Chiyambi: Kuthandiza Anthu Osauka

Chithandizo cha maiko ena chakhala chipangizo chachikulu kwa zaka makumi ambiri m'kuyesayesa kwapadziko lonse kuchepetsa umphaŵi. Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, maboma, mabungwe apadziko lonse, ndi mabungwe osakhala a boma atumiza chuma kuchokera ku maiko olemera kupita ku maiko otukuka ndi cholinga chodzutsa kuwonjezereka kwa chuma, kupititsa patsogolo thanzi ndi maphunziro, ndi kulimbikitsa kukhazikika kwa ndale zadziko. Lingaliro nlomveka bwino: mwa kuchotsa ndalama, katundu, maluso a zaluso, kapena kuchirikiza malamulo, mayiko opereka thandizo angathandize kukweza anthu onse kuchokera ku ku kusoŵa kwakukulu. Komabe, kupambana kwa chithandizo chachilendo kukupitiriza kutsutsana kwambiri pakati pa akatswiri a zachuma, opanga malamulo, ndi akatswiri a zaumoyo, ndi umboni wa zonse ziŵiri zachipambano ndi kulephera kwakukulu. Kumvetsetsa ntchito yothandiza pa nkhondo yapadziko lonse kusoŵa kwapadziko lapansi kusoŵa kofunikira kuyang'ana, ndi kuperekedwa.

Mlingo wa chithandizo chakunja ndi wochuluka. Malinga ndi bungwe la Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), thandizo la boma la kupititsa patsogolo (ODA) kuchokera ku maiko opereka linafika pafupifupi $2022 biliyoni mu 202, , likulu limeneli likuyenda m'maprogramu osiyanasiyana, kuyambira pa chakudya chopatsa mphamvu yamwadzidzidzi ku nthaŵi yaitali ya chakudya mpaka kulephera kwa ntchito zambiri zoyendetsera zinthu ndi zolamulira. Ochirikiza akutsutsa kuti chithandizo chathandiza kuchepetsa kwambiri umphaŵi, chomwe chinatsika ndi 36% ya anthu a padziko lonse mu 1990 mpaka kufika pa 10% podzafika 201. Komabe, otsutsa, kupitirizabe kudalirana, chiphuphu, ndi kulephera kwa ntchito zambiri kuti asinthe. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza mbali zonse ziŵiri, kusuntha m’mitundu, mapindu, ndi mavuto achilendo, monga chithandizo cha ziŵitso cha m’tsogolo.

Kumvetsa Chithandizo Chakunja: Kufotokoza ndi Kukula Kwake

Chithandizo cha kumaiko ena, chodziŵikanso monga chithandizo, chimaphatikizapo kutumiza zinthu kulikonse kumene kuli kolinganizidwira kuthandiza kutukuka kwa dziko la wolandira kapena zosoŵa za anthu. Chingaperekedwenso thandizo lapadera (kuchokera ku dziko lina kumka ku lina) kapena ku magawo ambiri (loyendetsedwa kupyolera mwa mabungwe onga United Nations, World Bank, kapena European Union). Zopereka zapamseri kuchokera ku maziko ndi NGOs zimapanganso gawo lalikulu la chithandizo. Kusiyanitsako ndiko kuti chithandizo chimaperekedwa pa malamulo ololekanitsidwa, kutanthauza kuti chimaphatikizapo ndalama kapena ngongole ndi ndalama zachiwongole cha pansi pamiyeso ya malonda.

Kukula kwa chithandizo cha kumaiko ena kwakula m'nthaŵi yapambuyo pa Nkhondo Yadziko II, chithandizo chinali chogwirizana kwambiri ndi kumanganso Ulaya ndi kukhala ndi chikomyunizimu. Pofika m'ma 1970 ndi 1980, cholinga cha kupita patsogolo kwa zachuma m'maiko atsopano. Lerolino, zothandizira zakhala ndi maaudindo owonjezereka: kuchepetsa umphaŵi, kulingana kwa amuna ndi akazi, kulimba kwa nyengo, ndi ulamuliro wabwino. United Nations Costainable Development Zolinga (SDGs), yovomerezedwa mu 2015, kupempha thandizo la ndalama zowonjezereka kuti zipeze ndalama, maphunziro, ndi nyumba zapamwamba m'mayiko osauka kwambiri. Ngakhale ndi kulakalaka zimenezi, anthu ambiri alephera kuyang'anizana ndi cholinga chachikulu cha anthu otsala kwa nthaŵi yaitali cha dziko lonse la OD, lipenga loyamba la pa bebulo la OD, likulu la pa ben shatime mu 1970.

Kuti munthu amvetsetse mmene thandizo limakhudzira, ayenera kuzindikira mitundu yake. Aid si chinthu chimodzi. Ili ndi njira zopulumutsira moyo zapanthaŵi yomweyo ndi kusintha kwa zaka makumi ambiri. Mitundu ya chithandizo yogwiritsidwa ntchito m'nkhani yake imakhudza kwambiri mphamvu yake pochepetsa umphaŵi.

Mbali Zazikulu za Chithandizo cha Kunja

Kuthandiza Anthu

Chithandizo cha anthu ndi mtundu wa chithandizo chakunja chooneka kwambiri komanso chofulumira. Chimathandiza mwamsanga pa masoka achilengedwe, nkhondo, miliri, ndi njala. Cholinga chachikulu ndicho kupulumutsa miyoyo, kuchepetsa mavuto, ndi kusungitsa ulemu wa anthu. Thandizo la anthu limaphatikizapo chakudya ndi kugaŵira madzi, chisamaliro chamwadzidzidzi, malo ogona, ndi chithandizo cha bungwe la United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) ndi Komiti ya Padziko Lonse ya Red Cross (ICRC) ikutsogolera ntchito zimenezi.

Ngakhale kuti chithandizo cha anthu n’chovuta kwambiri m'mavuto, ubale wake ndi kutsika kwa umphaŵi kwa nthaŵi yaitali n’ngosadziŵika bwino. Zoopsa monga zivomezi kapena nkhondo zingayambitse zaka za kuyambika kwa dziko. Kulabadira kwa anthu kumathandiza kuti anthu azikhala okhazikika mofulumira, kuchepetsa kuthekera kwakuti mavuto akanthaŵi amayambitsa umphaŵi wadzaoneni. Komabe, otsutsa amanena kuti kuchuluka kwa chithandizo chamwadzidzidzi kungapangitse zinthu zofunikira kupititsa patsogolo. Kuwonjezera apo, chithandizo chosagwirizana bwino chingayambitse kupo kupotopetsa chuma cha kumaloko, monga kuwonjezera mitengo ya chakudya kapena kugwetsa opanga zinthu a m'dzikolo.

Chithandizo cha Kupita Patsogolo

Chithandizo cha kuwongolera chimadalira pa kumanga, kuwongokera kwa nthaŵi yaitali. Maprojekiti a zachuma a magulu monga misewu, maulalo, ndi makampani amagetsi; maprogramu a kakhalidwe monga sukulu, zipatala, ndi madongosolo a madzi oyera; ndi chithandizo chaluso kuwongolera uyang'aniro, machitidwe a ulimi, kapena dongosolo la zachuma. Chitukuko chinapangidwa kukulitsa mphamvu ya maiko olandira ndalama kuti apange kukula kwawo ndi kuchepetsa kudalira kwawo kwa kunja.

Zitsanzo zodziŵika za chithandizo chachipambano zimaphatikizapo Green Revolution ku Asia, imene inalandira chichirikizo chachikulu kuchokera ku maziko ndi opereka ndalama zopereka ndalama, kuwonjezereka kokulirakula kwa mbewu zotuta ndi kuchepetsa njala. Posachedwapa, Global Fund for Wine AIDS, TB ndi Malariya yapulumutsa miyoyo mamiliyoni ambiri mwa kuloŵerera kwa thanzi kokhala ndi chigamulo. The Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC), bungwe lothandiza anthu opereka chithandizo ku United States, limagwira ntchito pa chitsanzo cha mabungwe amene amafupa mphoto yabwino ndi zipata zoyendetsera zazikulu, kusonyeza zotulukapo zamphamvu m'kuchepetsa umphaŵi.

Chithandizo cha Nkhondo

Chithandizo cha asilikali ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zimene zimatsutsana kwambiri. Chimaphatikizapo ndalama, kuphunzitsa, zipangizo, ndi kuchirikiza mwachindunji asilikali a dziko la wolandira. Ngakhale kuti cholinga chachikulu si kuchepetsa umphaŵi, chithandizo cha nkhondo chingapereke kukhazikika, chomwe chili chofunika kuti pakhale mtendere. Mwachitsanzo, ntchito zoyendetsera mtendere zoyendetsedwa ndi United Nations zingathandize kuletsa nkhondo m'mayiko osalimba. Komabe, chithandizo chankhondo kaŵirikaŵiri chimayendetsedwa ndi zolinga za wopereka chithandizo m’malo mwa kupita patsogolo kwa wolandira chithandizo. Chingaperekere mphamvu za auchigaŵenga, mpikisano wa zida zamagetsi, kapena kutsogolera ku ku kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wa anthu. Akatswiri ambiri ankhondo amanena kuti chithandizo chankhondo chiyenera kulekana ndi OD kuti chisungire umphumphu wa chithandizo chaumphaŵi.

Ubwino Wothandiza Anthu Osauka

Chithandizo cha kumayiko ena chitakonzedwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino, chathandiza kwambiri kuchepetsa umphaŵi. Umboni wa zimenezi ndi wamphamvu kwambiri pa zaumoyo ndi maphunziro, kumene maprogramu opereka chithandizo apulumutsa miyoyo ndi mipata yowonjezereka.

Malamulo ndi Kupita Patsogolo kwa Zachuma

Malo opangira zinthu ndi maziko a ntchito zachuma. Misewu yothandiza imathandiza alimi kugulitsa, kuchepetsa mtengo wa zoyendera ndi kutayikidwa pambuyo potuta. Makina amagetsi a mphamvu ya mabizinesi aang'ono ndi kutheketsa ntchito za magetsi. Magalimoto ndi mabwalo a ndege amathandiza anthu kugwirizanitsa malonda. Maphunziro a World Bank apeza kuti chithandizo choperekedwa ku dongosolo la zinthu zamakono chikhala ndi mapindu abwino, makamaka ngati chiphatikizanitsidwa ndi ulamuliro wabwino. Mwachitsanzo, chithandizo cha Chitchaina ku maiko a mu Africa chapeza ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito zazikulu za mayendedwe zimene, pamene nthaŵi zina zosulizidwa chifukwa cha ngongole, zawonjezera makorishi a malonda a madera a .

Kukula kwa chuma kochititsidwa ndi kuikizira chuma kungathetse umphaŵi wa mamiliyoni ambiri. Bungwe la Commission on Growth and Development linanena kuti kukula kwanthaŵi zonse kumafuna maziko oyenerera, ndipo chithandizo chingakwanitse malo aakulu opezera ndalama m'maiko otsika opeza ndalama. Komabe, siimakhala yokha; ntchito zosakonzedwa bwino kapena zimene sizingathetse ndalama zimene zimawonongeka zingakhale njovu zoyera.

Thanzi ndi Maphunziro Zimapindula

Kupambana koonekeratu kwa chithandizo chakunja kuli m’thanzi. Global Fund, Gavi (Auntine Vaccine Alliance), ndi Pulezidenti wa United States Emergency Plan for AIDS Relation (PEFAR) asinthanso mphamvu ya kachilombo kolimbana ndi HIV / AIDS, malungo, ndi TB. Kuyambira 2000, maprogramuwa apulumutsa miyoyo ya ana pafupifupi 50 miliyoni. Kufa kwa ana kwawonjezeka padziko lonse, ndipo amayi amwalira mokulira.

M'maphunziro, chithandizo chathandiza kuwonjezera olembetsa a sukulu za pulaimale ku Africa yaing'ono kuchokera 58% mu 2000 kufika 78% pofika 2020. Programu zonga Global Pantership for progassion professor project, masukulu, ndi maphunziro a atsikana. Maphunziro ndi chichepetsero champhamvu cha umphaŵi: chaka chowonjezereka chilichonse cha maphunziro chingawonjezere malipiro a munthu ndi 10% ndi kuchepetsa mwaŵi wa ukwati ndi ntchito ya ana oyambirira.

Zochita zimenezi zimasonyeza kuti chithandizocho, pamene chichitidwa ndi maprogramu ozikidwa pa umboni ndi kugwirizana ndi njira zaumoyo ndi maphunziro a dziko, chingasinthe.

Mavuto Amene Amakhalapo Nthawi Zonse

Ngakhale kuti zinthu zayenda bwino chonchi, anthu ena amatsutsa kwambiri zimene anthu ena amanena.

Kudalirana ndi Kukhazikika

Nkhaŵa yobwerezabwereza ndi yakuti chithandizo chimalimbikitsa kudalira. Pamene maboma adalira ndalama zakunja kaamba ka bajeti yawo, iwo angaleke kuŵerengera kwa nzika zawo. M’zochitika zowopsa, chithandizo chingatsekereze ndalama zopezedwa m'nyumba ndi kuchepetsa chisonkhezero cha kusintha. Mwachitsanzo, maiko ena a ku Southern SAharan Africa amalandira zoposa 50% ya ndalama zawo zowonongedwa ndi opereka ndalama, kuwasiya ali okhoza kuchepetsa ndalama. Chithandizo chochirikizidwacho chimafuna kusintha pang’onopang'ono ku ndalama zapanyumba, koma chuma cha ndale chimagwira ntchito imeneyi.

Ziphuphu ndi Kulephera Kuwasamalira

Ziphuphu ndi vuto losatha. Ndalama zolinganizidwa kuchepetsa umphaŵi zingakopedwe ndi anthu apamwamba, kaya m'boma lolandira kapena m'ndandanda woperekera chithandizo. Makonzedwe a chithandizo angakhale opeputsa, ndi kuyang'anira kochepa. Chitsanzo chotchulidwa kwambiri ndicho kugwiritsira ntchito molakwa ndalama mu Oiri-Fod Program ku Iraq, kapena posachedwapa, maupandu ophatikizapo ndalama zothandizira ku Afghanistan. Popanda njira zolimba zodziwitsira mlandu, chithandizo chingachirikize madongosolo a kachiwonongeko. Komabe, kuchotsa ndalama mofulumira kutaya ndalama kupambana kuntchito yofunikira, makamaka m'maseŵera.

Zisonkhezero za Ndale ndi Chithandizo cha Kapolo

Aid siili yopanda dyera. Maboma a boma amagwiritsira ntchito chithandizo chakupititsa patsogolo ndale zadziko ndi malonda. Thandizo la teod, kumene wolandirayo ayenera kugula katundu kapena mautumiki kuchokera ku dziko loperekalo, limachepetsa phindu la chithandizo ndi 15-30%. Imasokonezanso misika ya kumaloko ndi kuchepetsa kukhala ndi mwini. Mwachitsanzo, chithandizo cha chakudya chimatumizidwa kuchokera ku maiko opereka zinthu m’malo mwa kuyambitsa, zimene zingasokoneze ulimi wa kumaloko. Zoyambirira zandale zingathandizirenso kusungidwa ndi madera ofunika kwambiri mmalo mwa kumene umphaŵi uli wokulira. Ofufuza akusonyeza kuti chithandizo chimakwera ndi mipando ya bungwe la United Nations Council kapena zipinda zokhalamo asilikali, mmalo ofunikira kwenikweni.

Njira Zothandiza Kuchepetsa Kugwira Ntchito Yothandiza

Pozindikira mavuto ameneŵa, madokotala opanga chithandizo ayesetsa kusintha njira zothandizira anthu ovutika. Chikalata cha ku Paris chonena za Aid Effectiveness (2005) ndi mapangano a Accra ndi Busan omwe anatsatirapo, akhazikitsa malamulo owongolera zinthu.

Kuzindikira Zinthu Zofunika Kwambiri

Maprogramu a chithandizo amakhala ogwira ntchito kwambiri pamene asonkhezeredwa ndi mapulani a dziko la olandira, osati zolinga za kukonza zopereka. Lamulo la kukhala ndi anthu limafuna opereka kumvetsera kwa osungidwa, kuphatikizapo anthu a m’dzikolo ndi anthu a m’madera ena. Mwachitsanzo, bajeti imathandiza kuchirikiza / kumene ndalama zimaperekedwa mwachindunji ku chosungiramo ndalama za boma . . lingalimbitse mabungwe a m'dziko ngati aphatikizapo kuyang'anira bwino. Madongosolo a mayiko, monga kugula ndi kuyang'anira ndalama, ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kuli kotheka kuteteza nyumba zofanana.

Kuwona Bwino ndi Kuŵerengera Mlandu

Kuona zinthu moonekera bwino nkofunika kuletsa ziphuphu ndi kukulitsa chidaliro. The International Aid Transparency Initiative (IATATI) imafalitsa mfundo zatsatanetsatane zoyendera thandizo, kutheketsa nzika ndi zibwana kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama. Oyendetsa makampani ayeneranso kupenda mwamphamvu kuti amvetse zimene zikugwira ntchito. Mayeso osafunika, ochita upainiya ndi akatswiri a zachuma monga Esther Duflo ndi Abhit Banerjee, asonyeza kuti njira zoyendera zotsika monga zochotsera miyala kapena mayunifomu a kusukulu omasuka zikhoza kuchepetsa ziyambukiro. Zomwe anapezazi zingathandize kuwongolera njira zotsimikizira.

Ntchito Yaikulu Yomanga Nyumba Ndiponso Yogwirira Ntchito Imeneyi

Aid iyenera kukonza kuti ikhale ndi luso lanthaŵi yaitali m'maiko olandira. Izi zikutanthauza kuikiza ndalama m'kuphunzitsa antchito a boma, kulimbitsa madongosolo a zaumoyo, ndi kuchirikiza mabungwe ofufuza akumaloko. Mabungwe pakati pa opereka, maboma, NGOs, ndi chigawo cha anthu angaloŵetsemo maluso ndi chuma. Mwachitsanzo, chitsanzo cha Françation Fund ya dziko la anthu ambiri otenga makampani ambiri chimatsimikizira kuti zosankha sizichitidwa ndi opereka chithandizo. Mofananamo, mgwirizano wapoyera ungalipirire ndi kuyendetsa bwino ntchito za projekiti kuposa njira zamwambo zothandizira.

Mtsogolo mwa Chithandizo Chakunja

Kusintha kwa chithandizo chachilendo kukusintha. Anthu opereka chithandizo chochokera ku dziko lina monga China, India, Brazil, ndi mayiko a Middle East akhala otchuka kwambiri, akumapereka zithunzi zina zimene nthaŵi zambiri zimagogomezera kusasamala ndi kuyendetsa bwino zinthu. Kukwera kwa ndalama za za madera ndi kufunika kwa kuthetsa mavuto apadziko lonse monga miliri ndi kusamuka kukusintha zinthu zofunika. Kuwonjezera apo, mliri wa COVID-19 unagogomezera kufunika kwa kufulumira ndi kutumiza chithandizo chatsopano, kuphatikizapo kutumiza ndalama zimene zingathandize olandira kuti adzisankhire okha.

Luso la zopangapanga likuwonjezereka. Makina a ndalama za galimoto amatheketsa kutumiza ndalama mwachindunji, kudutsa malo oulutsira mawu ndi kuchepetsa kuchucha. Zogwiritsa ntchito potumiza zinthu zingathandizitse mabanja amene ali pangozi kwambiri. Komabe, zipangizo zimenezi ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito motsatira malamulo, pankhani ya kukhala paokha ndi kupeŵa kutsekereza makompyuta.

Pomalizira pake, chithandizo chakunja sichingathetse umphaŵi mwa njira yakeyake. Chili mbali ya njira yaikulu yomwe imaphatikizapo malamulo a malonda abwino, chithandizo cha ngongole, kubwezeretsa ndalama, kukonza ndalama zaumwini, ndi ntchito zapanyumba. Nkhani zaumphaŵi zochepetsedwa kwambiri ndi [1] China, Vietnam, Indonesia, ndi kwina kulikonse, zinayenderapo ndi kusintha kwa m'banja, osati chithandizo. Komabe kwa maiko osauka kwambiri padziko lonse, makamaka awo amene ali otsenderezedwa m'kuchuluka kwa ndalama, chithandizo chidakalipobe.

Kumaliza

Chithandizo chakunja ndi chida chovuta ndi chosakwanira polimbana ndi umphaŵi wa padziko lonse. Chasonyeza chipambano choonekeratu m'kupulumutsa miyoyo, kumanga maziko, ndi kufutukuka kwa maphunziro, komanso chakhala ndi vuto la kusagwira ntchito bwino, chinyengo, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndale. Umboni umasonyeza kuti thandizo la chithandizo limadalira pa ndalama zimene zaperekedwa popanga njira zachibadwa, kuyendetsedwa bwino, ndipo limakhala lothandiza kumanga mphamvu zodalirika. Pamene mikhalidwe imeneyi ikwaniritsidwa, thandizo lachilendo lingakhale chinthu champhamvu kwambiri posintha. Monga momwe dziko lidzayang'anizana ndi mavuto atsopano . Kusintha kwa nyengo kulowa m'matenda, koma ntchito yake yaikulu imakhala yofunika: kuthandiza anthu ovutika kwambiri kukhala ndi moyo wabwino. Chifukwa chakuti ntchito yopambana, odzipereka ndi olandira ayenera kukhala ndi ulemu waukulu, ulemu, ndi ulemu waukulu.

Phunzirani zambiri ponena za kugwira ntchito kothandiza: CD pa Iffective Effective [[FLT :1] [1] Banki yapadziko lonse itulutsa ntchito ya felemu . [1] [1] Njinga Zolinga Zopitirizika za Kupititsa patsogolo [ [1] [1] [1] [1]