Ulendo wochokera ku lingaliro losavuta kupita ku lamulo lolamulira ndi umodzi wa njira zofunika kwambiri m'chitaganya cha demokrase. Imasintha chifuno cha anthu kapena oimira awo kukhala malamulo amene amalamulira zonse kuyambira kusungika kwa magalimoto mpaka kusungika kwa dziko. Pamene kuli kwakuti kachitidweko kangaoneke kukhala kocholoŵana ndi kochedwa, kuti kafulumidwe ka dala kamodzi ndi kamodzi n’kamodzi, kokhala kotsutsana, ndi koyengedwa bwino. Kaya ndinu nzika yoyesa kusonkhezera kapena kungofuna kumvetsetsa mmene boma lanu limagwirira ntchito, kudziŵa mmene malamulo amachitira. Nkhaniyi imayendera mbali yaikulu iliyonse m’chinenero choonekera bwino, kuchokera ku mfundo yoyamba ya kachiganizo ku chikalata chomaliza chimene chikupanga lamulo.

Mfundo 1: Kachipangizo Kotchedwa Spark – Kumene Maganizo Amachokera ndi Mmene Amakhalira Mabiri

Malamulo ayamba ndi mfundo inayake. Mfundo imeneyi ikhoza kuchokera kulikonse. Munthu amalimbana ndi nkhani yakwawoko, bungwe la boma limene limadziwa kuti pali kusiyana kochepa kwa malamulo, kulimbikitsa anthu kuti apange chinthu chinachake, kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amaona vuto pa ntchito yawo. Ngakhale pulezidenti wamkulu . Nthawi zambiri amatchula maganizo ake kudzera m’malamulo awo.

Munthu wina akatchula kufunika kwa lamulo latsopano kapena kusintha kwa lamulo lomwe lilipo, lingalirolo liyenera kulembedwa m'makonzedwe alamulo, alamulo. Chikalata chimenechi chimatchedwa bill . Ma Bill amalembedwa ndi mabungwe, uphungu walamulo, kapena nthaŵi zina ndi chithandizo kwa akatswiri akunja. Wokonza mapulani ayenera kugwiritsira ntchito chinenero cholondola chifukwa chakuti mawuwo adzakhala lamulo ngati aperekedwa. Mtengo wosalembedwa bwino ungachititse kulephera kubwezera chilango kapena mavuto alamulo.

Mtengo uyenera kukhala ndi [[FL:0] wothandiza [1] [1] membala wa bungwe la malamulo (monga ngati woimira kapena senator) amene amauyambitsa. M'malamulo ambiri, masheya angakhalenso ndi antchito anzake othandizira kusonyeza kuchirikiza kwakukulu. Ntchito ya woperekayo njaikulu: Kuŵeta lamulolo pa siteji iliyonse, kupanga zigwirizano, ndi kulolera kuswa. Popanda wopereka, ngakhale lingaliro labwino kwambiri silipita patsogolo.

Mitundu Yosiyanasiyana ya Mabuku

Si mapepala onse omwe ali ofanana. Ena ali mapepala a anthu onse amene amagwira ntchito kwa aliyense m'boma; ena ndi mapepala aumwini [ amene amayambukira munthu mmodzi yekha kapena gulu. Palinso [[[FLT:]] mapepala [mapepala] [[FLT:] (amene amavomereza kugwiritsa ntchito), mapepala opangira [[FLT:] (amene amakhazikitsa maprogramumboni), ndi [FLT:] mayeso [FLT] (malongosola malingaliro a m’chipinda popanda lamulo).

Sitepe 2: Kupenda kwa Komiti – Ntchito ya Malamulo

Ataiyambitsa, ndalama imaikidwa ku komiti imene imakhudza nkhani ya ndalama. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo la zaumoyo likapita ku Komiti ya Zaumoyo; lamulo la zoyendera likapita ku Komiti ya Transportation . Imeneyi ndi yoyambirira kuyesa ndalama za ndalama.

Makomiti akupanga malamulo ambiri ndipo ali ndi kagulu ka anthu opanga malamulo amene ali ndi luso pa nkhani za malamulo.

Miyoyo

Komitiyi imapereka umboni wokhudza zimene akatswiri, akuluakulu a boma, oimira anthu, ndiponso anthu amene akhudzidwa ndi vutoli. Imeneyi ndi mfundo yofunika kwambiri kuti anthu aziifotokoza bwino. Umboni ungaperekedwe m’mabuku kapena kuupereka pamaso pa anthu.

Kutseguka

Pambuyo pa kumvetsera, komitiyo “imalemba pepala [1] pepalalo ndi chigawo chake ndi kuvota pa kusintha. Apa ndi pamene lamulolo lakonzedwanso kwambiri. Ochirikiza amayesa kulilimbitsa; otsutsa amayesa kulifooketsa kapena kulipha. Kunyamulako kungatenge maola ambiri kapena masiku, kudalira pa kucholoŵa ndi mkangano. Pamapeto a kutumiza ndalama, komitiyo isankha kaya kutumiza ndalamazo kuchipinda chonse. Ngati votiyo yalephera, chikalatacho nchafadi (kapena kaamba ka chigawocho). Ngati ipita, imapita kutsogolo ndi komiti imene ikufotokoza chikalatacho ndi kusintha kulikonse.

“ Chibowo”

Makomiti angasankhenso kusachitapo kanthu pa lamulo lakubweza lamulo nkomwe . Kuleka kulife popanda voti. Imeneyi imatchedwa “kusintha . . mpando wa komiti uli ndi mphamvu yaikulu ya kusankha kuti ndi mapepala ati amene amva ndi kukweza. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, ndalama zambiri sizimapitirira komiti. Chimenecho si chinthu choipa kwenikweni.

Kufufuza mozama mmene makomiti amagwirira ntchito, Conrer .gov . gov imapereka tsatanetsatane walamulo wa kachitidwe ka U.S.

Mfundo 3: Kutsutsana ndi Kuulutsa Nkhani Kochititsa Chidwi – Chochitika Chachikulu

Ngati lamulo la lamulo lipitirira komiti, limaikidwa pa kalendala ya malo onse (mwachitsanzo, Nyumba ya Oimira kapena Nyumba ya Malamulo). Utsogoleri wa chipindacho usankha nthaŵi imene chidzakambitsiridwa. Chigamulo cha kulinganiza chokhacho chingakhale chandale ndi [1] atsogoleri auchimo angafulumire kubwezera ngongole zotchuka kapena kuchedwetsa zotsutsana.

Malamulo a Mkangano

M'Nyumba, mkangano umalamuliridwa ndi Komiti ya Malamulo, imene imaika malire a nthaŵi, chiŵerengero cha zosintha zololedwa, ndi dongosolo la zochitika. M'bwalo la Malamulo, mkangano kaŵirikaŵiri ngwotseguka ndipo ungakhale wosalekeza. Ukhoza kukhala wotchuka kwambiri: Filibuster .

Palbuster ndi mawu okhalitsa (kapena mpambo wa nkhani) olinganizidwira kuchedwetsa kapena kutsekereza voti. Mu Nyumba ya Malamulo ya United States, aliyense woimira boma angasunge pansi malinga ngati apitiriza kulankhula. Kuthetsa mwana wabuster, Khoti liyenera kuvotera cloture , imene ikufuna kwenikweni kuvota kwa 60. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti ndalama zambiri zimafunikira chichirikizo chachikulu kuti zigonjetse zopinga za procrate, osati kungofuna kuchuluka chabe.

Malamulo Osintha

Pamakani apansi, opanga malamulo angapereke masinthidwe a kusintha lamulolo. Ili ndi mbali yaikulu ya kachitidwe ka [1] Ndalama ingasinthidwe kwambiri, kupeza zinthu zatsopano kapena kutaya mbali zazikulu. Nthaŵi zina zinthu zonse zosagwirizana zimaikidwa, zodziŵika kuti “akwati.” Zimenezi zingakhale zotsutsana chifukwa chakuti zimalola opanga malamulo kutsata malamulo osafunika.

M’maluŵa

Pambuyo pa kutsutsana, mavoti a m'chipinda. Nthaŵi zambiri, oweruza ambiri (50% phatikizapo imodzi) amafunika kuti adutse, ngakhale kuti pali njira zina (monga kusintha kwa malamulo kapena kutsogolera chuti) zimene zikufuna kuti azikhala ndi mphamvu zazikulu. Mavoti angalembedwe monga mawu ovota (amene woweruza waudindo ali wamkulu), mavoti (kuphatikiza ndi mutu), kapena kuvota (limodzi ndi dzina ndi voti). Mavoti a chiŵalo ndi osavuta kwambiri kujambula ndipo amafalitsidwa pa Intaneti.

Ngati lamulolo lipita m’chipinda choyamba, kenaka limatumizidwa ku chipinda china (Catherine ikayamba m’Nyumba, kapena kumbuyo kwake). Chipinda chachiŵiri chimapyola m’njira imodzimodziyo: kupenda komiti, kumva, kukweza, kukambitsirana, ndi kuvota.

Sitepe 4: Kuthetsa Mikangano – Komiti ya Msonkhano

N’zovuta kuti zipinda zonse ziŵiri zipereke malamulo ofanana. Kaŵirikaŵiri, Nyumba imadutsa matembenuzidwe ena ndipo Nyumba ya Malamulo imatumiza mawu ena osiyana, kukonzanso, kapena ngakhale njira zosiyanasiyana.

Kuti athetse kusiyana maganizo, zipinda ziŵirizo kaŵirikaŵiri zimapanga komiti yogwirizanitsa ndi , yopangidwa ndi mamembala aakulu kuchokera kwa aliyense. Amakambirana Baibulo lololera, lotchedwa “lipoti la mgwirizano." Lipotili limatumizidwanso ku zipinda zonse ziŵirizo kaamba ka mavoti omalizira kapena otsika. Ngati zipinda zonsezo zilola, lamulolo limayenda. Ngati chipinda chimodzi chakana, chikalatacho chingafe kapena kubwereranso ku pulogalamu yowonjezereka.

M'malamulo ena, chinthu china chosiyana ndi komiti ya msonkhano ndicho “ping” (kapena“kusintha pakati pa zipinda”), kumene chipinda chilichonse chimatumiza kumbuyo ndi kunka kumbuyo kufikira atavomereza. Zimenezi nzofala m'madongosolo a nyumba ya malamulo koma zingachitike m’thupi lililonse la bimeral.

Sitepe 5: Auchikulire – Chikwangwani Chomalizira

Malo onse aŵiri akagwirizana pa mawu omalizira, ndalamazo zimatumizidwa kwa bwanamkubwa . pulezidenti (fareal) kapena bwanamkubwa (boma). bwanamkubwayo ali ndi zosankha zingapo:

  • Chizindikiro chake: [[FL:1] Khoti limakhala lamulo nthaŵi yomweyo kapena pa deti loikidwiratu la mtsogolo.
  • Ilo: [[FLT :1] Mkulu amabweza lamulo ku chipinda cha chiyambi ndi kutsutsa . Ngati nyumba yokhazikitsa malamulo ingachotse chiwiya ndi chigawo cha chigawo chimodzi ndi chimodzi chitatu m'chipinda chilichonse, lamulolo limakhala lamulo popanda sigine ya bwana. Kuletsa kuli kwachilendo koma kwachitika m’mbiri.
  • Lekani ikhale lamulo popanda kusaina: [[FL:1] M'zigawo zina, ngati mkulu wa ntchito sachitapo kanthu pa masiku angapo oikika (ndipo nyumba yoikizira idakalipo), lamulolo limakhala lamulo lokha.
  • Pocket vento:[[FL:1] Ngati nyumba yoyamulira malamulo isanakwane nthaŵi ya mkulu, ndipo bwana sasaina, ndalama zimafa. Imeneyi imatchedwa thumba laveto ndipo siingakhale yokwanira.
  • M'matemu-m'mphepete wiloveto (m'mawu ena): Akazembe ena angapereke zigawo zenizeni za lamulo la mapulogalamu pamene akusaina zotsala. (Prezidenti wa U.S. alibe mzera walamulo wa chinthu vheto, monga momwe analamulidwira mu 1998.)

Ngati lamulo lasainidwa kapena likhala lamulo, limagaŵiridwa nambala ya lamulo ndi kuikidwa m'malamulo. nthambi yapamwambayo ikuyamba ntchito ya kugawira [ , [1] malamulo a zankhondo kusungitsa lamulo, kugaŵira chuma, ndi kukhazikitsa njira.

Ntchito ya Anthu Onse – Mmene Mungasonkhezerere Zochita Zanu

Kumvetsa zimene boma likuchita si kungophunzira chabe, koma kungakuthandizeni kuti muzitha kuchita zinthu zambiri.

  • Kukumana ndi woimira wanu kapena seminale: Imeli yanthaŵi zonse, foni, kapena kalata ingaumbe malo a wopanga malamulo, makamaka pankhani zimene sanakhazikikepo.
  • Makomiti oyesera pa milandu: kaŵirikaŵiri amalandira umboni kuchokera kwa nzika wamba, osati akatswiri okha. Kuuzana nkhani yaumwini kungakhale kwamphamvu.
  • Kuloŵerera m'gulu la kukopa: Mabungwe onga American Civil Liberties Union, National Rifle Association, kapena Sierra Club amasonkhanitsa ziŵalo zawo kulankhula ndi opanga malamulo ndi kuyambitsa chisamaliro cha manyuzipepala.
  • Kugwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu: ndawala zapoyera pa mapulatifomu monga X (yakale Twitter) kapena Facebook kungachititse kutsendereza ndi kuonekera.
  • Kufufuza: [[FLT :1] Choposa kuyang'ana opanga malamulo ndicho bokosi la pepala. Kumvetsetsa kuti ndi aunyinji ati amene anachirikiza kapena kutsutsa lamulo kungakuthandizeni kusankha mwanzeru.

Kuwonjezera pa mmene nzika zingaloŵerere, USA.gov ilo lotsogolera kukumana ndi akuluakulu osankhidwa [[FLT: 1] ndilo magwero othandiza.

Chifukwa Chake Mchitidwewo Uli Wovuta — Kupenda ndi Kulinganizika

Chigwirizano cha malamulo chingawoneke kukhala chovuta, koma chalinganizidwira kuletsa malamulo ofulumira kapena osalingaliridwa bwino. Sitepe lirilonse . Nthano yobwereramo, kutsutsana pansi, chivomerezo cha mabwana, chilolezo cha akuluakulu, [1] amawonjezera kusanthula. Imeneyi ndi mfundo ya macheke ndi madigiri [1]. Chikhoterero chimodzi sichingakakamize mosavuta mwa lamulo popanda kukhutiritsa ena.

Kuti apambane mavoti okwanira m’zipinda zonse ziwiri ndi kupewa chida chophera mabomba, anthu okonza mavotiwo ayenera kukambirana ndi adani awo ndi kuwafotokozera zimene akuda nazo nkhawa.

Njirayo imaperekanso kuwonekera. Malamulo ambiri alamulo ngotseguka kwa anthu ndi oulutsa nkhani. Mukhoza kuyang'anira komiti yomva nkhani, kuŵerenga makalata a zikalata, mavoti, ndi kuona magulu achikondwerero amene akusonkhezera mbali iliyonse. Kumasuka kumeneku kuli maziko a kuŵerengera kwa demokrase.

Kuchedwa N’kofunika

Ena amatsutsa njira ya malamulo chifukwa cha kukhala wochedwa kwambiri kapena wokhazikika. Komabe, liŵiro lingakhale loopsa. Malamulo akafulumizidwa, amakhala ndi zotsatira zosayembekezereka, zozembera, kapena mavuto a lamulo. Kuthamanga kwadala kumapatsa nthaŵi ya kupenda kwalamulo, kupereka chigamulo kwa anthu, ndi kulingalira kosamalitsa. Kusintha kwa zaumoyo konga masinthidwe kapena kusintha kwa misonkho nkofunika.

Kulingalira kwa akatswiri ponena za mmene njirayo imatetezera ufulu, mungaŵerenge mafotokozedwe a Heritage Foundation a zitetezero za malamulo.

Kumaliza: Kuchokera ku Lingaliro la Mulungu Kufikira ku Law – Ulendo Woyenerera Kumvetsetsa

Njira yopita ku lamulo ndi yaitali komanso yozungulira. Chigawo chilichonse, kuyambira pa kulemba chikalata mpaka pa chikalata chomaliza, chimapereka mwayi kwa opanga malamulo ndi anthu ambiri kuti afufuze, kutsutsana, ndi kuwongolera mfundo. Kumvetsa ulendo umenewu kumachepetsa boma ndipo kumakuthandizani kuti mukhale ndi zolinga zabwino.

Kaya mufuna kuona kusintha kwina kapena kungofuna kukhala nzika yodziŵa bwino za boma, kudziŵa malamulo kumakuthandizani kutsatira nkhani, kupenda andale zadziko, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mawu anu panthaŵi yoyenera.