Malamulo a boma ali ndi mphamvu zapadera pa moyo wa anthu a ku America — kuyambira pa masukulu a m'dzikolo ndi kukwera mtengo kwa nyumba mpaka kupezeka kwa mautumiki a zaumoyo ndi mikhalidwe ya misewu. Komabe ntchito yawo youmba malamulo a kumaloko imanyalanyazidwa kaŵirikaŵiri ndi nzika zimene zimazoloŵerana ndi mabungwe a mizinda ndi mabungwe a boma. Kwenikweni, malamulo a boma amakhazikitsa malamulo alamulo ndi ndalama zimene maboma ayenera kugwira ntchito. Iwo angapereke kapena kuletsa, kukhazikitsa malamulo, kuchotsa malamulo a kumaloko, ndi kutumiza ndalama zoyendetsera. Kuzindikira mmene mabungwe a boma ameneŵa akulamulira a m'dzikolo ali ofunika kwa aliyense wochita utsogoleri, woyang’anira, wotsogolera, kapena wotsogolera chitaganya.

Kumvetsa Malamulo a Boma

Malamulo ndi mabungwe opanga malamulo a maboma 50 a U.S.. Kusiyapo kokha pa dongosolo la Nebraska la munthu wa madamaral, boma lililonse lili ndi nyumba yoyamwitsa (imene kaŵirikaŵiri imatchedwa Nyumba ya Oimira, Msonkhano, kapena Nyumba ya Nthumwi) ndi nyumba yapamwamba (Bwalo la Malamulo). Malamulo amasankhidwa kuchokera ku chigawo chogawidwa ndi anthu, ndipo mawu awo amakhala zaka ziŵiri zomalizira kwa ziŵalo za nyumba yaing'ono ndi zaka zinayi kwa oimira Assenternars. Malamulo amasintha modabwitsa — kuchokera ku 60-manyuks a ku New Hampshire ku New Hamprojective Court.

Malamulo ambiri a boma ndi ogwirizana kwa miyezi yochepa, kukumana kwa miyezi ingapo iliyonse ya biennium kapena chaka chilichonse, ngakhale kuti chiŵerengero chomawonjezereka chasamukira ku nthaŵi yonse, magawo ozoloŵereka. National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) imachititsa makhonsati a malamulo monga “oyera,” kapena“ golidi” yozikidwa pa nthaŵi ya chigawo, ndalama za antchito, ndi malipiro. Nyumba za nthaŵi yochuluka (m., California, New York, Pennsylvania) imakonda kupanga malamulo atsatanetsatane ndi a mphamvu ya mphamvu, zimene zingatsogolere kuwonjezera mphamvu yapamwamba pa maboma a kumaloko. Mbali ina ingachititse mphamvu yaikulu ya nthaŵi ya malamulo (m.g., Monton, Wyming, New Hampre)

Nyumba ya malamulo ya boma iriyonse iri ndi thayo la kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amayambukira osati kokha mabungwe a boma komanso maboma a kumaloko. Chifukwa chakuti malamulo a boma (mosafanana ndi malamulo a U.S.) samapatsa ulamuliro kwa maboma a kumaloko, lamulo la Dillon Laul [[[[FLT:]] limagwira ntchito m'maboma ambiri: maboma a boma, okhala ndi maulamuliro a boma okhawo ovomerezedwa ndi boma. Mosiyana ndi malamulo a boma, malamulo a boma [monga Colorado, Illinoby, ndi California] amalola maboma akwani, koma ngakhale, ngakhale boma lakwaniza, likhoza kuchepetsa ntchito ya kumaloko. Malamulowa ali maziko a kumvetsetsa kwa kayendetsedwe ka malamulo a boma.

Ntchito ya Malamulo a Boma

Maboma okhazikitsa malamulo amachita zinthu zina zofunika kwambiri zimene zimasankha mwachindunji kapena m’njira ina yake zimene maboma a m’dzikolo angakwanitse kuchita:

  • [[FLT: 0] Kupanga malamulo: [[FLT :1] Kuvomereza, kubwezera, ndi kukonza malamulo a boma amene amachotsa malamulo a kumaloko kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo a malo. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo malamulo onena za kugwiritsira ntchito nthaka, thanzi la anthu, maphunziro, msonkho, ndi masankho.
  • Kutenga mwana wotsatira: Kuyang'ana bajeti ya boma, imene imasonyeza kuti dziko likupita bwino ku madera (m’chitsanzo, ndalama zothandizira sukulu, kugawana, zopereka za ndalama) ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri imaphatikizapo mikhalidwe imene madera ayenera kuyang'anizana nayo kuti alandire ndalama.
  • Kuyang'anira: Mabungwe a boma amene amagwirizana ndi maboma akwawo, monga madipatimenti a maphunziro, chitetezo cha malo okhala, ndi zoyendera. Kumva kwa malamulo kungaumba mmene malamulo a boma amakhudzira ntchito za kumaloko.
  • Kumasulira: Kuloŵetsamo nkhaŵa za anthu a kumaloko — mameya, akuluakulu a boma, mameya a sukulu, ndi nzika — m'nkhani za lamulo la boma. Opanga malamulo amathandizira ndalama za anthu a m'madera awo.
  • Ziyenga za Chivomezi: Kufuna kusintha ku malamulo a boma (m'maboma ambiri, mavoti a chitatu aŵiri kapena anthu ambiri otsatiridwa ndi voti) imene imalongosolanso maulamuliro ndi malire a boma lakwawo.

Ntchito zimenezi n’zogwirizana. Mwachitsanzo, chigamulo cha bungwe lokhazikitsa malamulo chochepetsa msonkho wa ndalama zimene boma limalandira chingachepetse ndalama zimene limalipira ndi makampani, kukakamiza maboma kukweza misonkho kapena kuchepetsa ntchito.

Malamulo a Boma Akhudza Chikhalidwe cha Anthu

Malamulo a boma ayamba kusonkhezera malamulo a boma mwa njira zingapo. Chofunika kwambiri ndicho kumasula, ndi kuteteza mfuti. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa 2020 wa bungwe loona za malo osungirako zinthu, pafupifupi boma lililonse lataya ulamuliro wa dzikolo pambali pa mbali imodzi yaikulu. Mwachitsanzo, Texas (SB 1469) imaletsa malo a kuyang'anira nyumba zazing'ono, pamene Florida imatsekera malamulo a boma apamalo ena.

Chisonkhezero china chachikulu ndicho lopereka ulamuliro . Nyumba za malamulo zimalongosola malire a ulamuliro wa nyumba ya boma, kuphatikizapo mphamvu ya kulipira misonkho ya levy, kukhazikitsa ndalama zothandizira, kupanga zigawo zapadera, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a malo. M'maboma a Dillon, chilichonse cholakwika m’kupatsa mphamvu chakhala chothetsera dziko. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti mzinda umene ukufuna kuyesa ndi ndalama zopereka ndalama kapena boma lofuna kukhazikitsa msonkho wachapansi kapena kukhazikitsa msonkho womwa mowa, uyenera choyamba kupeza chilolezo chomveka bwino cha lamulo lokhudza malamulo.

Malamulo a boma amapanganso malamulo akwanuko kupyolera mwa . Zitsanzo zambiri zimaphatikizapo malamulo a boma kuti achititse malamulo a kusamuka, magawo a sukulu kukhazikitsa ziyeso zoikidwiratu, ndi kuŵerengera kuti apeze chuma chopezedwa nthaŵi zonse. Kukhalapo kapena kusoŵa kwa boma kaamba ka mautumiki ovomerezedwa ndi boma ndilo gwero limodzi la chipwirikiti pakati pa boma ndi holo.

Pomalizira, mabwalo a malamulo amasonkhezera maulamuliro a kumaloko mwa kugamulapo pa mitundu ya boma (mjere, meya-council vs. Council-manager), ukulu ndi kupangidwa kwa mabungwe a boma ndi mabungwe a sukulu, ndi njira za masankho a kumaloko (m., pa ma flarect. kuimira kwa chigawo, kusanthula kwa malo apadera). Mu 2020, Washington State Legislature inapasa chikalata chofuna kuti anthu onse azikhala ndi anthu oposa 4000,000 kuti asamukire ku masankho ozikidwa pa masankho, kusintha mwachindunji zigamu za pulogalamu a dzikolo.

Kufufuza za Malamulo a Boma

Lamulo la Maphunziro

Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, malumbiro a boma akhala omanga mapulani aakulu a K-12 a maphunziro. Amasankha njira zothandizira sukulu (kaŵirikaŵiri kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyendetsera ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama), amakhazikitsa miyezo ya maphunziro (kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito Common Core kapena bhensial shambrament ), alangizi a madongosolo a kukhazikitsa ndi kupenda, ndi kusankha madongosolo a ulamuliro a chigawo cha sukulu. M'magawo onga ngati [FLT: 0] Kampaniafor , nyumba yovomerezera malamulo a boma kupyola malire a boma kupyola pa malamulo oŵerengera mlandu monga ngati bungwe la Local Fund Formam (LFFFFF), amene amathandizira ndi kulinganiza kwa “UGALAMU ndi kulinganiza kwa chigawo. [FLTS] Kubwereranso, [FFoctive]

Chitsanzo chimodzi chophiphiritsira chimaphatikizapo [[FLT: 0] chilolezo cha sukulu cha shar . . [FLT]], bungwe la boma linapanga malamulo ambiri ovomereza zinthu — kuphatikizapo mayunivesite ndi zigawo zapakati — zimene zingavomereze masukulu ophunzitsa, kupitirira chivomerezo cha sukulu zapamudzi. Zimenezi zachititsa kuwonjezeka kwa masukulu a khoti m’mizinda monga Detroit, kukonzanso malo a maphunziro akwawo. [[FLT:] Kusiyanitsa, [FLT:] Shyton [[FLT:] ndi zigawo zongomangapo] za malamulo a kulola masukulu kuti aperekedwe koma amayang'anira kwambiri, kuchepetsa chiŵerengero chawo ndi kuvomereza kwawo m'chigawo china. [FGroup]

Thanzi la Onse Limayamba Kuthandiza

Malamulo a boma ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu wokhazikitsa malamulo a zaumoyo a anthu amene amathetsa ntchito ya kumaloko. Mliriwu unakhala bwalo lapamwamba la pulojekiti. Malamulo angapo a boma (m’chitsanzo, Florida, Texas, Iowa) anakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa madipatimenti a zaumoyo a m’malo akwawo ndi makomiti a m'chigawo kukhazikitsa malamulo a zachinsinsi, malonda kutsekedwa, kapena malamulo a katemera. SB 2006 (2022) Florida inaletsa maboma a boma kupempha kuti apereke umboni wakuti aloŵa m'malo a anthu onse, kuchotsa malamulo a mzindawo m'malo onga Miami Beach ndi St. Petersburg.

Pambuyo pa miliri, mabwalo a boma amaumba thanzi la anthu a m'madera a California mwa zosankha zokhudza [FT:0] lamulo loletsa kugulitsa fodya, limene linapatula chiletso cha boma — kutumiza zinthu zolimbikitsa ndi zotsalira za fodya kumadera ena. Mofananamo, maboo amagamula kuti kaya magawo angachititse maprogramu osinthanitsira zinthu kapena kukhazikitsa msonkho. A2 NCS inatchula za kuletsa kuletsedwa kwa boma.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Njira Yopezera Nyumba ndi Malo

Mwinamwake palibe malo amene akusonyeza bwino lomwe chiyambukiro cha boma pa malamulo a boma kuposa nyumba. Pokhala ndi mavuto a kusoŵa kwa nyumba akufalikira m'dzikolo, mabwalo a boma akuloŵerera mowonjezereka m'zosankha za kumaloko — malo otsala ku mizinda ndi maŵerengedwe. Orogon [1] HB 2001 [1] ya zaka makumi makumi ambiri [2029] inathadi kumanga nyumba imodzi m'dziko lonselo, kufunitsa mizinda yokhala ndi anthu oposa 250,000 kulola duplexes, tittles, ndi 4plexs kumadera oyandikana. Mlingo umenewu wa zaka makumi ambiri wa kulamulira dziko lakwawo lakwawo kupereka ndalama zoperewera za kuperekedwa kwa nyumba.

Kampani ya malamulo ya boma yapereka mpambo wa mapepala (SB 9, 10, AB, etc.) chivomerezo cha malo okhala, kuwonjezera pa malo oyendera, ndi kuchepetsa kupenda kwa kumaloko. Malamulo ameneŵa akutsutsa mwachindunji kukhoza kwa mizinda ya m’madera akumidzi yaikulu kusungitsa nyumba imodzi. Mofananamo, Mantana [[FL:3] a HB 257,2012] ndi kutha kukula kwa malo akumeneko ndi kufunikira mipukunja yonse ya anthu oposa 5,000 kulola kuti chigawo chachikulu ndi zigawo zina. Zimenezi zachititsa kutsutsa kwankhanza kwa akuluakulu a boma akomweko. Zimodzimodzizo zimayambitsa kutsutsana [onjeze zakwawo osamvetsetsa malamulo a m'deralo: [FFFF] ndi mizinda ina.

Kuchepetsa Mphamvu: Chiyeso cha Autonomy vs.

Unansi pakati pa malamulo a boma ndi maboma a kumaloko ngwamphamvu ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri ngwakutsutsana. Lingaliro la la statist limakhala la maziko a kulinganizika kumeneku. Chipulumutso chimachitika pamene lamulo la boma lachindunji kapena kuchotsapo kotheratu malamulo a kumaloko. Chingakhale chokwana (lamulo la boma limakhala ndi munda, kuletsa malamulo alionse a kumaloko) kapena kugawa (malo a m'dziko angalamulire pakati pa malire a boma). M’zaka zaposachedwapa, chiŵerengero cha malamulo a kuchotsedwa kwa boma chawonjezeka. Lipoti la 2022 ndi Sources Service Center linapeza kuti boma linayambitsa 600 za zikalata zopimira ku LGTQ 2020 zokha, kubisa zonse kuchokera ku LGTPS ku chiletso cha mapulasitiki chomangira cha pulasitiki.

Ochirikiza kuchotsedwa kwa dziko amanena kuti limapanga malo ofanana osungirako zinthu, limachepetsa katundu pa mabizinesi, ndipo limaletsa “ntchito ya" ya malamulo a kumaloko yomwe ingakhale yosokoneza ndi yowonongetsa. Otsutsa amanena kuti kutaya moyo kumawononga demokrase ya kumaloko, kuletsa kuyambika kwa zinthu, ndi kulola malamulo a boma — amene kaŵirikaŵiri amalamulidwa ndi zikondwerero za kumidzi — kuchotsapo zofuna za osankhidwa a m’tauni. Nkhondo ya kutayidwa kwa anthu a m'mizinda ndi kugaŵidwa kwamphamvu, monga Texas, kumene malamulo a Austin a ku Austin, malamulo a Austin opatula opatsirana milandu, ndi malamulo a Houston osakhala audensi.

Komabe, palinso lamulo loletsa kukhazikitsa malamulo olimbikitsa ufulu wa anthu. Mayiko ena apereka “malamulo oletsa maboma kuti asayang'anire zinthu za kumaloko. Mwachitsanzo, Colorado’s “ Commordement [1] [ ku boma limaletsa malamulo oletsa kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amaletsa maboma kuyang'anira zinthu za kumaloko pokhapokha ngati boma lili ndi chidwi chokakamiza. Momwemo, [[FLT:] [FLT] imapatsa mphamvu zolamulira zapanyumba kuti zitsatire malamulo osaletsedwa mwachindunji ndi lamulo. Ngakhale m'malamulo a panyumba, malamulo amasunga mphamvu zowatsogolera mwa kunena poyera — kaamba ka kuukira, kutsekereza kwa chiweruzo cha dzikolo cha Illinony [FFFOT] [Foctive .[4]

Mavuto Amene Malamulo a Boma Amakumana Nawo Popanga Lamulo la M’malowo

  • Kugaŵikana kwa madera: Kuwonjezereka kwa gulu kungapangitse nyumba zolamulira zokhala ndi malamulo, kupangitsa kukhala kovuta kudutsa kaya ndalama zopulumutsira kapena zitetezero za ufulu wa kumaloko. Malamulo okhala ndi zinthu zazikulu zochepera kaŵirikaŵiri amapeŵa nkhani za malamulo a kumaloko, kusiya malo m'malamulo.
  • Malamulo afunikira kulinganiza mgwirizano wa dziko lonse ndi kuzoloŵera kwa malo. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo a boma amene amagwira ntchito m'mizinda yambiri koma osagwira ntchito ku madera akumidzi. Malamulo ayenera kulinganiza mgwirizano wa dziko lonse ndi kufunika kwa kusintha kwa malo.
  • Malamulo osavomerezedwa: Pamene malamulo a boma akhazikitsa malamulo a boma pa maboma akwawo popanda kupereka ndalama zokwanira, amapanikiza bajeti ya kumaloko ndi kuchotsa malonda. Malamulo a California 13 (kukonza malamulo) anachepetsa mphamvu ya bungwe la malamulo kukhazikitsa malamulo mwa kufuna kubwezera ndalama, koma maboma ambiri alibe chitetezo choterocho.
  • Kukopa ndi kukopa zinthu zapadera: Magulu a maindasitale amphamvu kaŵirikaŵiri amasonkhezera kugonja kwa dziko lonse kuti apeŵe malamulo akwawo. Fodya, mafuta a pansi pa nthaka, ndi makampani opanga malo amadziŵidwa kuti akope ndalama zimene zimathetsa chiletso kapena ziletso. Zimenezi zingasokoneze dongosolo la democracy ku mlingo uliwonse.
  • Kusintha kofulumira kwa kakhalidwe ndi luso la zopangapanga: Makope a Emerging onga ngati marendi achidule (Airbnb), kukwera (Uber, Lyft), ndi oyendetsa malo a magetsi anagwidwa oletsa. Lamulo la boma lolembedwa mofulumira kulongosola luso latsopano lingaletse mosadziŵa kuyambika kwa malo. Kukwera kwa nzeru zopeka ndi chinsinsi cha makompyuta kudzakhala ndi mavuto ofanana.

Msonkhano wa Boma wa Malamulo a Boma umapereka chuma ndi kufufuza pa mavuto ameneŵa, kuphatikizapo lamulo lachitsanzo la kulinganiza zinthu za boma ndi za m'dziko.

Zomwe Zidzachitike M’tsogolo mwa Malamulo a Boma

Zinthu zingapo zidzaumba mmene mabwalo a malamulo adzagwirizanirana ndi maboma a boma m’zaka zikubwerazi:

  • Malamulo ogwirizana: [[FLT :1] Monga momwe kusintha kwa nyengo kumafunikiritsa ntchito, makhoma a boma adzachotsa kapena kulamula malamulo a kumaloko opangira sankhi, tsindwi, mapulaneti obiriŵira, ndi kubwezeretsa mphamvu. Pakali pano, bungwe la malamulo la California lafuna kuti mizinda itenge “makonzedwe ogwirizana, [1] ndi Florida yachotsa ziletso za kumaloko pa kugwirizanitsa gasi.
  • [[FLT : 0] Lamulo la zasayansi: [[FLT :1] Amtseka adata, kuzindikira nkhope, ndi malamulo a zachuma adzakhala malo ankhondo. Nyumba zina za malamulo zakhala zitatsekereza kuvomereza kwa nkhope za kumaloko (m., Oregon mu 2020, zimene zinagwetsa chiletso cha Portland), pamene kuli kwakuti zina zapatsa mphamvu ya kusankhira. Kulimbana pakati pa dziko lonse ndi ulamuliro wa dziko lako kudzakulakula.
  • Chilungamo ndi kulingana: Mabungwe a apolisi kuti asinthe, aufuko, ndi nyumba zokhoza kugula ndizo zikusonkhezera makhoma a boma kuchita zinthu zimene zingathandize ndi kunyalanyaza zoyesayesa za kumaloko. Mwachitsanzo, maboma ena alamula kuti makampani alole malo okhala monga njira yowonjezera nyumba zokhoza kugulitsira, pamene ena achotsa malamulo olamulira malo obwereka.
  • Zoletsa za 'FLT': Mandanda a boma a Post-pandemic akuchepa. Pamene boma lichepetsa ndalama, makhoma a boma angachepetse kugawana kwa ndalama, kukakamiza madera kukweza misonkho kapena mautumiki. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, malamulo okhazikitsa malamulo angawone kukhala ankhanza kwambiri powonjezera msonkho wa katundu wa kumaloko, monga momwe zikuwonedwa ku Michigan ndi Colorado.
  • Kuimira: [[FLT: 1] ndi ma a achente a Ballent amalola ovota kulinganiza malamulo a kumaloko, kaŵirikaŵiri amapatuka makhomageti a boma. Komabe, makhoma a boma ena ayamba kuletsa njira yoyambirira (m'b., SB 1030 ya Florida ifuna zipata zosaina zowonjezereka) kapena kuchotsa zotsatira za malamulo a kumaloko (m.g., malamulo a boma a Ohio achotsa mphamvu zoyera za dzikolo). Kulimbana pakati pa mphamvu yalamulo ndi democracyism kukukhalabe.

Malamulo a boma ali ndi malo apadera olankhulira pakati pa zofuna za boma ndi zosoŵa za anthu a m'deralo. Zosankha zawo — kaya kuchotsa, kusonkhetsa ndalama, kapena mphamvu — zidzaumba malo a kulamulira kwa zaka makumi ambiri. Monga momwe mtolankhani ndi katswiri wa maphunziro Michael J. Rich ananenera, “Iwo akhazikitsa malamulo a boma ndiwo mlingo waukulu kwambiri wa boma umene anthu ambiri a ku America saganizira.

Kumaliza

Malamulo a boma ndiwo a magwero a dongosolo la boma la America ponena za kukhazikitsa malamulo a dzikolo. Mwa kupanga malamulo, kulinganiza bajeti, kuyang'anira, ndi ntchito yalamulo, iwo amalongosola ziphatikizo zimene mabungwe a mzinda, mabungwe achigawo, ndi makomiti a sukulu amagwira ntchito. Zitsanzo za ndalama za maphunziro, kuchotsedwa kwa thanzi la anthu, ndi kuchotsedwa kwa nyumba kumasonyeza mphamvu ya boma yakuya ndi yotsutsana ndi kutsutsana kwa nthaŵi zambiri. Pamene kusokonezeka kwa zandale zadziko, kusokonezeka kwa luso la zopangapanga, ndi zitsenderezo zapamwamba, unansi pakati pa boma ndi maboma a m'dziko lakwanu udzakhala wosulitsa kwambiri. Aphunzitsi, ophunzira, ndi atsogoleri a chitaganya ayenera kuzindikira unansi umenewu kaamba ka malamulo amene amatumikira chitaganya chawo. Boma si malo ovuta — ndiko chipinda chimene chimalamulira cha m’tsogolo cha tauni yanu.