Dongosolo la oweruza liri limodzi la mbali zapadera ndi zokhalitsa za dongosolo lalamulo la demokrase. Mwa kuika mphamvu ya chigamulo m’manja mwa nzika wamba, zigamulo zimasintha malamulo alamulo kukhala odziŵika bwino. Izo siziri kokha matupi opeza zenizeni; zimaimira chisonyezero chachindunji cha makhalidwe a chitaganya ndi kuyang'anira kukhoza kuchenjerera mphamvu ya boma. Nkhaniyi ikupenda mbali ya majuli m’kachitidwe kachiweruzo kuchokera ku kakhalidwe ka nzika, kugogomezera mmene iwo amasungirira malamulo, kuchirikiza chikhulupiriro chapoyera, ndi kugawana kwa democrasethi m’manja kwa chigamulo cha chilungamo.

Mbiri ya Mabuku a Mayuwe

Chiyambi cha oweruza chinayamba zaka zoposa chikwi. Mafomu oyambirira anaonekera ku Atene wakale, kumene nzika zinagamula milandu ya zamalamulo, ndi m’milandu ya Roma imene nthaŵi zina inagwiritsira ntchito magulu a oweruza wamba. Koma ajuli amakono apeza mizu yake yowonekera ku England m'zaka zapakati. Pambuyo pa Norman Conquest, makhoti anayamba monga magulu a amuna a kumaloko amene analengeza nkhani yozikidwa pa chidziŵitso chawo. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, iwo anakhala osakondera m’maumboni woperekedwa m’khoti.

Magna Carta wa 1215, pamene sanali kupanga mwachindunji makhoti a judge, okhazikitsidwa ndi ausinkhu wake amene pambuyo pake anadziŵitsidwa milandu ya oweruza. Pofika zaka za zana la 18, lamulo la Chicheŵa linakhazikitsa ajuli ozenga mlandu monga kuyenera kwapadera. Maboma a America anatengera mwambo umenewu, ndipo Malamulo Achisanu ndi chimodzi ndi Septial ku U.S. amakhazikitsa milandu ya ajuli m’makhoti ndi ya nzika zambiri. Lerolino, majuli akugwira ntchito m'malamulo onse a anthu wamba . Kuphatikizapo United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, ndi maiko ambiri akale a ku Britain, monga Japan ndi South Korea, atengamo mbali zonga zachiweruzo zonga zachiweruzo zachiweruzo m'zaka makumi angapo zapitazo.

Manda a Mapira

Ukulu wa komiti za juli ndiponso mmene zimakhalira zimasiyana kwambiri chifukwa cha malamulo, ndipo zimenezi zimasonyeza miyambo yosiyanasiyana ya zamalamulo ndi zosankha za malamulo.

Kulimbana ndi Chigaŵenga

M’makhoti a boma la United States, milandu ya apandu imakhala ndi mamembala 12, ndipo zigamulo ziyenera kugwirizana. Maboma ambiri amalola zigamulo zosagamula mopanda chigamulo m’nkhani zina (zomwe zimafuna pafupifupi 10 mwa 12), ngakhale kuti Khoti Lapamwamba la Lachisanu ndi chimodzi lakhazikitsa malamulo a boma, limafunika kuletsa milandu yaikulu m’maboma ndi m’makhoti onse aŵiri. Nthaŵi zambiri milandu ya boma imakhala ndi mamembala 6 kapena 12.

Ku England ndi Wales, makhoti a apandu ku Court alinso 12 a m'Tchenje la Court, ndipo zigamulo zambiri za 10-2 zikuvomerezedwa pambuyo pa nyengo yabwino ya kugamula. Makhoti a boma achotsedwa kwambiri ku England kusiyapo zinenezo zina monga kunyozedwa, kumangidwa kwa njiru, ndi kuponyedwa m’ndende. Canada mofananamo amagwiritsira ntchito makhoti 12-phasipo poweruza milandu yoopsa, ndi zigamu zofunikira. Australia imafuna zigamu zotsutsana ndi milandu ya upandu kusiyapo ku South Australia ndi Tasmania, zimene zimalola kuti zigamu za anthu 1112 76 kapena 10 761.1

Kusiyanasiyana ndi Kuimira

Mfundo yaikulu ndi yakuti majuli ayenera kuimira kutsegulidwa kwa chigawo choyenera cha chitaganya. Komabe, kukwaniritsa kuimira kuli chitokoso chosalekeza. Malamulo amagwiritsira ntchito mapepala ovomerezeka ovomerezeka, zolembera za dalaivala, kapena magwero ena andandandalika kusonkhanitsa oyembekezera kukhala ajuli. Kufufuza kwasonyeza kuti magulu oimiridwa ndi gulu la anthu a fuko limodzi, anthu achichepere, ndi ocheperapo kupezeka, kaŵirikaŵiri amatsogolera ku ku kutsutsa ku komiti ya juli. Masinthidwe onga kuwongolera kuvomereza, kuwonjezera mndandanda, ndi kuchepetsa zolinga za kusamvera kumeneku. [FLT:]. Khoti lamilandu: [FF:]

Ntchito Yosankha Jury

Kuthamanga kwa Mkodzo

Njira yosankha, yodziŵika monga yangozi (kuchokera ku tanthauzo lakale la Chifrenchi “kulankhula chowonadi”), imalola maloya ndi oweruza kufunsa za kukondera kwawo, kudziŵa mlandu, ndi kukhoza kukhala wopanda tsankho. Cholinga sichosankha ajuli oyanja mbali imodzi koma kuzindikira awo amene angapende bwino umboni. M'nkhani zazikulu kapena zovuta, chivoir chikhoza kufalikira kwa masiku ambiri.

Mavuto: Zochititsa ndi Zoyesa

Mitundu iŵiri ya mavuto imachotsa oyembekezera kukhala ajuli. Zovuta za cholinga n’zopanda malire; aliyense woweruza amene amasonyeza tsankhu logwirizana ndi chipani chinachake kapena lingaliro lokhazikika lokhudza liwongo. Zovuta zikhoza kuloledwa. Zitsutso zonsezo zimalola mbali iliyonse kuchotsapo chiŵerengero cha jurs popanda kutchula chifukwa. Komabe, mavuto othetsa sangagwiritsidwe ntchito kusiyanitsa fuko kapena kugonana. Nkhani ya U.S. Nkhani yaikulu ya Khoti [[FT:1] [BT] v. [brotson] Kentucky . [12] [malangizo] [matsutsa kuti woweruza] safuna kuteteza Classiclex . Kuteteza kwa Classiclex ndi kuteteza anthu.

Ntchito ya Majuries

Juries amachita ntchito zingapo zofunika zimene zimawasiyanitsa ndi oweruza okha.

Kupeza Choonadi ndi Kuphonya

Ntchito yaikulu ya oweruza ndiyo kugamula milandu mwa kupenda umboni woperekedwa m’khoti. Oweruza amamvetsera umboni, kupenda zionetsero, ndi kutsimikizira kuwona. Iwo amaloŵa dala m'chipinda chaumwini, kukambitsirana umboni kufikira atapeza chigamulo. Malamulo amafuna oweruza kuti apende nkhani zosiyana, kutsatira malangizo alamulo operekedwa ndi woweruza, ndipo nthaŵi zina kuyang'anizana ndi malingaliro awo. Kalingaliridwe ka ka kamodzi kameneka ndi mtundu wa kugamula kwa boma kosonyeza chigamulo cha democracy.

Mawu a M’mudzi

Julies akuloŵa m'ziyeneretso za m'chitaganya ndi mapindu m'zigamulo za lamulo. Chomwe chimapanga “kukayikira koyenera,” kapena“ khalidwe labwino” kwenikweni limasonkhezeredwa ndi chiweruzo cha anthu wamba. M'milandu, majuli alinso ndi mphamvu ya [ kutha kwa ntchito [. Maluso a kumasula woimbidwa mlandu ngakhale pamene lamulo ndi mfundo zake zimasonyeza liwongo, ngati iwo eniwo amakhulupirira kuti lamulolo nlo nlosalungama kapena kuti ligwiritsiridwe ntchito molakwa. Pamene kuli kosachitika kaŵirikaŵiri, kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito kwa woweruza milandu kapena wochenjera. Bar Association ya ku America ikulongosola ukulu wa kutha kwa lamulo lake [F.F:]

Malamulo ndi Kudalirika kwa Anthu

Mwa kukhudzana ndi nzika mwachindunji, kuzenga milandu kwa ajuli kumakulitsa kuyenera kwa zigamulo. Ofufuza akusonyeza kuti anthu amene amatumikira pa milandu ya milandu kaŵirikaŵiri amadalira kwambiri malamulo. Ngakhale oimbidwa mlandu ndi anthu ambiri amaona zigamulo za ajuli kukhala zalamulo kwambiri kuposa zigamulo zopangidwa ndi oweruza okha. Kuonekera kwa milandu ya ajuli kumakhala kotseguka kwa anthu onse.

Kufunika kwa Kusunga Chilungamo

Juries amatumikira monga chitetezo ku chitsenderezo cha boma ndi chilungamo chodzifunira. M'mbiri, ajuli atsamunda anakana kumanga olengeza pansi pa malamulo a Angelezi oukira boma, akuthandiza kukhazikitsa nyuzi zaulere. M'nyengo yamakono, ajuli akana kumangidwa mwachangu ndi kukhala ndi mphamvu zokhala ndi mlandu m’nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni. Ufulu wa mlandu wa oweruza umaikidwa mu U.S. Constitution chifukwa chakuti Akhazikidwe a polisi anazindikira kuti nzika wamba zikatetezera ufulu kuposa akuluakulu a boma okha.

Juries amagwiranso ntchito yamaphunziro. Oimba apeza chidziŵitso chaumwini cha mabwalo alamulo, kuphunzira ponena za lingaliro la kupanda liwongo, mtolo wa umboni, ndi kufunika kwa umboni. Maphunziro a boma ameneŵa angayende kunja monga oweruza akugawana zokumana nazo zawo ndi banja ndi mabwenzi. Maphunziro 2018 a National Center for State Courts apeza kuti oposa 80% a ofufuza ajuli analingalira kuti utumiki wawo unali chokumana nacho chamtengo wapatali, ndipo pafupifupi onse anasimba kumvetsetsa bwino kwa dongosolo la chiweruzo. National Center ya State Courts [FLD:] imapereka chuma chachikulu pa chikhutiro ndi kuwongolera kwa dongosolo.

Mavuto Amene Amakumana Nawo M’mapwando a Azimayi

Mosasamala kanthu za nyonga yake, dongosolo la oweruza limayang’anizana ndi zopinga zazikulu zimene zingafooketse kugwira kwake ntchito ndi chilungamo.

Bias m’Chisankho ndi Kudzikhululukira

Kukondera kwa fuko ndi kakhalidwe ka anthu kungaloŵe m'zosankha ndi kulingalira. Kufufuza kwasonyeza kuti milandu yonse ya azungu iri yothekera kwambiri kuweruza oimbidwa mlandu Akuda, ndi kuti kukambitsirana kwa ajuli kungalamuliridwe ndi anthu apamwamba. Chigawo cha Batson, ngakhale kuti nchofunika, sichinathetse tsankho. Maboma ena tsopano amafuna maloya kupereka zifukwa zaukali kaamba ka kubwezera, ndipo malamulo onga Washington asonkhezera kuthetsa mavuto onse.

Kufufuza Kwabwino

Nkhani zovuta kwambiri . Makamaka zija zophatikizapo umboni wa sayansi, chinyengo cha ndalama, kapena zolembedwa zambiri . Zingavute kumvetsetsa malangizo a zamalamulo, amene analembedwa m'chinenero chochuluka. Kufufuza kochuluka kunapeza kuti nthaŵi zambiri oweruza amakayikira zinthu zomveka bwino, cholinga, kapena kukambirana. Masinthidwe onga kuchepetsa malangizo a ajuli, kulola ajuli kujambula manotsi, kufunsa mafunso a mboni (m'madera ena), ndi kugaŵira makope a malangizo aonetsa zotsatira zabwino. U.S. Khoti za m'mawebusaiti . imatulutsa malangizo a aumboni aupandu amene ayesa kuwongolera zinthu.

Chisonkhezero cha Ofalitsa Nkhani ndi Chidziŵitso Chabwino

M'nyengo ya makompyuta, kudziŵikitsidwa kwa ma juperordio kuli chodetsa nkhaŵa chachikulu. Milandu yaikulu ya mapulogalamu imachititsa kuulutsidwa kwa nkhani zoulutsidwa, ndipo manyuzi a zachikhalidwe angafalitse tsatanetsatane wa kukondera kapena kusocheretsedwa. Makhoti amalangiza oweruza kusafufuza mlanduwo kapena kukambitsirana za pa Intaneti, koma kuswa malamulo kumachitika. Kuchotsa ziŵeruzo ndi chithandizo champhamvu cha chiwongoletsekedwa, koma vutolo likupitirizabe. Makhoti ena tsopano amagwiritsira ntchito mapangano a mafunso ndi makhoti a milandu ovuta kudziŵira.

Kupsinjika Maganizo Koipa ndi Mavuto

Ziyeso zazitali, umboni woonekeratu, ndi mtolo wa kugamula choikidwiratu cha munthu wina zingadzetse chipsinjo chachikulu kwa ajuli. Mavuto a zachuma . Kutaikiridwa kwa malipiro, kusamala ana kumatayitsa / kulemetsanso ena oyembekezeredwa kukhala ajuli. Maboma ambiri akweza malipiro a juli, koma malipiro amachepera malipiro ake m'malo ambiri. Kuwongolera kwabwino kwa majuli ndi kuchepetsa mtolo wa zachuma ndiko makambitsirano a ndandanda a kayendetsedwe ka zinthu.

Tsogolo la Ajambulidwa m’Njira ya Kuweruza

Makhalidwe osiyanasiyana ndiponso kusintha kothekera kukusintha tsogolo lake, pamene anthu akusintha, bungwe la oweruza liyenera kuzoloŵera kuti likhale loyenerera ndi logwira mtima.

Kusintha kwa Luso

Luso la zopangapanga lingawonjezere makhoti a ajuli ndiponso limapangitsanso mavuto atsopano. Makhoti ena tsopano amapereka mapepala osonyeza zionetsero, kugwiritsira ntchito zipangizo zopangira zinthu zamagetsi, kapena makompyuta enieni. Zoona zenizeni tsiku lina zingafanane ndi zochitika za upandu kuti zikhale zofunikira. Komabe, luso la zopangapangapanga limayambitsa nkhaŵa za zocheukitsa ndi zothekera za kufufuza kosaloledwa. Malamulo omveka ndi oyang’anira milandu ngofunika.

Kusintha Zinthu Kuti Anthu Akhale Oimira Ena

Maboma ambiri akufutukuka kukhala okhoza kuphatikizapo anthu osakhala ndi malo, anthu okhala ndi zolembedwa zaupandu (pambuyo pa nyengo zina), ndi achikulire achichepere. Malamulo amwambo kuchokera ku masewero osiyanasiyana, kusungidwa kwa mawonekedwe abwinopo, ndi kuchepetsa kusaloledwa kwa ntchito cholinga cha kupanga maiweya a ajuli osiyanasiyana. Makhoti ena ayesa ndi “tsiku limodzi kapena makompyuta ena” kuchepetsa katundu wa oweruza.

Malo Odzisankhira

Kuti awongolere mkhalidwe wa kugamula, makhoti ena amalola oweruza kutumiza mafunso olembedwa kaamba ka mboni, kukambitsirana umboni mkati mwa kuzenga mlandu (mmalo mwa kuyembekezera kufikira mapeto), ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mafomu olinganizidwa. Izi nzofala kwambiri m’maweruzi a boma koma zikulandiridwanso pang’onopang’ono m’milandu yaupandu.

Kuyerekezera Malingaliro ndi Kulera Ana kwa Mayiko

Chikondwerero cha kukhala ndi phande kwa anthu akukula padziko lonse. Japan anayambitsa njira yake yogawira majaji odziŵa ntchito ndi nzika zisanu ndi chimodzi kuti asankhe milandu yowopsa. South Korea inatengera njira yophatikizapo ajuli mu 2008. Mafanizo ameneŵa amaphatikiza malamulo ndi malamulo a boma, kupereka nzeru zofunika kwambiri za mmene anthu osiyanasiyana amalinganizirira ntchito ndi kugawana ndi boma. Project [FLD Jury Juctry Research project imapereka kusanthula kogwirizana kwa malamulo ameneŵa.

Kuchepetsa Malamulo ndi Kutsutsa

Malingaliro ena akupereka lingaliro la kuchepetsa ukulu wa ajuli (m., kuyambira 12 mpaka 8 kapena 6) kuwonjezera kuyendetsa bwino zinthu ndi kuchepetsa mtengo. Komabe, majuli aang'ono angakhale oimira pang'ono ndi kupanga zigamulo zochepera. Mofananamo, kuchoka ku kusadekha / kuloledwa kumadera ena a anthu ndi apandu kumaiko akunja kwa dziko lapansi / amafunsa mafunso okhudza chilungamo. Chikhoterero cha ku United States, pambuyo pa chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba mu [[FLT: 0]] Ramos v. Louisiana[FLT:] [2020]) yofuna kusalolera milandu ya boma yowopsa, imadalira kusungitsa komiti yachiweruzo yamwambo 12-aimodzi monga mlonda.

Kumaliza

Bungwe la oweruza ndi chipangizo chodziwitsa anthu; ndi bungwe lamoyo limene limapanga chifuno cha demokrase cha kutengamo mbali m'kulamulira. Mwa kuikizira anthu wamba kukhala ndi mphamvu yogamula nkhani, njira ya chiweruzo imakhala yolondola, kuonekera, ndi kukhazikitsa makhalidwe a anthu. Juries imasunga ozengedwa ndi oimbidwa mlandu, kutetezera oweruza, ndi kuphunzitsa nzika za boma za malamulo. Komabe dongosolo silimasintha. Kutsendereza mavuto , kusokonezeka kwa zinthu, kusokonezeka kwa olengeza nkhani, ndi mavuto opitirizabe. Oweruza, oweruza, ndi akatswiri a zamalamulo ayenera kupitirizabe kuyeretsa kusankha a bungwe, kukonzanso, ndi kukonza zinthu popanda kusokoneza ntchito yaungwe. Monga komiti yapamwamba, monga momwe idzachitirabe kuchenjeza anthu apamwamba lamulo lamphamvu.