Mbali ya Boma la Federal m’Kutetezera Ufulu Wachibadwidwe: Kayang’anidwe Kolongosoka

Unansi pakati pa boma la boma ndi kutetezeredwa kwa ufulu wa anthu ku United States ndi nkhani ya kupita patsogolo kwakukulu, kulimbana kopitirizabe, ndi chisinthiko chosalekeza cha zolinga za dziko. Pamene kuli kwakuti zikalata zokhazikitsidwa zimafotokoza malamulo aufulu ndi kulingana, zenizeni kwa mibadwo ya Aamereka , akazi, mafuko aang'ono, ndi LGBTQ + chitaganya chinali chimodzi cha kusankhidwa kwa dongosolo, kusankhidwa, ndi kuvomerezedwa ndi kuikidwa mwalamulo kwa dziko. Boma la boma, kupyolera mwa malamulo ake, mkulu, ndi nthambi za milandu, zakhala injini yaikulu yochotsera madongosolo ameneŵa ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo owonjezereka. Kupenda kumeneku kupenda kowonjezereka kwa mbiri yakale, malamulo, kusintha zochita zaudindo, zosankha zazikulu, ndi kuweruza, ndi kupikisana kwamakono kumene boma kukufotokoza mfundo zofunika, ndi kuchirikiza ufulu wa boma, nthaŵi zina zofunika kwambiri, ndi kuchirikiza ufulu wa boma.

Maziko a Mbiri Yakale: Kuyambira pa Kukonzanso Ufulu Wachibadwidwe Kufikira ku Gulu la Chiŵeniŵeni

Kuloŵerera kwa boma pa ufulu wa anthu kungapezeke kumbuyo ku nyengo ya kukonzanso zinthu pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni. [[FLT:] 13th , 14th , ndi 15 Demendmentss ku Lamulo, yovomerezedwa pakati pa 1865 ndi 1870, kuchotsa ukapolo, kutsimikiziridwa chitetezero chofanana pansi pa lamulo, ndi kuletsa tsankho la fuko posankha. Zimenezi zinaimira kugonjera kwakukulu kwa ulamuliro pa ufulu wa maboma kumasulira unzika ndi ufulu wa anthu. Komabe, mapeto a Reconstanton mu 18777 anatsogolera ku nyengo ya kubwerera m'dziko. Malamulo a ku Southernern Prect: [FLD:] Malamulo a Cimrow [FF:3] omwe anachotsa ufulu wa anthu, kugaŵana ufulu wa anthu. Komabe, kutha kwa boma lachiŵiri, logwirizana ndi kulola unzirimo kuyandikira kwa boma.

Gulu lamakono la ufulu wachibadwidwe, limene linapeza mphamvu m'ma 1950 ndi 1960, linali chitokoso chachindunji ku mkhalidwe umenewu. Gululo silinali chochitika chimodzi koma mkupiti wokhalitsa, wa zitsutso zopanda chiwawa, zitokoso zalamulo, ndi ndale zadziko. Chivomerezo choyamba cha boma chinali chokayikitsa ndi chosasintha. Desidentier Dw Dwnhower, mwachitsanzo, chinali kutumiza asilikali a boma kwa Rock, Arkansard , mu 1957] kusungitsa deccutice of Central High School School, chisonyezero champhamvu cha boma lotsutsa. Komabe, chinali chigwirizano cha chipani cha chipani cha anthu onse, chotsutsa nkhondo chankhanza (monga Harmigner), ndi kutsutsa kwa kutsutsana kwa nkhondo ya ufulu wa boma konga kwa Martinnernernerner. Pomalizira pake, Dr.

Malamulo Osonyeza Kuteteza

Malamulo a boma ndi amene amathandiza kwambiri kuti ufulu wa anthu utetezedwe.

Lamulo la 1964 la Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni

Malamulo ambiri a ufulu wachibadwidwe kuyambira pamene chisankho chinakhazikitsidwa, Chikalata cha ufulu wa anthu Chikalata cha ufulu wa anthu cha 1964 chosinthidwa kwambiri m'dziko la America. Chili chigawo cha malamulo ambiri okhala ndi maina ambiri. Imalamulo oletsa tsankho II [ kusankhidwa kwa] m'mahotela, monga mahotela, mahotela, ndi malo osungiramo zinthu, ozikidwa pa fuko, chipembedzo, kapena chiyambi cha dziko. [[FLT:] imakhazikitsa chisankho cha chipembedzo [[FLT] yogwirizana ndi yogwirizana ndi ntchito iliyonse yokhudzana ndi kudalirana kwa bungwe, yachitukuko, yachiŵirinso, yachiwonjezo, yachiwonjezero chachikulu cha boma lotetezera chitukuko cha boma, chitukuko cha boma. [FU.E.N.[EF]

Chikalata Chovomereza Ufulu wa Anthu cha 1965

Pamene kuli kwakuti Chikalata cha Chisankho cha Chivomezi chinafotokoza mitundu yambiri ya kusankhana, kuyenera kwa kuvota kunakhalabe pansi pa zigawo zambiri za dziko. Kuvomereza Ufulu wa Anthu mu 1965 kunali chivomerezo chachindunji ku kutsendereza kwa Black contion ku mayeso, misonkho, ndi kuopseza kwenikweni. Makonzedwe amphamvu koposa, [[FLT:]] [FLT]] [kamene kuyenera 5 , kufunikira ndi malo okhala ndi mbiri ya kutsendereza kwa kusankhidwa kwa kuzama kwa ku South South . Magazi kwambiri kwa ufulu wa chigamu cha chivomezi cha chivomezi cha chiwonjeko. [Malo owonjezereka a Suppo a Chivolichi.] Oweruza a boma a Suppose. Oweruzawo anaŵerenganso za ufulu wa chigamu chaku

Lamulo la Kusamalira Nyumba la mu 1968

Wosainidwa ndi Pulezidenti Lyndon B. Johnson mwamsanga pambuyo pa kuphedwa kwa Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Fair House Act ya 1968 [FLT: 1]] Malamulo a boma otetezera ufulu wa anthu ku malonda. Lamulo loletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, kapena chiyambi cha dziko pogulitsa, kubwereka nyumba. Linaletsanso machitidwe a kuchotsa ufulu wa boma monga "rentining" ndi "kutetezera," kumene madera ena kapena magulu ena anaimbidwa (kapesesa) pa mayanjano awo a fuko kapena fuko. Dipatimenti ya Bergalge ndi UD (UD) imapatsidwa mlandu ndi kudandaula, kutsutsana ndi kuswa kwa lamulo lalamulo, ngakhale kuswa lamulo, ndi kupitirizabe kukhazikitsa ntchito yosagwirizana ndi kufalikira kwaunika nkhani zaumoyo, ndi kuwonjezera kutsutsa nkhani ya kusoŵa kwa ufulu wautundu.

  • Americas ndi Chikalata cha Culture Act (ADA) ya 1990: Lamulo lalikulu la ufulu wachibadwidwe loletsa tsankho kwa anthu opunduka m'mbali zonse za moyo wa anthu, kuphatikizapo ntchito, sukulu, zoyendera, ndi malo onse a anthu onse ndi achinsinsi otseguka.
  • Iliy Better Better Fair Pay Act ya 2009: Kachitidwe kameneka kanabwezeretsa chitetezo choonekeratu chotetezera ku kulipira tsankhu lozikidwa pa kugonana, fuko, chiyambi cha dziko, msinkhu, kapena chipembedzo. Kanasonyeza kuti malipiro aupo waupo uliwonse amasintha lamulo la tsiku la 180 la kulephera kulemba chinenezo, kugwetsa chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba choletsa.

Kuchita Zinthu Motsatira Malamulo Monga Chofunika Kwambiri Posintha

Kuwonjezera pa malamulo, nthambi ya mkulu yakhala ikugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a pulezidenti ndi ntchito ya boma kuti ithandize kupititsa patsogolo ufulu wa anthu pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo inali yochedwa kuchitapo kanthu kapena pamene boma likufuna kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga.

Olamulira Olamulira 9981 (11948) – Kugawiridwa kwa Magulu a Asilikali Onyamula Zida

Pulezidenti Harry S. Truman's Exective Order 9981 imaima monga posinthira panthu. Inalembedwa motsutsana ndi kuyambika kwa Nkhondo ya Mawu ndi kufunika kwa kupereka kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wa demokrase, lamulo lolengezedwa "kuti padzakhala kulingana kwa kuchitiridwa ndi mwaŵi kwa anthu onse m'mautumiki ankhondo popanda fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kapena mtundu. Lamulo limeneli linatsutsa mwachindunji dongosolo lokhazikika la fuko mu U. S. U. Usilikali, limene linali machitachita oyenerera kuyambira Nkhondo ya Dziko I. Nthaŵi zambiri nkhondo inali njira ya nkhondo ya chidani, koma inapambana. Podzafika nthaŵi ya nkhondo, magulu aungwe ogwirizana, anatsimikizira kukhala oyenerera kutetezera kwa mtundu wa dziko lonse la United States. U. Ulendo wogwira ntchito yothandiza kuyenderana ndi ufulu waunyirira ku maiko a ku America.

Gulu Lolamulira 11246 (1965) – Affict Act mu Federal Communiting

Wosainidwa ndi Pulezidenti Lyndon B. Johnson, Exectutive Order 11246 adakhazikitsa maziko a ntchito yamakono yovomereza. Ilo linaletsa makampani a boma kuchotsapo zozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kapena chipembedzo, kapena chiyambi cha dziko ndi kuwafuna kuchita "zotsimikiza" kutsimikizira kuti ofunsirawo akulembedwa ntchito ndipo antchito akuchitidwa popanda kuyang'anira zinthu zimenezi. Lamulo limeneli linachititsa bungwe la Federal Conctal Compliance Programs (OUFCC) [FLCP] la . Limene likuchititsa ntchito yaikulu ya boma. Pamene kuli kutsutsana kwamphamvu kwa andale, ndi kuchirikiza ntchito za makampani a boma.

Lamulo Lotsogolera 13672 (2014 – Kuteteza LGBTQ+ Antchito ndi Oyendetsa Magulu Ogwirizana

M'kukula kwakukulu kwa zitetezero za ufulu wa anthu za boma pamaso pa Bostock [1] Chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba, Pulezidenti Barack Obama anatulutsa Executive Order 13672]. Lamulo limeneli loletsa EO 1124 kuletsa poyera tsankho lozikidwa pa mkhalidwe wa kugonana ndi chizindikiritso cha mwamuna ndi chisembwere cha boma. Linawonjezeranso chitetezo kwa antchito a boma la boma lenilenilo. Pamene kuli kwakuti silikuphatikiza antchito onse, ntchito imeneyi yapamwamba inali si sitepi yaikulu potsimikizira kuti boma ladziko lalanda mphamvu silinagwirizanitse tsankho pa LBTQT. Linakhazikitsa lamulo la dziko lonse la makampani ambiri amene amatumikira monga bungwe lolinganiza ntchito. Chigamu cha Komiti cha Udindo cha Udindo cha Udindo cha Chigamulo. [F4]

Zosankha za Chiweruzo Monga Woweruza Matanthauzo a Malamulo

Oweruza a boma, makamaka Bwalo Lapamwamba la United States, achita mbali yaikulu m’kumasulira Konsichushoni ndi malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe wa boma, kaŵirikaŵiri akumagwetsa malamulo a boma opalamula mlandu ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo atsopano alamulo.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Chigamulo cha kugwirizana mu [[FLT: 0] Brown v. Boma la Maphunziro n’lomwe lachitika kwambiri. Linachotsa chiphunzitso cha lamulo cha "Bonse koma lilingana" chokhazikitsidwa zaka 58 m' [[FLT:]. Ferguson. Kulemba za Khoti, Woweruza Wamkulu Earl Warren analongosola motchuka kuti "Masukulu saayenera kuchitika. Chigamulo chinali chigamulo chachindulo cha boma - laposorra ndi kulengeza kuti madongosolo otero anaswa chitetezo cha Claus. Pamene kukonza kwake koyambako kunachitidwa ndi lamulo lalikulu mu South" (Masssss, Frective", [Foctive:]) chigamulo cha ufulu waunyiri wa anthu onse. Chigamu chinatsimikizira chigamulo cha ufulu cha anthu onse chakunja chakunja chakumanja ndi chivomerezera ku chivomerezo chaku chaku.

Long v. Virginia (1967)

Mu Virginia . . . . . . Khoti Lapamwamba linaswa malamulo a boma oletsa kusiyanitsa mafuko. Mlandu wokhudza Richard Lowell, mwamuna woyera, ndi Mildred Jeter, mkazi Wakuda, amene anakwatiwa ku Washington, D.C., mu 1958, kungoyenera kumangidwa pamene abwerera ku Virginia. Khotilo linagwirizana kuti lamulo la Virginia linaswa zonse ziŵiri Doculty Clause ndi Sucle of the 14th Remedible. Chilungamo chachikulu cha Malamulo cha Malamulo a Malamulo a Malamulo a Chikwati china chinalemba kuti "Ufulumiko kukwatira, kapena kusakwatira, munthu wa fuko lina limakhala ndi munthu payekha, ndipo silingathe kutsutsidwa ndi Boma la Bomalome [1] Chigamuchi chimodzi chokha chotsutsa malamulo 16 a Classicke ndi chigamulo chachimo chachikulu. Chigamu chachikulucho chimavomerezanso kuti chigamuke chigamuke cha chigamuke cha chigamu chachikulu cha chigamu: [F.F3]

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

M'chigamulo cha 5-4, Obergefell v. Hodges analoledwa ndi lamulo la ukwati wa kugonana m'dziko lonselo. Khoti linavomereza kuti Demende la 14 la Desment's Rescrect Claus iteteza kuyenera kwa kukwatira, ndi kuti Kutetezera kwa mlingo wa Claus kumafuna kuti adziŵe maukwati amodzi a m'mayiko ena. Woweruza Anthony Kennedy anakhazikitsa ufulu wa kukwatira monga maziko a ulemu wa munthu aliyense ndi wa Iconum, akumanena kuti "kuyenera kukwatira ndiko kuyenera kwalamulo kwa munthu. Chilungamo chimenechi chigamutse zaka makumi ambiri za nkhondo ndi nkhondo zalamulo, kukhazikitsa muyezo wa dziko limene lina limapereka lamulo loletsedwa kapena kuletsa lamulo loletsedwa. Chilamulo chalamulo chigamu cha ufulu cha anthu onse. Chilungamo chimenechi chimamasulira chigamu chikalata choyenera kuteteza anthu onse pansi pa lamulo.

Kukakamiza kwa Maboma Amakono ndi Malo Atsopano

Chitetezero cha ufulu wachibadwidwe si cholembedwa cha mbiri yakale; ndi mbali yogwira ntchito yogwira ntchito ya boma. Dipatimenti yamakono ya Chilungamo (DOJ) idakali dzanja loyamba la osungitsa, ndi Chili ndi ufulu wake woyenerera [[FLT:]] Civil Rights Divict [] kutsutsa upandu wa udani, kusamvera malamulo a a apolisi, kugulitsa anthu, ndi tsankho m’nyumba, ntchito, ndi maphunziro. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, DOJ wachita "chitsanzo kapena pulogalamu ya madipatimenti onse a a apolisi, kupeza kuswa malamulo alamulo a lamulo lokhudza kusintha zinthu.

Kusungidwa kwa ITH IX kwa Madefansi a Maphunziro a 1972 kudakali mbali yaikulu ya kuloŵetsedwamo kwa boma. Kuyambiyambi kulinganizidwira kuyang'anira tsankhu la amuna ndi akazi, kuphatikizapo maseŵera, ukulu wake wafutukulidwa kupyolera mwa chitsogozo cha boma ndi malamulo a khoti kubisa kuvuti la za kugonana ndi kuukira kwa kugonana pa makoleji. Boma la boma, kupyolera ku Ofesi ya ufulu wa Chibalira Mu Dipatimenti ya Maphunziro, lingafufuze madandaulo ndi kukana ndalama za boma ku mabungwe amene amalephera kugwirizana ndi. Zimenezi zimachititsa kuti The Umutwe IX ikhale chida champhamvu, ngakhale cha ndale, chida chomangira maphunziro ndi kukhazikitsa malo abwino ophunzitsira.

Malo atsopano otetezera ufulu wa anthu a boma amaphatikizapo kuyang'anira kukondera kwa kupeka kwa malungo, chinsinsi cha makompyuta, ndi ufulu wa anthu opunduka m'nyengo ya manambala. DOJ wafalitsa malangizo onena za kuthekera kwa ADA ku mawebusaiti ndi maprogramu a foni, ndipo EEOC ikufufuza mokangalika mmene zida za kugwiritsa ntchito kampani zolemba ndalama zingapangire mosadziŵa magulu otetezedwa. Kufufuza bwino mfundo zofunika za ufulu wa boma za anthu, mungapite ku malo alamulo a [FLT: 0]

Mavuto Okhalitsa Ndiponso Ntchito Yosachotsedwa

Ngakhale kuti pali malamulo ambiri, mavuto akupitirizabe. . 2013 Selby County , imene inathetsa njira yodziŵira za ufulu wa anthu pasadakhale, yachititsa kuti pakhale malamulo atsopano ofufuza amene ambiri amatsutsa kwambiri osankhidwa ndi anthu ochepa. Boma lathandiza pokhazikitsa malamulo atsopano, monga John Lewis Voting Rights Adment Act , koma mawu ake sakudziwa bwino. Zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti kuteteza ufulu wa kuvota ndi nkhondo ya boma yomwe ikupitirizabe pakati pa boma ndi boma.

Mbali zina zodetsa nkhaŵa boma zimene zikupitirizabe zimaphatikizapo izi:

  • Umboni: Boma la boma likupitiriza kukakamiza kaamba ka miyezo ya dziko pakugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu, kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso pa kukumana kwa apolisi, ndi kuchotsedwa kwa chitetezo cha apolisi oyenerera amene amaswa ufulu wa anthu. Kutuluka kwa George Floyd Justice mu Policing Act kumakhalabe chonulirapo chachikulu cha lamulo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ufulu wosumira: malamulo a Federal pa kusamuka amadzutsa nkhani zovuta za ufulu wachibadwidwe, kuphatikizapo kuchitiridwa kwa ofunafuna kopulumukira, mikhalidwe m'malo osungira, ndi lamulo la njira yoyenera kwa anthu osakhala a m'dziko. Boma la boma liyenera kulinganiza chisungiko cha malire ndi mathayo ake pansi pa lamulo la mitundu yonse ndi lapamudzi kutetezera ufulu wa anthu onse m'dziko la U.S.
  • Chiweruzo cha kampani: Zoyenera za nzika zimamvedwa mowonjezereka kukhala zikuphatikizapo mwaŵi wa zachuma. Boma la boma limatchula zimenezi kupyolera mwa kusungitsa ndalama zosungidwa mwachilungamo ndi Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, kulimbana ndi kubwezera ndi mabanki, ndi kutsimikizira kuthekera kolingana kwa ngongole ndi nyumba.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kutetezera Ufulu Woyenera Kubereka: Pambuyo pa chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Dobts . Jackson Akazi 'Hwero la Zaumoyo [, limene linagwedeza [[FLT] Rouragev. Wade ndi [[FLT]], ntchito ya boma yotetezera kuchotsa mimba yakhala yolimbana kwambiri. Doj yatsimikiza kuti lamulo la boma lotetezera kulowa ku zipatali (Ufulu wa ku Clinicsc] Actss, kapena Face Actsc) idakali yovomerezeka, pamene kuyang'anira ntchito yotetezera kuchotsa mimba. Imeneyi tsopano ndi malo a bungwe loyang'anira ufulu wa anthu onse.

Kumaliza

Ntchito ya boma la boma kutetezera ufulu wa anthu yakhala yosasintha. Kuyambira pa malonjezo oyambirira a Reconstructives kudzera m'lamulo lotchuka la ma 1960, ndi kuyambira pa kuchotsedwa kwa gulu la asilikali kudzera m'dongosolo la akuluakulu mpaka kuwonjezera chitetezo chofanana mwa kumasulira kwa milandu, boma lakhala likutumikira monga chitetezero chotetezera ku tsankho ndi lupanga lopitira patsogolo. Makonzedwe a kusintha / kukonzanso zinthu, ndi kupenda zalamulo, ndi kugamula, kusonyeza kudalirana ndi kugaŵikana kwa anthu a ku America ndipo nthaŵi zina kugaŵikana. Zofunika zazikulu zazikulu zachitika pamene chitsenderezo cha anthu onse, utsogoleri wa makhalidwe abwino, ndi ndale zadziko zagwirizana kuti zipitirire kumbuyo. Ntchitoyi ya kugawana kwa kugawana ndi kugaŵana kwa boma kwa boma, kugawa kwa boma kwaukulukulu, ndi kuvomerezana kwa lamulo la lamulo lalamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo, la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo, la lamulo la lamulo la onse.