamulo] "Amadziwika ndi dzina la [FLT:] Daubert v. Merrell Dow Phardacituts (1993)] [challges admissss aumboni wa akatswiri. Khoti limachita ngati mlonda, kutsimikizira umboniwo n’ngo.

Kuzenga Mlandu

Ngati mlanduwo ukhalabebe woweruza mwachidule ndipo suthetsedwa, ungapereke mlandu. Mayeso angakhale milandu yapampando (pamaso pa woweruza yekha) kapena kuzenga mlandu wa ajuli. Lamulo la Sevenger Amendment ku bungwe la United States limatsimikizira kuyenera kwa mlandu wa oweruza milandu m’nkhani zambiri zachiŵeniŵeni pa lamulo lachiŵeniŵeni kumene ndalama za mkanganozo zimaposa $20.

Kusankha Zochita za Jury (Kukonda Kudya Nsomba)

Maattorney angatokose oyembekezera kukhala oweruza kaamba ka chochititsa (m’m’mag., kukondera) kapena kugwiritsira ntchito mavuto othetsa nzeru (nambala yogawiridwa) kukantha oweruza popanda kupereka chifukwa, ngakhale kuti mavuto othetsa sangagwiritsiridwe ntchito chifukwa cha fuko kapena kugonana.

Mawu Otsegulira

Mawu otsegulira si mikangano koma mapu a bungwe loweruza milandu.

3. Umboni Wosonyeza Kuti Mulungu Ndi Woona

Woimba mlanduyo amaika mlandu wawo choyamba, kuitana mboni ndi kuyambitsa zionetsero. Mboni iliyonse imafufuzidwa mwachindunji, ndiyeno imapimidwa ndi loya wotsutsayo, kutsatiridwa ndi kubwezeredwa ndi kuikidwanso. Ataikidwa m’malo a tchalitchi, woimbidwa mlanduyo angapereke chigamulo chotsogozedwa (tsopano chotchedwa kuyendera chiweruzo monga nkhani ya lamulo), akumanena kuti woweruzayo analephera kutulutsa umboni wokwanira kuchirikiza kutulukira kwa oweruza. Ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo apereka umboni wawo. Mtsogoleri wa tchalitchicho angapereke umboni wotsutsa.

Nkhani Zotseka

Umboni utatha, mbali iliyonse imapereka chigomeko chomaliza, ikumapereka umboniwo ndi kulimbikitsa oweruza kuti apereke chigamulo chinachake.

Malangizo ndi Mlandu

Woweruza amalangiza oweruza za lamulo logwira ntchito. Kaŵirikaŵiri a Attorney amavomereza malangizo olingaliridwa aujuli ndi kukana malangizo omalizira a khoti. Pamenepo oweruza amapanga dala ndi kubwezera chigamulo. Ngati ajuli aikidwa m’khoti, woweruzayo angalengeze mlandu wolakwika, ndipo mlanduwo ungaikidwenso.

Kuyenda ndi Kukopana Pambuyo pa Kukwera

Atapereka chigamulo kapena ataweruza, chipanicho chingakayikire zimenezo mwa kutsata lamulo la pambuyo pa milandu ndipo, ngati kuli kofunika, chilengezocho.

1. Kuyenda kwa Pambuyo pa Kulira

Kusintha kwa njira kofala pambuyo pa maseŵero kumaphatikizapo:

  • Motion kaamba ka mlandu watsopano: imasonyezedwa pamene wotayikayo akhulupirira kuti amalakwa mkati mwa mlandu [1] monga malangizo osayenerera a ajuli, chisembwere, kapena chigamulo chotsutsana ndi kulemera kwa umboni / /
  • Kuweruza mosasamala kanthu za chigamulo (JNOV): Tsopano mofala amatcha kachitidwe katsopano ka chiweruzo monga nkhani ya lamulo. Gulu loyendetsa litsutsa kuti palibe juli yomveka imene ikanafikira chigamulo chozikidwa pa umboni.
  • Kusintha kapena kusintha chiweruzo:[[FULT:1] imafunafuna kuwongolera zolakwa za lamulo m'chiweruzo.

Ngati kachitidwe kameneka kakanidwa, chipani chotayika chingapereke apilo ku khoti lapamwamba. Zipilo sizili milandu yatsopano; zimapendanso zigamulo za khoti za milandu. Muyezo wa kubwereramo umasiyana: mafunso a lamulo amapendedwanso ndi osagamulidwa [ (m'ayikitsi]), zopezedwa zenizeni zapendedwa kaamba ka kulakwa kowonekera bwino, ndipo zigamu za ajuli amabwereramo kaamba ka umboni wotsimikizirika. Woweruza ayenera kutumiza chidziŵitso cha apilo mkati mwa nthaŵi yoikika yoikika yoikika masiku 30 m'khoti la boma.

Njira Zothetsera Vutolo

Kukhazikitsa kukhoza kuchitika pamlingo uliwonse, kuyambira ku mlandu usanaperekedwe mpaka pambuyo pa chigamulo pamene chigamulo chatsala. Milandu yambiri yachiŵeniŵeni imatha mlandu usanaikidwe mlandu. Kukambitsirana kwa kukhazikitsa kungakhale kwamwamwaŵi kapena kolinganizidwa kupyolera m'chigamulo china cha mkangano (ADR).

Kusintha Zinthu

Makhoti ambiri amafuna kuti anthu ayambe kuyankha asanazenge mlandu. Mkhalapakati wosaloŵerera amakambirana ndi kuthandiza anthu kupeza mfundo zofanana, koma sakakamiza anthu kuti asankhe chochita. Ngati atolankhani alephera, mlanduwo umayamba kuzenga mlandu. Mapangano ena amaphatikizapo kugwirizanitsa malamulo, ofuna kuti mikangano ithetsedwe ndi woyang’anira milandu mmalo mwa khoti. Arabitation ingakhale yogwirizana kapena yosagwirizana.

2. Mapindu a Kukhala ndi Moyo Wautali

Kuthetsa mlandu kumapereka mapindu angapo:

  • Kulamulira kopambana: Kumapeŵa ndalama zolipirira mlandu, kuphatikizapo malipiro a akatswiri ochitira umboni, ndalama za khoti, ndi malipiro a loya.
  • Kuzengedwa mlandu: Maparasi amalamulira zotsatirapo mmalo moisiya ku juli kapena woweruza.
  • Kudziwitsa: Mapangano a kukhazikitsa angasungidwe achinsinsi, mosiyana ndi zolembedwa za khoti za mlandu.
  • Liŵiro: Kukhazikika kukhoza kuchitika mofulumira kwambiri kuposa njira yoyesa, imene ingatenge miyezi kapena zaka.

Komabe, mbali zonse ziŵiri zingafunikire kuvomereza pang’ono kuposa mmene zinayembekezera kuti zipeŵe ngozi ya chiweruzo choipa.

Kumaliza

Njira ya khoti la boma njovuta, ndi siteji iliyonse yokhala ndi zosankha zapadera ndi zofunika. Kuchokera pa kugamula koyambirira kwa kudandaula mpaka pa chigamulo chomaliza . Kaya ndi kubwezera, chigamulo, kapena kukopa . Sitepe lililonse limafuna chisamaliro chakuya ku tsatanetsatane ndi chidziŵitso cha njira za boma. Dongosololi limalinganizidwira kulinganiza zolinga zopikisana za kuchita zinthu bwino, chilungamo, ndi njira zofunikira. Pamene kuli kwakuti palibe milandu iŵiri yomwe imafanana, gawo la msewu limakhala logwirizana. Gulu lililonse loloŵetsedwa m'milandu yachiŵeruzo liyenera kufunsa lodziŵa bwino njira imeneyi. Malamulo onga [[FLT:] Fadel Regial Revil Leages of Civil [FUltred , [FLct1] ndi khoti la lamulo, koma ndi malangizo ofunikira kwambiri.