Ntchito ya Magulu Ofuna Kusangalatsa Apadera m’Ndale za US: Mphamvu, Chisonkhezero, ndi Mkangano

[[MFUNDO:0] PPAS MPhindu

• Mabungwe anapangidwa kuti apeze ndalama kuchokera kwa anthu amene akufuna kulowa m’gululo ndi kupereka ndalama kwa anthu amene akufuna kulowa m’gululo
• Ochepetsedwa kufika pa $5,000 pa chisankho chirichonse
• Ayenera kuulula anthu opereka ndi olandira
• Kugwirizana ndi ndawala ndi mapwando

[[MFUNDO:0] PACIPUPI MPUNDO , [[MLENGI:1]:

• Kulengedwa pambuyo pa nzika za Chigwirizano Kulola Ndalama Zodziimira Pazokha
• Angakweze ndalama zosamalitsa ndi kuziwononga m’makampani, m’migwirizano, ndi pa munthu aliyense payekha
• Simungagwirizane mwachindunji ndi oyembekezera kubatizidwa
• Ayenera kuulula operekawo (Ngakhale kuti ndi“ ndalama zobisika ” magulu angabise magwero owona)

[[ML:0] Mmene Zopereka Zimapangitsira Chisonkhezero [[FULT:1]

Access : zopereka za mkupiti zimatsimikizira kuti olandira malowolo apeze misonkhano ndi opanga malamulo ndi antchito awo. Pamene kuli kwakuti magulu amanena kuti sakufuna "kutenga mavoti," amavomereza kugula mwaŵi wa kugawana.

. . zopereka zanthaŵi zonse zimapanga maunansi a kudalirana. Opanga malamulo amadalira pa magulu a ndalama; magulu amadalira opanga malamulo kaamba ka malamulo kaamba ka malamulo abwino.

[[FLT: 0] Case Study - Tea Party Movement : Kuyambira mu 2009, magulu osunga udzu anasonkhanitsa chitsutso ku malamulo a oyang’anira. Iwo analinganiza zitsutso za holo ya tauni, zitokoso zazikulu molimbana ndi anthu a pa Republican, ndi ovota. Udzu umenewu, wochirikizidwa ndi magulu otchuka, anakhazikitsanso Chipani cha Republican ndi kusonkhezera mikangano ya malamulo kwa zaka zambiri.

Kunamizira: Kugwiritsa Ntchito Makhoti Kuti Mukwaniritse Zolinga Zake

Magulu ena opereka chiwongola dzanja amasintha kudzera m’malamulo a milandu m’malo (kapena kuwonjezera) ku mabungwe okhazikitsa malamulo.

... Comment

[[FLT: 0] NAACP Legal Defense Fund : Mwa kugamula kwapadera kothera mu Brown v. Board of Education (1954), NAACP inapasula lamulo / /a chonulirapo chosatheka kuchifikira kupyolera mwa malamulo panthaŵiyo.

Magulu apamwamba [[FLT: 1]: Mabungwe onga Sierra Club ndi Environmental Defense Fund agwiritsira ntchito milandu kukakamiza mabungwe a boma kusungitsa malamulo a malo okhala ndi kutetezera mitundu ya zamoyo yotsala pang’ono kuwonongeka.

ACLU : Chikhululukiro cha Chigawo cha American lagamula milandu yachizindikiro pa ufulu wa kulankhula, ufulu wachipembedzo, malo achinsinsi, ndi chiweruzo chaupandu, kuumba lamulo la malamulo kwa zaka zana limodzi.

Kayendetsedwe ka Malamulo : Magulu onga Federalist Society ndi Alliance Defenting Freedom atsutsa mwachipambano kuvomereza, malamulo a ndawala, ndi zoyenera za kuchotsa mimba mwa kufotokoza mwadongosolo.

Chifukwa chake Litigation Works: Makhoti sanganyalanyaze magulu monga momwe akuluakulu osankhidwa angachitire. Zigamulo zachiweruzo zimapanga zitsanzo zogwirizana zokhudza dziko lonse. Ndi pa nkhani zotsutsana zimene malamulo satheka, makhoti amapereka njira ina yosinthira malamulo.

Zotsutsa ndi Zotsutsa: Kuchotsa Andale Ofuna Kufuna Kupeza Chidwi

Nsonga za magulu achifuniro chapadera ziyambitsa mkangano waukulu ponena za chiyambukiro chawo pa demokrase ya Amereka.

Chifukwa Chake Ochirikiza Amaŵerengera Magulu Ofuna Chikondwerero Chapadera

[[ML:0] Kufotokoza ndi Chidziŵitso [[[ML:1]

Akuluakulu a boma sangakhale akatswiri pa nkhani iliyonse. Magulu achidwi amapereka chidziŵitso chatsatanetsatane, ukatswiri wa zopangapanga, ndi chidziŵitso chothandiza chimene chimawongolera kayendetsedwe ka malamulo. Pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo ilingalira za kusintha kwa zaumoyo, magulu a dokotala, mayanjano a m'zipatala, ndi ochirikiza odwala amapereka nzeru zimene opanga malamulo alibe.

[[ML:0] Mawu Omveka a nzika :

Kholo limodzi lokha silikhudzidwa kwenikweni ndi zimene limachita, ndipo gulu la anthu ofunitsitsa kuchita zinthu limapatsa anthu wamba mphamvu zandale.

Kumasulira Mipingo Yosiyanasiyana :

Makampani, akatswiri a za malo okhala ndi maindasitale, ufulu wopanga mfuti ndi kuletsa mfuti, onse ali ndi mabungwe amene amapanga nkhani yawo.

Mageti oimira :

Magulu achidwi amadzaza mipata imeneyi ya anthu okhala ndi mfuti amene afalikira m’madera ambiri, ndipo zipembedzo za anthu ochepa zingagwirizane m’mayiko osiyanasiyana, ndipo anthu otchuka angayambe kuloŵerera m’ndale.

Kuphunzitsa Boma :

Magulu ofunitsitsa kudziŵa zinthu zimene sizingasamalidwe kwambiri, ndani angadziŵe za kusintha kosadziŵika bwino kwa malamulo, mapangano ovuta a zamalonda, kapena njira zochitira zinthu popanda magulu ozifotokoza?

[[FL:0] Kugonjetsa Mphamvu ya Boma [

Mabungwe omenyera ufulu wa anthu akaphwanya ufulu wa anthu, magulu a zigaŵenga amene amasamala za anthu amatsutsa kutayidwa kwa zinthu ndi ziphuphu, ndipo mabungwe audindo amaimba mlandu akuluakulu a boma.

Chitsanzo chapadera [1]: Pamene bungwe la Veterans Administration liyang'anizana ndi vuto la kudikira kwanthaŵi yaitali ndi kusasamala, mabungwe a akatswiri anabweretsa chisamaliro ku vutolo, kufunitsitsa malamulo osintha zinthu, ndi kuyang'anira kukwaniritsa. Munthu aliyense analibe mphamvu ya kusintha; kulinganiza kwa madandaulo kwa tchuthi kunalephera.

[[ML:0] Kutuluka m'Chiŵereŵere Chaching'ono

Magulu otchuka akamakhala ndi anthu opanga malamulo koma anthu wamba akuvutika kuti amve, demokalase imakhala plutocracy. Makampani okwana madola 100 miliyoni amene amawononga pokopa anthu, amalephera kumva mawu a anthu mamiliyoni ambiri amene amatumiza makalata kwa nthumwi zawo.

[[ML:0] Kusintha ndi choonadi cha ziphuphu :

Ngakhale ngati zopereka za mkupiti sizingagule mavoti, zimapanga malingaliro a ziphuphu zimene zimachepetsa ufulu wa demokalase.

[[FULT:0] Mapindu Ochepa pa Zabwino Zapoyera [[FULT:1]:

Magulu achisangalalo apititsa patsogolo zikondwerero zawo, osati kwenikweni chikondwerero cha anthu. Pamene ndalama zothandizira pafamu zipindulitsa malonda pa ndalama za okhoma msonkho, kapena pamene mafakitale atenga otsogolera awo, alinganiza kubweretsa mapindu ang'onoang'ono pamene ndalama zoulutsira zikugwera pa anthu osalinganizidwa.

[[ML:0] Frick lock ya Grid:

Pokhala ndi magulu osaŵerengeka ogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu pa zolingalira zowayambukira, kusintha kokulira kumakhala pafupifupi kosatheka. kagulu kalikonse kamatetezera mkhalidwe wake, kuletsa masinthidwe amene akapindulitsa chitaganya chonse koma kuvulaza zigwirizano zakutizakuti.

[[FL:0] Khomo Lozungulira [:

Akuluakulu a boma angasankhe motsimikiza kuti adzapeza mwayi wochita zinthu zina, pamene akuluakulu a boma akalewo amachirikiza maunansi a boma kwa anthu odzawafuna.

[[FL:0] Kusintha ndi Kutulutsa :

Magulu ofunitsitsa kumvetsera safuna kugonja n’cholinga choti asiye kuchita zinthu zosemphana ndi mfundo za m’Baibulo.

Chitsanzo chenicheni . Kulimbana pa kusintha msonkho kwa 2017 kunasonyeza kuti gulu la anthu ofuna kupindula ndi ndale pazoipa kwambiri, otsutsa akutsutsa. Pamene kuli kwakuti makampani ndi anthu olemera anali ndi ntchito zokopa zopereka zofunika kwambiri zoyenerera mamiliyoni ambiri, okhoma msonkho wamba anali ndi zizindikiro zochepa. Lamulo lomaliza linali ndi makampani ambiri ochepetsa zinthu zopindulitsa pamene likuwonjezera mabiliyoni ambiri ku kupereŵera.

Vuto la Madison

Mkangano umenewu umasonyeza nkhaŵa yoyamba ya James Madison mu Federalist No. 10. Maziko (magulu ogwirizana kwambiri) ngosapeŵeka m'zitaganya zaufulu . Kuwatsendereza kungawononge ufulu. Komabe, iwo samasamala ufulu wa anthu ndi ufulu wa anthu ochepa. Madison akuthetsa. Kuthetsa kwa Madison [1] chigamulo chachikulu chopikisana ndi zinthu zopikisana. Masteril amalingalira motero ponena za magulu achifunitso lerolino.

Funso silili lakuti kaya akhale ndi magulu achikondwerero , nlosapeŵeka mu demokrase. Funso ndilo mmene angalondolere chisonkhezero chawo mopindulitsa pamene akuchepetsa kukhoza kwawo kwa nkhanza.

Kusintha: Kuyesa Kulamulira Khamu la Anthu Ofuna Kumvetsera

Nkhaŵa za [[MT: 0] zapadera zimakhudza gulu la anthu zasonkhezera zoyesayesa zosiyanasiyana za kusintha ndi kusintha.

Kutsekera ndi Kulembetsa

Lobby Dissourse Act (1995) : Ofuna olandira alendo amalembetsa ndi boma ndi kusimba ntchito zawo, kuphatikizapo:

• Kodi zimaimira ndani
• Kodi ndi nkhani ziti zimene amalimbikitsa kuchita
• Kuchuluka kwa zopereka zawo pa ntchito zokopa
• Akuluakulu a boma amene amauzako anthu

Treamth : Kuwoneka kwa magetsi kumalola anthu ndi ziwiya kuwona amene akukopa kuti anene kuti, kuchititsa kuŵerengera.

Kubisa [1]: Osonkhezera ambiri amapeŵa kulembetsa mwa kunena kuti samathera nthaŵi yokwanira pakukopa, mafotokozedwe ali ndi njira zozembera, ndipo kusungitsa kuli ndi polekezera.

Kukonzanso Ndalama za Mkupiti

Kampani ya Chisankho ka kaikidwe ka 1974]: Malo oikidwiratu opereka, zofunika, ndi maziko a PCs.

Bipartisan Champaice Reform Act (2002,] : Linadziŵikanso monga McCain-Fenold, linaletsa zopereka zofewa ku zipani za dziko ndi kusatsa malonda oikidwa ndi malamulo pafupi ndi masankho.

Citizens United v. FEC (2010): Khoti Lalikulu linaletsa ziletso za zowonongedwa zaumwini ndi makampani ndi maukwati, kutsogolera ku nyengo ya Super PAC.

C Trame Special Comment

• Zopereka za pa C zinakwera pa $5,000 pa chisankho chilichonse
• Zopereka za munthu aliyense payekha zinali zokwana madola 3,300 pa chisankho chilichonse (2024)
• Mapale aakulu angalemere ndi kuwonongera ndalama zosaŵerengeka paokha
• Magulu a ndalama amdima angabise kudziŵika kwa opereka kupyolera m’nyumba zosapanga phindu

[[MML:0] Mapulogalamu a pulogalamu [[MML:1]:

• Kusintha Nzika Zogwirizana mwa Kusintha Lamulo
• Kupereka ndalama kwa anthu onse kuti apeze ndalama zothandizira anthu kuchepetsa chiwongola dzanja
• Zofunika zolimba za kuvumbula magwero enieni a ndalama za ndale zadziko
• Kapulogalamu kofanana ndi kam’manja kokulitsa udzu

Malamulo Amakhalidwe ndi Ziletso Zomasulirira Khomo

Nthaŵi za kampani yopanga mapepala [1]: Mamembala akale a Congress amayang'anizana ndi ziletso za chaka chimodzi (zaka ziŵiri za utsogoleri) asanakakamize anthu akale ogwira nawo ntchito. Akuluakulu a nthambi otsogolera amayang'anizana ndi ziletso zofanana.

Geiff Banks: Okolo anayang'anizana ndi malire okhwima pa mphatso kwa akuluakulu a boma, ngakhale kuti kusiyana kulipo kaamba ka zochitika zopezekapo ndi mikhalidwe ina.

[[FULT:0] Kukwaniritsa Zofunika [: Akuluakulu ayenera kuvumbula zikondwerero za ndalama zimene zingayambitse mikangano.

Kulephera [1]: Ziletso ziri ndi machenjezo [1] Nduna zakale zingapereke "kulangiza mwaluso" zoyesayesa zosonkhezera popanda kulembetsa mwalamulo monga okopa alendo. Kukakamiza kaŵirikaŵiri kumafooka, ndipo ziweruzo sizimaletsa kuswa lamulo.

Boma ndi Kusintha kwa Malo

Maboma ena ndi mizinda yakhazikitsa malamulo okhwima kuposa lamulo la boma:

Malo ndi Matauni Ena [1] : Maprogramu owonjezera "democracy project" opatsa anthu otsimikizira poyera kupereka kwa oyembekezera, kuwonjezera mawu ang'onoang'ono ogwirizana.

Kugwirizanitsa [1]: Kukhazikitsidwa kwa ndalama za boma zoyendetsera maofesi a boma, kuchepetsa kudalira pa ndalama za chiwongola dzanja za gulu.

Alaska ndi Maine : Kusanthula koikidwa pa malo amodzi, kungachepetse chisonkhezero cha gulu la chiwongola dzanja mwa kulola ovota kulongosola zosankha zosinthasintha.

Montana ndi Enzake State : Kuyesa kusunga malamulo a ndawala a zachuma okhwima kwambiri, ngakhale kuti zigamulo za khoti la boma kaŵirikaŵiri zimanyalanyaza zoyesayesa za boma.

Kusintha Kumene Kunayambika

N’zochititsa chidwi kuti kukonzanso zinthu kumayambitsa nkhondo pakati pa magulu achithandizo. Kusintha ndalama kumakopa anthu kuchokera ku magulu ena (mabungwe a boma abwino, mabungwe omenyera ntchito oopa kugwiritsa ntchito makampani) ndiponso kutsutsidwa ndi ena (magulu a anthu ogwirizana ndi boma amene amanena kuti ali ndi ufulu wolankhula, makampani akupindula ndi malamulo amene alipo). Ngakhale kuyang’anira magulu achidwi kumaphatikizapo ndale zachiwongoladza.

Magulu Ofuna Kusangalatsa Apadera: Kufufuza za Madokotala

Kukambitsirana kosavuta kwa chisonkhezero cha gulu kumakhala kotsimikizirika kupyolera mwa zitsanzo zenizeni za dziko.

Phunziro Loyamba: Ntchito Yosamalira Yosatha Yochititsa Chidwi

Kudutsa kwa Obamacare mu 2010 kunasonyeza kagulu kandale kogwirizana kwambiri ndi kagulu kandale m’kucholoŵana kwake.

[[FUL:0] Oseŵera [[[ML:1]:

• Makampani a zamankhwala : Otsatsa malonda oposa $100 miliyoni, kutsimikizira mapangano a kusakambitsirana kwa mtengo wa mankhwala osintha
• Indasitale ya kugulitsa : Poyamba, inakanizidwa pambuyo pake kuti ikhale lamulo la munthu aliyense lofuna kugula
• Mabungwe a anthu apansi panthambi : kusintha kodalirika posintha mavolyumu owonjezera odwala
• Magulu a wochiritsa : Amagawikana pakati (kuchirikiza) ndi akatswiri (kukhazikitsa makonzedwe ena)
• Maukwati a ndalama : Oponyeredwa kuti asankhepo anthu ndi kumenyana ndi "msonkho wa Cadillac" pa makonzedwe opatsa
• Magulu a malonda [[FLT:]: Otsutsa kwambiri, akutchula mtengo ndi katundu wolipirira
• Magulu a ndawala : Kudalirana kwa magulu a matenda MPhindu kuchirikiza kufutukuka kwa kufalitsa
• Magulu a chivomezi : Chitsutso chodzidzimutsa kupyolera m'mikuto ya udzu ndi zitokoso za lamulo
• AARP : kusintha kovomerezeka, kupereka chikuto cha ndale zadziko kaamba ka makonzedwe ogwirizana

Zotulukapo [1]: Lamulo lomaliza linasonyeza kulolerana pakati pa magulu opikisanawa. Makampani aakulu alionse anasunga makonzedwe otetezera zikondwerero zawo pamene anali kuvomereza zinthu zofunika za ena. Zosankha za anthu zinafa pambuyo pa chitsutso cha makampani a inshuwalansi, koma opereka inshuwalansi anavomereza malamulo osinthanitsa ndi lamulo la munthu aliyense. Makampani a mankhwala sanafune kukambirana za mtengo koma anayang'anizana ndi malipiro atsopano.

Zotsatira [1]: Malamulo aakulu amakhala njira yotsatizana pakati pa zikondwerero zolinganizidwa. Magulu okhala ndi chuma chochuluka ndi kusamala kwambiri kaŵirikaŵiri amasunga zinthu zawo zoyambirira. Zokonda za anthu (monga mtengo wotsika) zingalephere kukwaniritsa zikondwerero za maindasitale.

Kupenda za Mlandu Wachiŵiri: Ufulu wa Mfuti Umatsutsana ndi Zigamulo za Mfuti

Nkhani zosonyeza kuti gulu la anthu likhoza kuchita chidwi ndi nkhani ya mfuti yofanana ndi iyi:

National Rifle Association : Mwinamwake ndi gulu la America lotchuka kwambiri la issue, NRA:

• Amawononga ndalama makumi a mamiliyoni pa chisankho, makamaka kuchirikiza a Republicans
• Opanga malamulo apamwamba pa malo oyenerera mfuti, akumasonkhezera zitokoso zazikulu
• Anthu mamiliyoni ambiri amaloŵa m’midzi yochita maseŵera odzionetsera
• Kuletsa mfuti kotsekeredwa mwachipambano ngakhale pambuyo pa kuwombera mfuti kwa anthu ochuluka
• Kugwiritsira ntchito mafotokozedwe owonjezera pa Kusintha kwachiŵiri

Mabungwe Olamulira a Gun: Magulu onga pa Golide pa Kutetezera Mfuti ndi Mkupiti wa Brady:

• M’zaka zaposachedwapa, anthu akhala akugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri pothandiza anthu a m’mayiko osiyanasiyana
• Zipambano za boma pa kupenda malo ndi malamulo ofiira
• Kuyenda kwa mizu ya udzu yomangidwa ndi opulumuka kuombera mfuti
• Gwiritsani ntchito bwino nkhani za anthu amene akukudandaulirani

Kusintha [1]: Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, magulu a ufulu wa mfuti analamulira chifukwa chakuti ukulu wao unali wofunika kwambiri kuposa ziŵerengero. Ochirikiza ufulu wa mfuti anavotera pa nkhani imodziyi; ochirikiza mfuti anali ndi zinthu zina zofunika. Kuwombera mfuti kwaposachedwapa kwalimbikitsa gulu la anthu olamulira mfuti, kuyambitsa mpikisano wa ndale wauchikatikati.

2022 Breadthrough : Pambuyo pa kuwombera kwa sukulu, ndalama za kutetezera mfuti za bipartishani zinadutsa (kuyambira m'zaka makumi ambiri). Zimenezi zinasonyeza kusintha kwa zikondwerero za gulu lachidwi, ndi magulu oletsa mfuti pomalizira pake akuyerekezera mphamvu ya mfuti m’madera ena.

Mfundo [1]: Kulephera kwa zinthu zimene mumakonda kuposa manambala. Zing'onozing'ono zolinganizidwa bwino zingagonjetse kusagwirizana kwa zinthu. Koma kuchita ntchito yopitirizabe kungasinthe malo amene poyamba anali osasuntha.

Kuphunzira za Moyo Wawo 3: Njira Zopangira Makampani Opanga Zinthu Zochokera Kunja Kuyamba Kukopa Oseŵera

Kusinthika kwa maindasitale kumasonyeza mmene magulu okondwerera amasinthira ku mikhalidwe yosintha:

Nyengo ya X (1990s-2000s) [1]: Makampani azopangapanga anapeŵa kwambiri kukopa anthu, akumadziona ngati osokoneza osiyana ndi ndale. Mavuto a Microsoft otsutsa kudalirana anasonyeza mtengo wa kuchotsa zigawenga zandale.

Kugwirizana (2000s-2010) [1]: Mabungwe anapanga Washington kukhalako ndi mapangidwe monga:

• Malamulo a zandale
• Kusintha kwa Paten
• Kutetezedwa kwa zinthu zachinsinsi
• Lamulo la kusamuka kwa H-1B visa
• Lamulo la malonda a padziko lonse ndi la msonkho

Chisonkhezero cha Models (200-preset) : Umisiri unakhala nyumba yamagetsi yofikira anthu:

• Google, Amazon, Facebook, Apple, ndi Microsoft tsopano amawononga $50 + miliyoni pachaka pa kuitanira anthu
• Mabungwe a zamalonda amalinganiza zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa zinthu zofanana
• Makampani alemba ntchito akuluakulu a boma kuti apeze akatswiri ndi kulowa m’dziko
• Makampani monga bungwe la Intaneti limatulutsa mawu ambiri

[[MFUNDO:0] Zikalata ndi mapangano [

• Kufufuza kwaubwenzi kunasonkhezera ndawala zazikulu zokopa alendo
• Kutsutsana pa nkhani zachinsinsi kumachititsa kuti anthu azitha kugula zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono
• Chigawo 230 cha chitetezo chinakhala malo a ndale zadziko
• Kudzisunga kokhala ndi chiletso kumadzutsa mafunso aulere ndi amagetsi

C Ukhalidwe wamakono [1]: Magulu a tekinoloji tsopano akulimbana ndi maindasitale amwambo posonkhezera kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama ndi chisonkhezero cha ndale zadziko, ngakhale kuti amayang’anizana ndi chisulizo cha bipartisan ndi ziwopsezo za kubwereranso.

Zotsatira [1]: Ngakhale makampani amene amati amasokoneza madongosolo a mwambo potsirizira pake amaloŵa m'ndale zamwambo. Ndalama ndi gulu zimapanga chisonkhezero, mosasamala kanthu za maindasitale.

Kupenda Nkhani 4: Kutetezera Malo Okhala ndi Malo Okhala ndi Malo Okhala Opambana

Magulu a zachilengedwe amasonyeza mmene dongosolo la zinthu zachilengedwe lingathetsere mavuto a zachuma:

Movement Movement:

• Mabungwe monga Sierra Club, Environmental Defense Fund, ndi Natural Resources Defense Council amagwirizanitsa gulu la ochirikiza ufulu wa anthu
• Kupeka kwakhala chiŵiya chogwira mtima kwambiri chopereka chipambano chochepa cha malamulo
• Umisiri wa sayansi ndi kufufuza kumapereka umboni wodalirika
• Kuchirikiza anthu kuti ateteze zachilengedwe kumayambitsa maziko a ndale zadziko

[[FUL:0] Ziwiya za kanema [[[FULT:1]:

• Kuika Madzi Pazipangizo Zoyera Zokhudza Kuulutsa Mphepo
• Zamoyo Zokhala Pangozi Zimalamula Anthu Kuzengedwa Mlandu
• Kusintha kwa nyengo m’njira yosalongosoka
• Boma limapeza mphamvu zambiri chifukwa cha mphamvu ndiponso mpweya umene umatulutsa

[[ML:0] kulinganiza [[[ML:1]:

• Makampani opanga mafakitale amene ali ndi zipangizo zambiri amalimbana ndi malamulo a chilengedwe
• Mabungwe aulere amatokosa malamulo a malo okhala pamaziko a zachuma
• Magulu omenyera ufulu wa katundu amatsutsa ziletso za nthaka

[[FL:0] Strategic Information[[FL:1]: Magulu a malo okhala anachita upainiya:

• Kugwiritsa ntchito mwadongosolo kukakamiza boma kuchitapo kanthu
• Kumanga magulu osiyanasiyana
• Luso la sayansi lokhutiritsa loti anthu azilikhulupirira
• Kulinganiza nkhani za malo okhala m’zachuma (ntchito za zomera, kukonza magetsi)

Zotsatira [1]: Zopinga zingagonjetsedwe mwa kukambirana kwapadera, nyumba zogwirizana, ndi kuchirikiza anthu. Kugwirizanitsa zinthu kulemberana chitetezo cha malo okhala ndi ntchito ndi chuma kumakopa anthu ambiri kuposa akatswiri a zachilengedwe.

Kusintha Makina: Mmene Zipangizo Zamakono Zinasinthira Ndale Zachisangalalo

Kusintha kwa magetsi kunasintha kwambiri [[FLT: 0] mmene magulu achifuniro amagwirira ntchito ndi kusonkhezera ndale.

Kukonza Zinthu pa Intaneti Ndiponso Kupha Anthu

pindani Kumanzere ndi Online : yokhazikitsidwa mu 1998, Pitanibe Paupainiya pa Intaneti kulinganiza:

• Kusonkhanitsa mameseji mofulumira kumasonkhezera mamiliyoni ambiri a anthu olankhulana ndi akuluakulu a boma
• Kugwiritsa ntchito Intaneti popereka ndalama kwa anthu ochepa opereka zinthu
• Nyumba za tauni zenizeni ndi ndawala za pakompyuta
• Kulankhulana kwabwino ndi kwa manyuzi ochezera a pa Intaneti

Chipani ndi Chigwirizano cha Magetsi [[[FL:1]: Magulu a mapangano agwirizana ndi kupitirira kulinganiza kopita patsogolo kwa pa Intaneti:

• Kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta komanso zinthu zina zotchuka
• Magulu a Facebook amalinganiza mitu ya kwanuko
• Ndemanga zolimbikitsa anthu kulowa m’malo okhwima

Modeum Techniques[[FL:1]:

• Ntchito yotumiza uthenga kwa anthu ogwirizana ndi uthengawo
• Makampani otsatsa malonda a pa Intaneti a anthu osiyanasiyana
• Kupanga mkupiti wa Hashtag (# BlackLives Matter, # MeToo)
• Kugwiritsa ntchito Intaneti popempha zinthu zopempha za anthu kukutsutsana (ngakhale kuti n’zokhudzadi)
• Kusonkhetsa ndalama zothandizira anthu ambiri popanda opereka ndalama zamwambo

Kudziŵa Zinthu ndi Kufuna Kuzipeza

Magulu achidwi tsopano akugwiritsira ntchito mfundo zocholoŵana zofotokoza zinthu:

Modeling : Magulu amapanga tsatanetsatane wa maulosi a malo a munthu ndi kuthekera kwa kuchitapo kanthu, kulola kukopa ndi kuyesayesa kolondola.

Kutsatsa malonda kwa mlingo wa mlingo: Kusatsa malonda kwa pa Intaneti kungayambitse anthu otsatizana ndi mbiri yakale, chiŵerengero cha anthu, ndi zinthu zina zokondweretsa, kupangitsa ndawala za kugulitsa malonda kukhala zachipambano kwambiri.

A /B Kuyesa : Magulu amayesa mauthenga osiyanasiyana, zithunzi, ndi njira, kugwiritsira ntchito chidziŵitso kuti apange bwino zinthu m’nthaŵi yeniyeni.

Behavioral Njoka [1]: Nzeru za makhalidwe a zachuma zosinthasintha, magulu amapanga mauthenga kuti awonjezere kulabadira.

Kuchepetsa Kusintha

Malingaliro a Umboni : Ziŵiya zamakono zogwiritsira ntchito democracy zikhala ndi phande m'zandale zadziko:

• Kupereka ndalama zothandizira anthu ochepa kumathandiza kuti anthu asamakonde kwambiri chuma
• Malo ochezera a pa Intaneti amalankhula kwa magulu amene sanamvedwepo
• Kugwiritsa ntchito Intaneti kumachepetsa zinthu zimene zingalepheretse anthu kuchita zinthu zosiyanasiyana
• Nkhani zimafalikira momasuka, kuswa osunga zipata amwambo oulutsidwa

Malingaliro a Kusintha kwa Zinthu [[[FT:1]: Ziŵiya zogwiritsa ntchito manambala zimathandiza kugwiritsa ntchito njira zatsopano:

• Madoko amene akukankhira m’mabampu amachititsa kuti pakhale madontho ofewa ndi kutha kwa madzi
• Mkupiti wa nkhani zosokoneza uthenga unafalikira mofulumira kuposa chowonadi
• Magulu a ndalama a anthu akuda amabisala pa Intaneti
• Mabotolo ndi nkhani zopeka zimapanga mizu ya udzu yochirikiza ("astroturfing")
• Akanema ochokera kunja angadzionetsere ngati magulu a panyumba

[[FLT: 0] Iniweni [[FLT:]: zonse ziŵiri ziphatikizo zimagwirizana. Zida za manager zatheketsa mizu yeniyeni ya udzu yonga March ya Moyo Wathu (kulamulira mfuti) ndi kudyerera akazi kumodzinso ndi kupeputsa kupyolera m'mikupi yaudzu yachinyengo ndi kuloŵerera kwa maiko ena.

Malingaliro a Padziko Lonse: Magulu Ofuna Kupeza Zinthu Amitundu Yonse

Kusanthula [[FLT: 0] kagulu ka ndale zadziko kogwirizana [1] m'maiko ena kumaunikira chimene chiri chosiyana ndi dongosolo la Amereka.

Madongosolo a Khomoni: Ulaya

Mademokrase ambiri a ku Ulaya ali ndi maunansi oyenera pakati pa boma ndi zikondwerero zolinganizidwa:

Germany ndi Scandinavia [FLT : Mabungwe a antchito, makampani, ndi boma zimakambitsirana pamodzi mwalamulo malamulo aakulu. Njira imeneyi "Akorpotantist" imapatsa magulu achisangalalo ntchito zalamulo m'kupanga malamulo mmalo mwa kuwakakamiza kukakamizira kuchokera kunja.

[[FUL:0] Malo apamwamba [[FUL:1]

• Kuchepetsa njira yofikira anthu
• Kutsimikizira lamulo lotsimikizira kuti limathandiza
• Athandiza Anthu Kugwirizana ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zinthu Molongosoka

[[FUL:0] Malo oonerapo [[FULT:1]

• Magulu samakhala ndi mipando patebulo
• Zochititsa chidwi ndi ulamuliro umene ulipo
• Kusintha zinthu pang’onopang’ono

Malamulo Azandalama Osiyana

Kukopa [1]: Mademokrase ambiri amapereka ndalama za onse kaamba ka ndawala ndi mapwando, kuchepetsa chisonkhezero cha gulu lachiwongola dzanja mwa zopereka:

• Germany amapereka ndalama zothandizira anthu onse posankha
• Canada amapereka ngongole ya msonkho kaamba ka zopereka za ndale zadziko
• UK imakhala ndi malire owonongera ndalama ndiponso nthaŵi yaifupi ya mkupiti

Kudziwitsa Malamulo [: Maiko ena amakhazikitsa ziletso zokhwima:

• EU imafunikira kulembetsa ndi kuulula
• Canada ali ndi ziletso zamphamvu kwambiri zotsekereza zitseko
• Kuchepetsa kampani yachitatu ya UK yowononga ndalama zoposa za U.S.

Madongosolo a Nyumba Yamalamulo

Nyumba zosiyanasiyana za demokrase za Nyumba ya Malamulo zimakhudza njira zachifuniro za gulu:

Party Diption: Chilangizo champhamvu m'madongosolo a nyumba ya malamulo chimatanthauza kukopa atsogoleri a gulu ndi a kabungwe mmalo mwa opanga malamulo.

Foeder Access Trought : Madongosolo a Prezidenti okhala ndi kulekanitsa maulamuliro, chigwirizano, ndi makiya apamwamba amapereka malo owonjezereka ofikirapo kaamba ka chisonkhezero cha gulu.

Maboma a Chigwirizano : Mabungwe a mbali zambiri angapereke chigwirizano cha magulu achifuniro pamene mabwenzi ogwirizana akambitsirana.

Kutsutsana kwa Kusankhana kwa ku America

United States akusonyeza bwino lomwe izi:

• Mapwando a Weaker [ : Chilango chachipani chochepa chimapangitsa magulu achifuniro kukhala opambana kwambiri opanga malamulo
• Malo ambiri ofikirapo : Federalism, kulekana kwa maulamuliro, ndi maphwando olemekezeka amapanga malo ambiri okhalira chisonkhezero
• Ndalama zowonongedwa kwambiri : Ndalama za mpikisano ndi zowonongedwa zosonkhezera kugula zikuposadi mademokrase ena
• mwambo wa kutembenuza : Magulu a ku America amagwiritsira ntchito makhoti mwamphamvu kwambiri kuposa anzawo ena
• Mpambo Woyamba [: Zitetezero zamphamvu za ufulu wa kulankhula zimachepetsa malamulo a kukakamizidwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito koposa m’mademokrase ena

Kaya chitsanzo cha ku America chimenechi chimatulutsa zotulukapo zabwino kapena zoipa kwambiri zikali zokayikitsa.

Tsogolo la Magulu Ofuna Kusangalatsa Apadera: Zikhoterero ndi Mavuto Omakulakula

Ziyambukiro zingapo zikusintha ndale za gulu logawanapo [ ku America:

Kuwonjezereka kwa Kusintha Malo

Magulu achikondwerero amasonyeza ndi kufulumiza kugaŵikana kwa ndale zadziko:

Kusankha kwa kagwiridwe ntchito [1]: Magulu amene poyamba anali kuphatikizapo mamembala osiyanasiyana tsopano akufanana bwino ndi mapwando. Magulu a mabizinesi amadalira Republican; maukwati a antchito amabweza mokulira Democrats.

Zovuta Zosatha: Magulu achisangalalo amagwiritsira ntchito ziwopsezo zazikulu kupatsa chilango kulolera molakwa, kusonkhezera mapwando kupambanitsa.

Zonse-kanthu Zandale [[FT:1]: Kulolera kumavuta kwambiri pamene magulu awona adani kukhala adani mmalo mwa adani m’kutsutsana kwa chikhulupiriro chabwino.

Madzuwa a mchenga [1]: Kubetcherana kwa manambala kumangotanthauza ochirikiza kumva chidziŵitso chotsimikizira malingaliro awo, malo ouma.

Njira Zazikulu ndi Kusintha

Makampani a zaumisiri akuyang’aniridwa kwambiri, ndipo akumenya nkhondo zikuluzikulu zomenyera nkhondo:

Trusal : Kodi zimphona za tekinoloji ziyenera kusweka kapena kuyang'anizana ndi kusungidwa kokhwima kotsutsana ndi umboni?

Privtacy : Kodi makampani angatole mfundo zotani, ndipo ayenera kuziteteza motani?

Kudekha kwa mlingo [1]: Kodi boma lingalamulire mapulogalamu a pa wailesi ndi pa TV amene amalola kapena kuletsa?

Kusankha 230 : Kodi mapulatifomu ayenera kusunga chitetezo kuti asawonongetse zokhalamo?

Makampani opanga zida zamakono ameneŵa amatsutsa ochirikiza zachinsinsi, magulu osasunthika odzinenera kukhala atsankho, magulu opita patsogolo odera nkhaŵa ponena za nkhani zonama, ndi otsutsa okonzanso chikhulupiriro kumbali zonse.

Ndalama Zakuda ndi Kuona Malo Oyera

Kukwera kwa ndalama zamdima [1] Kuwononga ndalama zandale kuchokera ku magulu amene saulula opereka zinthu ndi kufulumira:

501(c)(4) Magulu [1]: Kusapindula "ubwino wa anthu" mabungwe angaloŵetsemo ndale popanda opereka kuvumbula, kenaka kupereka ku Super PACs.

Zipupa za chinsinsi [1]: Nyumba za LLC zimabisa magwero enieni a ndalama.

Kulephera kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama [1]: Anthu olemera amadutsa ndi mabungwe ambiri kubisa ntchito yawo.

Zoyesayesa zosintha [1]: : [[FLT :2] Campaign Legin Center [ ndi magulu ofananawo amakakamiza kaamba ka kuvumbula kwamphamvu, koma zopinga za lamulo ndi za ndale zadziko zikutsala.

Nyengo ndi Mbadwo Wamtsogolo

Kusintha kwa nyengo kumabweretsa mavuto apadera kwa magulu andale:

Vuto la Likulu, Tsogolo la Zandale Thupi-Term Plitis: Kuwonongeka kwa nyengo kumachitika zaka makumi ambiri, koma masankho asintha zaka ziŵiri kapena zinayi.

Chitsutso Chotsutsidwa, Mapindu Osiyana , : Mafakitale a mafuta a Fossil ali ndi zisonkhezero zowonekera zotsutsa kachitidwe ka nyengo; mibadwo yamtsogolo imene ingapindule lerolino.

Activism ya Uchiw''s: Kuyendayenda kwa ophunzira monga Sun Transportation kukulinganiza achichepere a Amereka amene adzapirira zotulukapo za nyengo.

Kuika malonda pa faisensi : malo okhala, chitaganya, ndi utsogoleri zimayambitsa zisonkhezero zatsopano zachuma, zimene zingasinthe malonda.

Mavuto a Oimba Popule

Magulu onse aŵiri a ochirikiza kutchuka kwa anthu amatsutsa kagulu ka zikondwerero zamwambo:

Anti-Essalishment Sentiment : Populist imaukira magulu achifuniro (kapena chigawo Wall Street, "Big Pharma, etc.) monga atsogoleri achinyengo.

Direcracy democracy : Ena ochirikiza populailla amavomereza kuvota ndi kuvota mwachindunji pa madongosolo oimira amene amaona kukhala ogwidwa ndi zikondwerero.

Sacial Media End- imathamanga : Andale amanyalanyaza kwambiri osunga zipata amwambo, akumakopa ochirikiza mwachindunji pa Intaneti.

Kumaliza: Zipani za Anthu Ofuna Kusangalatsa Ena Zimagwirizana ndi Ndale za M’dziko la United States

Nsonga ya magulu achidwi chapadera m'ndale za U.S. [1] njofunika ndi yovutitsa, kutsutsana kwenikweni kwa demokrase ya Amereka.

Magulu achikondwerero ngofunika chifukwa chakuti demokalase imafuna kutengamo mbali kolinganizidwa kuposa kusanthula. Imafalitsa zikondwerero za anthu onse, imapatsa ukatswiri umene umawongolera kupanga malamulo, imaimira kuimira kuti kuimira dziko lapansi kumaphonya, ndi kutheketsa nzika kulondola mapindu awo kupyolera m'zochita zandale zadziko. Democracy yopanda magulu achifunitso ingakhale demokrase kumene anthu okhoza kugonjetsa ndiwo okha amayang'anizana ndi boma lamphamvu ndi makampani . [1] Kusiyana kumene kungapereke mphamvu ndi kuletsa nzika wamba ndi kuletsa anthu wamba.

Komabe magulu achidwi akuvutika chifukwa chakuti amapindula ndi olinganizidwa pa makampani osalinganizidwa, olemera pa osauka, ndi ofunitsitsa kufalitsa katundu wa anthu. Makampani a mankhwala akawononga ndalama zopitira kwa odwala ovutika ndi mtengo wa mankhwala sagwirizana, kulingana kwa demokalase kukuvutika. Pamene zitseko zomangira zibale pakati pa oyendetsa ndi makampani oyendetsa zinthu, anthu amataya chikondwerero. Pamene zopereka za projekiti zipanga malingaliro [1] kapena za chivundi, chikhulupiriro m'mapanga maufumu aumwini.

Mbiri imasonyeza zonse ziŵiri chilakiko cha gulu ndi kupambanitsa. Bungwe la Chilungamo cha Ufulu Wachibadwidwe linadalira pa kulinganiza kuti lithetse utundu wokhazikika. Magulu a malo okhala anagwiritsira ntchito thamo lapadera kutetezera zinthu zachilengedwe zosasinthika. Mabungwe a antchito anapambana zitetezero zimene zinayambitsa gulu lapakati la America. Komabe kuchirikiza kampani kwachepetsanso malamulo a zachuma a kayendetsedwe ka zachuma, magulu a makampani atsekereza njira zaumoyo wa anthu onse, ndipo zikondwerero zachuma zapanga malamulo a msonkho kuti apindule pamtengo wa onse.

Zitokoso zamakono zimawonjezera mavuto ameneŵa. Zida zamagetsi zimathandiza kuti mizu yatsopano ya udzu ipange madongosolo pamenenso imasintha zinthu mwa kugwiritsa ntchito tizilombo ndi chidziŵitso. Makampani akuluakulu aluso amathandiza anthu kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zosayerekezereka pamene akuyang'anizana ndi ziwopsezo za bipartisan. Ndalama zakuda zimabisa zinthu zimene zimasonkhezera anthu monga momwe zimachitira ndi kuvumbula. Kusintha kwa dzuwa kumapanga kulolera movutikira ngakhale monga momwe mavuto ovuta kuzifuna.

Njira yothetsera siikuchotsa magulu achifuniro . Kungawononge ufulu wa mayanjano amene amatheketsa demokrase. Ndiponso si chikhulupiriro chopanda nzeru chimene chimayambitsa njira yabwino yochitira zinthu. Mmalomwake, tifunikira:

Kusintha [1]: Kudziŵa amene akukopa, ndalama zimene apeza, ndi kupindula ndi malamulo amene amathandiza nzika zonse kuŵerengera aliyense.

Fanizo la Balanced : Kupatsa mphamvu, magulu osapereka zinthu bwino , kupyolera mwa ndalama za anthu, zida zosonkhanira, ndi kuchirikiza kwalamulo . "kulimbana ndi zikondwerero zambiri."

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Malo a zachiwongola dzanja [1]: Malamulo. Malamulo a zachuma, malamulo ochirikiza, malamulo a makhalidwe, ndi nyumba za boma zonse zimaumba mmene magulu achifuniro amagwirira ntchito. Malamulo abwino angasonkhezere mopindulitsa kwambiri.

Makhalidwe a Democratic [[FLT : Chomalizira, timagulu ta achifuniro timasonyeza makhalidwe athu. Ngati tiona kuti nthaŵi yaing’ono ipindulitsa m'mibadwo yamtsogolo, mapindu aumwini pa katundu wa anthu onse, kapena kupita patsogolo kwa fuko lathu pa ubwino wa onse, timagulu tachifuniro tidzapereka zenizenizo. Chizoloŵezi cha democratic chimaumba zipambano za democratic.

Kwa nzika zoyenda m'dziko limeneli, kumvetsetsa kwapadera kumatanthauza kuzindikira magulu a anthu amene ali ndi ntchito yawo yovomerezeka ndi kuthekera kwawo kwa kuchitiridwa nkhanza. Kumatanthauza kuchirikiza kukupangitsani kukhulupirira mwa kulinganiza kwa umisiri pamene mukufuna kuti magulu onse agwirizanitse . Kuphatikizapo awo amene muwachirikiza mowonekera bwino ndi modemokrase. Kumatanthauza kuloŵetsamo zinthu zolakwika za ndale zadziko zochirikiza chitaganya mmalo mokhala ndi kukayikira kapena kuyembekezera kupeza njira zosavuta.

Magulu a anthu ofunitsitsa kuchita chidwi chapadera sapita kulikonse. Funso nlakuti kaya adzakhala atumiki a demokrase kapena ambuye ake. Yankho silidalira kwambiri pa magulu okha kusiyana ndi nzika zimene amati amaimira. Anthu odziŵa, ogwirizana amene amazindikira mmene magulu achikondwerero amagwira ntchito, amafuna kuti adziŵerengera mlandu, ndi kutenga nawo mbali mwachangu angatsimikizire kuti zikondwerero za gulu zitumikira makhalidwe a demokrase. Anthu osagwirizana amene amanyalanyaza mmene mphamvu imagwirira ntchito amalolera magulu kutsata zifuno zochepera pamtengo wotherapo anthu onse.

Democracy imafuna kulinganiza. Magulu achikondwerero amaupereka. Udindo wathu ukutsimikizira kuti gulu likutumikira ambiri, osati zikondwerero zochepa zokha . Kuti zikondwerero zapadera sizimakhala zokha zimene zili zofunika. Kumvetsetsa mbali yawo kuli sitepe loyamba kuwapangitsa kugwirira ntchito demokrase mmalo motsutsana nayo.