Chisinthiko Chachisanu ku United States chimaimira magwero otsutsa a Bill of Rights, olinganizidwa kutetezera anthu ku kuchenjerera kwa boma ndi kutsimikizira chilungamo chachikulu m'dongosolo la zamalamulo. Ratimende, mawu ake asanu osiyana . Grand Jury Clause, Jeopardy Claus, Jelf-Incrinational Claus, Super Confect Claus, Sect Programme , ndi kuchotsapo Claus (Kutenga Clausce), ndi kukhazikitsa dongosolo lamphamvu limene limatetezera moyo, ufulu, ndi katundu. Aliyense wophunzira malamulo a ku America, malamulo, kapena kulinganiza kwa boma, ndi munthu aliyense, kuzindikira malamulo audindo a m'dziko, nkofunika. Malamulo ake si ofunika kwambiri; iwo amateteza zinthu zofunika pa mbali iliyonse ya chilungamo, ndi ufulu wa tsiku ndi tsiku.

Chiyambi ndi Kuzindikiridwa

Demetrie Wachisanu sunatuluke mu ulamuliro wa Britain. Maziko ake anabwerera ku lamulo la Chingelezi, kuphatikizapo kutsimikizira kwa Magna Carta kwa njira yoyenerera ndi mwaŵi wa malamulo onse kutsutsa kudzipatula. Atate Opezedwa, akuyang'anira nkhanza zimene anakumana nazo mu ulamuliro wa Britain . Monga umboni wokakamiza ndi kugwidwa ndi katundu . Kutetezeredwa kwachindunji pamene akukonza Bill of Rights. James Madison analingalira kuti athetse chiletso chachikulu pa mphamvu ya boma, ndipo chinavomerezedwa ndi zigaŵenga zina zisanu ndi zinayi mu 1791.

Chofunika kwambiri nchakuti, pa mbiri yaikulu ya America, Fifter Amendment inagwira ntchito kokha ku boma la boma. Kusintha kwa Malamulo a 14 mu 1868, ndi zigamulo zotsatira za Khoti Lapamwamba m’zaka za zana la 20, kuti zambiri za zitetezedwe “kuphatikizapo stemstion" potsutsana ndi maboma kudzera pa Clausce of the 144th Amendment. Kawirikawiri kankatchedwa kuti kuphatikizako kosankhako / / / / ndipo izi zinapanga chitsimikiziro cha munthu aliyense wa ku United States, kaya kuchita ndi boma, kapena akuluakulu a dziko.

Chitetezo pa Kudzivulaza

Kudzipatula ndi kudziona ngati wolakwa ndiko mbali yodziŵika kwambiri ya Lamulo lachisanu. Limapereka kuti palibe munthu “ayenera kukakamizidwa m'nkhani iliyonse yaupandu kudzitsutsa." Mwayi umenewu umalola anthu kukana kuyankha mafunso kapena kupereka umboni umene ungatsogolere ku mlandu. Si kugamula mlandu m’khoti lokha; kuperekedwa kwa mayeso a apolisi, milandu ya lamulo, ndi mayankho a boma kumene angavumbule mlandu waupandu.

Nkhani ya mbiri yakale ikusonyeza. M'zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziŵiri zapakati pa England, Bwalo la Star Chamber ndi makhoti a tchalitchi linakakamiza anthu kuimbidwa mlandu wa kulumbira ndi kuyankha mafunso otsutsa pansi pa chilango cha pheary. Ogula anayesa kuchotsa machitachita ogwirizana otero, akumazindikira kuti dongosolo lolungama siliyenera kukakamiza munthu kupereka umboni wofunikira kaamba ka chikhulupiriro chawo. Mwayiwo uli waumwini kwambiri . Umagwira ntchito kwa anthu achilengedwe okha, osati kwa makampani kapena mabungwe ena opanga zinthu.

Chenjezo la Miranda ndi Kusintha Kwake

Ngakhale kuti chitetezo cha Fite Amendment chinakhazikitsidwa kwa nthaŵi yaitali, kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kothandiza pamene apolisi anali kufunsa ana kwao mpaka 1960. M'nkhani yotchuka Maranda v. Arizona [1966], khoti Lapamwamba linauza kuti apolisi ayenera kukayikira ufulu wawo kuti akhale chete ndi kuti ali ndi ufulu wawo kwa loya wawo kwa loya asanayambe kufunsa mlandu. Kulephera kumasulira mawu alionse opezeka m'khoti. “Machenjezo a ku Miranda" tsopano ndi mbali ya nthaŵi zonse ya ntchito ya ku America.

Komabe lamulo lasintha. Zosankha zotsatirazi zakhalapo. Monga Berghuis v. Thompkins [1] (2010) ndi Salinas v. Texas . DNA . (2013]) (() yasintha tanthauzo la kutchula mawu oyenera. Wokayikira ayenera kutsimikiza kuti mwayiwo uyenera; kungongokhala chete si wokwanira. Kuwonjezerapo, mwayiwo suteteza ku ku kutsendereza umboni wooneka (m. g., DNA, iscands , miners) chifukwa maumboni oterowo si “kulemekeza" m'chilengedwe.

Kupempha Chachisanu: Chimene Chimatanthauza m’Chitsanzo

Kupempha Lamulo lachisanu sikuli kuvomereza mlandu. Kwenikweni, Khoti Lalikulu lakhala likutsutsa kwa nthaŵi yaitali kuti palibe chiganizo cholakwika chimene chingaperekedwe kuchokera ku kusalankhula kwa woimbidwa mlandu waupandu. Komabe, m'nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni, mkhalidwewo sudziŵika bwino. Gulu limene limatsimikizira kuti Kukonzanso Koyamba kwa Mlandu kwa Chilamulo kwa anthu kukhoza kuyang'anizana ndi zotsatira zoipa. Kuphatikizapo kuweruza kwawo kosatsimikizika kwa kumbali yotsutsana. Ndiponso, mwaŵiwu umagwira ntchito kwa aliyense amene angakakamizidwe kusungirira ku mlandu wa boma, kuyankha kwa kayendetsedwe kazembe, ndipo ngakhale kufufuza kokulira kwa ajuli.

Mabuku a bizinesi olembedwa ndi munthu mmodzi yekha angatetezedwe, koma mafaketi a bungwe lina sangakhale ovuta kwambiri kwa aliyense amene angadzipeze kuti akufufuzidwa kapena kulembedwa.

Kuwononga Zinthu Paŵiri: Kutha kwa Mapeto ndi Chilungamo

Buku la Mapale Divict juopard Claus limapereka kuti palibe munthu amene “adzagonjetsedwa kuti aikidwe kuupandu wofananawo kaŵiri. Izi zikutanthauza kuti woimbidwa mlandu atamasulidwa kapena kuimbidwa mlandu, boma silingawatsutse chifukwa cha mlandu womwewo. Mawuwo amatetezera kuvutitsidwa, kuwonongedwa, ndi kutsenderezedwa kwa mangawa ndi kutsimikizira kuti milandu yalamulo ili ndi malire enieni.

Komabe, chiletsocho sichotheratu. Mwachitsanzo, munthu amene amalanda banki limodzi ndi mfumu imodzi. Pansi pa “uchifumu” chiphunzitso, ponse paŵiri boma ndi boma angaimbe mlandu woimbidwa mlandu popanda kuswa lamulo la Woŵiri Yeopardy Claus. Mwachitsanzo, munthu amene amalanda mwalamulo banki yosungidwa ndi kuswa malamulo a boma angayang'anizane ndi ziyeso zosiyana. Ndiponso, kulakwa kochititsidwa ndi kuonekeratu (m’chitsanzo, juli yopachikidwa) siimazembanso mlandu.

Chiganizochi chimagwiranso ntchito pa zilango zambiri pa mlandu umodzi. Ngati khoti lipereka chilango chopitirira malire, chomwe chingaswe lamulolo. Khoti Lapamwamba lamasulira kuti “kuopa” kugwirizanitsa kamodzi komiti ya ajuli italumbira kapena umboni woyamba kulumbira pa mlandu wa ben. Kumvetsetsa mfundo zimenezi nkofunika kwa alembi ndi oimira milandu ndi oweruza mofanana.

Zimene Ziyenera Kuchitika: Chithanthwe Chosonyeza Tchimo

The System Process Claus of the Findre Amendment imalengeza kuti palibe munthu amene “adzamanidwa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo.” Iyi ndi imodzi ya zitetezero zofika kutali kwambiri mu Lamulo. Imatsimikizira kuti ntchito za boma zokhudza anthu zichitidwa bwino, ndi chidziŵitso ndi mpata woti zimvedwe. Ntchito yake imagawidwa m’magulu aŵiri: prodected ndi m'kaundula.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Kuyenera kwa lamulo kumafuna boma kutsatira njira zolungama asanamanize munthu moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu. Njira zimenezi zimasiyana malinga ndi nkhani yake. Pa kuzengedwa mlandu, zimaphatikizapo kuyenera kwa mlandu wofulumira ndi wa anthu, ufulu wolankhula ndi mboni, ndi ufulu wopereka uphungu. Pamakonzedwe a boma, zingaphatikizepo kumvetsera, kuyenera kupereka umboni, ndi kupanga zosankha mosakondera. Mfundo yaikulu ndi yakuti anthu aperekedwe chidziŵitso chatanthauzo ndi mwaŵi weniweni wotsutsa kachitidwe ka boma.

Mwachitsanzo, mu Goldberg v. Kelly (1970), Khoti Lapamwamba linavomereza kuti olandira chithandizo ali ndi ufulu wa kumvetsera kwachionekere asanathe kupindula. Nkhaniyi ikusonyeza kuti njira yoperekera chakudya imagwira ntchito pa mapindu ambiri a boma, osati ufulu wamwambo wa kugula katundu.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Njira yoyenerera yodzitetezera imapyola pa njira zapadera ndi kutetezera zoyenera zina zazikulu ku kuloŵerera kwa boma . Ngakhale ngati njira zoyenerera zatsatiridwa. Khoti Lapamwamba lagwiritsira ntchito njira zoyenerera kutetezera zosankha zaumwini zachinsinsi, zonga ngati kuyenera kwa kukwatira, kuyenera kwa kugwiritsira ntchito njira zoletsera kulera, ndi kuyenera kwa kukana chithandizo cha mankhwala. Limatetezeranso ufulu ku zochita za boma zodzifunira.

Otsutsa amanena kuti njira yoyenerera yochitira zinthu imapangitsa makhoti kutsekeka pa benchi, pamene kuli kwakuti ochirikiza amanena kuti nkofunika kutetezera ulemu wa munthu. Malamulo a Find 5 Amendment’s Akugwira ntchito mwachindunji ku boma, koma kupyolera m’Gawo la 144th Amendment, zitetezero zofananazo zimagwira ntchito ku maboma. Kuphatikiza pakati pa njira yofunikira ya procedwaral ndi yochirikiza lamulo kumakhalabe mbali yaikulu ya mkangano wa malamulo.

Kumanga Kolemekezeka ndi Kuukiza Kolungama

Kutenga Claus [1] Kudziŵikanso monga Eminant Leace Claus . masilamu akuti katundu waumwini “sayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu, popanda kulipira. Malamulo ameneŵa amalola boma kukakamiza kugulitsa katundu wa munthuwe pa ntchito zimene zimapindulitsa anthu, monga misewu, masukulu, kapena mapaki. Komabe, mwini wake amafuna kuti alandire mtengo wabwino wa malonda posinthana.

Chiganizocho chabutsa mkangano waukulu, makamaka ponena za chimene chimapanga “ntchito yapoyera. . Mu Kelo v. Mzinda wa New London (2005], Khoti Lalikulu linagamula kuti kupita patsogolo kwa zachuma kuyenera kukhala ntchito ya anthu onse, ngakhale ngati katunduyo kenaka wasamutsidwira kwa munthu wodziimira yekha. Chigamulochi chinayambitsa kubwezera mdani, kutsogolera maboma ambiri ku kutsatsa malamulo oletsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa malo otchuka pa maprojekiti a zaumwini. Mlandulo umakhalabe m'kambira wa nkhani zokhudza ufulu wa katundu, mphamvu ya kampani, ndi kulephera kwa boma.

Kufufuza malo enieni a dziko lotchuka kumasiyana kwambiri. Ngati paipi, njanji, kapena magetsi afunikira kudutsa malo achinsinsi, boma kaŵirikaŵiri limagwiritsira ntchito malo otchuka kusungitsa zopumula zofunikira, ndi kulipirira kogamulidwa ndi mayeso, ndipo ngati atsutsana, ndi khoti. Oyang'anira malo ali ndi ufulu wotsutsa zonse ziŵiri kufunika kwa kutenga ndi kulipira. Kumvetsetsa kutenga Claus kuli kofunika kwa eni munda, mabizinesi, ndi akuluakulu a boma oloŵetsedwa m'maprojekiti a za zomangamanga.

Zikalata Zaudindo Zotchuka za Claus ndi Zonenezedwa

Grand Jury Clause ikufuna kuti kaamba ka “kapitawo, kapena kwina upandu wambiri,” wozengedwa mlandu wa boma angopitiriza pambuyo pa kufalitsa mlandu wa ajuli yaikulu. Bungwe lalikulu la oweruza . "bungwe la nzika(kalo) limve umboni woperekedwa ndi woweruza ndi kugamula kaya kaya pali chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti woimbidwa mlanduyo wachitidwa. Chikalata chimenechi sichimagwira ntchito ku mabwalo a milandu (Khoti Lapamwamba linakana kuiloŵetsa mu [ Hurtado v. California , [1], koma ambiri amanena kuti ali ndi njira zawo zazikulu zoweruza milandu.

Oweruza aakulu amatumikira monga kupenda mphamvu ya oweruza, kutsimikizira kuti milandu siibweretsedwa mwadala. Komabe, osuliza amawona kuti majuli aakulu kwakukulukulu ozengedwa mlandu wa laimu chifukwa chakuti amamva mbali imodzi yokha ya mlanduwo ndipo samamangidwa ndi malamulo ambiri oonekera bwino. Ngakhale kuti pali kusuliza kumeneku, Grand Jury Clausle idakali chitetezero chalamulo kuti oimbidwa mlandu m'nkhani za boma satha kutsutsa. Ndi mbali yosiyana ya Malamulo a Fin 5 amene kaŵirikaŵiri amanyalanya koma amakhalabe yofunika ku dongosolo la upandu wa boma.

Kusintha kwa Gawo Lachisanu m’Kuneneza Kwamakono

M'malo alamulo amakono, Demendment yachisanu ikupitirizabe kutulutsa nkhani zodula pepala. Milandu yokhudza kubisa zinthu pa Intaneti, kufufuza kwa makampani, ndi mwayi wotsutsa kuteteza apandu a azungu ndizofala. Khoti Lapamwamba lalimbana ndi ngati Demetrition yachisanu imateteza mawu achinsinsi obisika kapena ntchito yopanga zikalata za ndandanda. United States v. Hubbell[ [2000], Khotilo linakhulupirira kuti kutulutsidwa kwa zikalata zokakamiza kukhoza kukhala ndi umboni ngati ikufuna kuti woimbidwayo avomereze kukhalapo, kukhala ndi zikalata, kukhala ndi ndalama, ndi kudalirika.

Malo ena amakono ndi kudutsa kwa Fite Amendment pokambirana za kusamuka. Anthu anena kuti ali ndi mwayi wotsutsa kudzitsekera m'makutu, zomwe zachititsa mafunso ovuta okhudza ngati kungokhala chete kungagwiritsidwe ntchito.

Ndiponso, Genence Yachisanu Imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akuluakulu a boma ndi anthu wamba pa nthawi ya kufufuza kwa bungwe. Kutchula kotchuka kwa Lachisanu mwa manambala onga Oliver North pa nthaŵi ya kumvetsera Iran ndi Kontra posachedwapa ndi anthu a m'mabungwe osiyanasiyana kumasonyeza kufunika kwake kopitirizabe kwa ndale. Kumvetsa Demendment ya Fifrey n’kofunika kwa atolankhani, maloya, opanga malamulo, ndi anthu otomerana.

Njira Zophunzitsira Kuphunzitsa Kusintha kwa Malamulo Achisanu

Aphunzitsi ali ndi mwayi wapadera wochititsa kuti mfundo za m’buku la Okonzanso Lachisanu zikhale zothandiza kwa ophunzira.

Njira imodzi yamphamvu ndiyo kugwiritsira ntchito kuzenga mlandu kopeka kapena mabwalo amilandu ozikidwa pa milandu yeniyeni ya Khoti Lalikulu. Ophunzira angatsutsa mbali zonse ziŵiri za Miranda v. Arizona kapena Kelo v. Mzinda wa New London ndi kukambirana mfundozo. Nkhani zonga ngati “Bwalo liloledwa kutenga katundu wa chinsinsi kuti litukuke ngati likweza ndalama za msonkho?" kapena “Kodi zingafunikire kupereka mawu achinsinsi ku ziwitso zobisira?"

Njira ina ndiyo kupenda nkhani zofufuzira apolisi kapena kupempha kotchuka kwa Opaleshoni ya Fitempicment m’chikhalidwe chotchuka. Ophunzira angadziŵe pamene ufulu wa wokayikiridwayo uswedwa ndi kukambitsirana zimene zidzachitika pambuyo pake. Kuyerekezera dongosolo la America ndi maiko ena amene alibe mwaŵi wotsutsa kudziyanja kukhozanso kukulitsa malingaliro ena.

Aphunzitsi ayeneranso kugogomezera nkhani ya m’mbiri, akumagwirizanitsa kusintha kwa zokumana nazo za woyambitsayo pansi pa ulamuliro wa Britain ndi kutsutsana kwamakono ponena za kuyang’anira ndi ulamuliro wa boma. Mwa kugwirizanitsa zinthu zakale ndi zamakono, ophunzira angamvetsetse kuti Kukonzanso kwachisanu sikuli chinthu chotsala koma chitetezo chamoyo chimene chiyenera kutetezeredwa ndi kufotokozedwanso.

Kumaliza

Demendment yachisanu idakali imodzi ya zida zamphamvu kwambiri zotetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense m'dongosolo la zamalamulo ku America. Makonzedwe ake . "agrand judge, kutetezeredwa ku ngozi zoŵirikiza, mwaŵi wolimbana ndi kudzigwirizanitsa, njira zoyenerera, ndi kubwezera limodzi chifukwa cha kugwirira ntchito pamodzi , kutsimikizira kuti boma silingachotsere munthu moyo, ufulu, kapena chuma. Pamene kuli kwakuti pepala lililonse lapangidwa ndi zaka mazana ambiri la kumasulira kwa chiweruzo ndi kusintha kwa anthu, malamulo apamwamba achikhalire. Kwa aphunzitsi, ndi nzika, kuzindikira kozama kwa Firistime si maphunziro chabe; kuli kofunika kwenikweni kuti munthu ateteze ufulu ndi chilungamo. Mwa kuphunzira mbiri yake, kuzindikira kuyamikira kwake, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito maphunziro ake ku zitokosoko, tilemekeze masomphenya a kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a mibadwo ya anthu.

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