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Ntchito ya Mapsomphenya Opanda 2016 m’Kuchirikiza Uchimo wa M’malo Okhala
Political Action Committee (PACs) ndi maziko a ndawala ya chigawo cha Amereka, kuloŵetsa ndalama zaumwini m'dongosolo la ndale zadziko kuti zipange malamulo ndi osankha. Pakati pa mitundu yambiri ya ma PAC, osaphatikizidwa , ma PAC amawonekera kaamba ka kudziimira kwawo: iwo sagwirizana ndi gulu lirilonse, mgwirizano wa antchito, mayanjano a malonda, kapena mpikisano wa oloŵa m'gulu la anthu. Mmalomwake, amapangidwa ndi anthu, kufalitsa magulu olinganizidwa, kapena mabungwe a zikhulupiriro kuti ayambitse zifukwa zapadera. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, anthu osagwirizana ndi projekiti apanganso nkhondo yaikulu ya chitetezo champhamvu, kuchirikiza makampani awo, opanga malamulo ochirikiza lamulo, ndi okonza makampani. Maluso awo a kuyendetsa popanda ntchito kwa kholo loyendetsa zinthu zamphamvu, kukonzanso mphamvu zandale, ndi kukonzanso mphamvu zina zandale.
Kusiyana kwa Mapale Osagwirizana ndi Thupi
Kuti amvetsetse ntchito ya ma PAC ogwirizanitsidwa ndi malo okhala, kuli kofunika choyamba kuzindikira chimene chimawapanga kukhala apadera pansi pa lamulo la chisankho cha boma. Malinga ndi Federal Evolution Commission (FEC), PC ndi gulu limene limakweza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zothandizira kusankha. N’zogwirizana ndi bungwe, mgwirizano wa antchito, kapena gulu la anthu ndipo lingangopempha ndalama kuchokera ku gulu loletsedwalo (e.g., mabwana, ogaŵa zigwirizano, kapena ziŵalo). [FLT:] Nov [Noxtension PC [FF] [3], posiyana ndi mabungwe, ndi zimene zingaperekedwe ndi zigamu za onse, kungochokera ku gulu la anthu onse, monga: KC.
Ufulu wa kumanga kumeneku umapatsanso PACIC mapindu oyenerera. Iwo samayang'ana pamalo oyamba a pansi pa bungwe limodzi kapena bungwe limodzi, chotero angatenge kaimidwe kolimba pa nkhani zotsutsana monga kutsekereza kapena kuletsa ntchito za mafuta a pansi pa nthaka. Iwo angalunjikenso mofulumira ku mipata yatsopano . Kutsutsa kwakukulu kwa olemba mbiri ndi zolemba za malo okhala, monga, monga, popanda kudandaula za kuukira kwa mkati kwa ndale zadziko. Zitsanzo zosadziŵika zimaphatikizapo Chigwirizano cha Unizo Voters (LC) Survice, Komiti yandale ya Sierra Club, ndi Nkhalako ya Kuyendetsa Ntchito Kwabwino kwa Kayendetsedwe ka Kanthuka ka PaC imagwira ntchito monga gulu la pagulu la anthu onse, monga gulu laponselo losonkhezera chuma cha anthu ndi logwirizana ndi ntchito la ozungulira malo ozungulira.
Non Cs yolumikizidwa irinso ndi malire a kuonekera. Chifukwa chakuti iwo ayenera kulembetsa ndi FEC ndi mafaelo malipoti ondandal'awo amene amapereka zopereka zoposa $200, iwo amapereka mbiri yapoyera ya amene akuchirikiza malo okhala . Kusiyana kumeneku ndi “ndalama zobisika” magulu onga 501 (c) ndi magulu a anthu, amene angawonongere pa kusatsa malonda andale zadziko popanda kuvumbula opereka. Kwa ochirikiza malo okhala, kuwonekera kwapadera kwa PCs yosakhala yogwirizanitsidwa ndi [1] Nsonga yogulitsa, kumanga chikhulupiriro ndi ochirikiza udzu omwe amafuna kuŵerengera mlandu.
Njira Zanzeru Zopezera Malo Okhala
Ma PAC ogwirizanitsidwa amagwiritsira ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zopitirizira malamulo a malo okhala.
Kupereka Ndalama za Mkupiti ndi Kuchirikiza
Chisonkhezero chachindunji kwambiri cha ma PAC ogwirizanitsidwa ndi ma P. Ndicho kupyolera mwa zopereka za ndalama kwa oyembekezera amene amachirikiza zopangitsa zachilengedwe. Ma CC mofanana ndi LCV Victor Fund nthaŵi zonse amavomereza ndi kupereka kwa ofunsira a boma ndi boma okhala ndi mafaelo amphamvu ovota pa nyengo, mpweya woyera, ndi chitetezo cha madzi. Zopereka zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri ndizo kuloŵetsa ndalama choyamba m'zopereka za wopikisana, kuwathandiza kupeza kuwoneka ndi kudalirika. Mpikisano wa ma PCC, osagwirizanitsidwa ndi boma angapangenso ndalama zodziimira pazopereka mosalekeza pa kusatsa malonda amene amachirikiza kapena kutsutsa woloŵa ntchito, malinga ngati sagwirizana ndi ndawala. Zimenezi zakhala chiŵiya champhamvu: 202, pakati pa masankhoti, osagwirizana ndi $C miliyoni [4] ogwiritsidwa ntchito pa makampani a malonda odzifunira pa makampani, monga ngati pa Skarnnernerner, ndi ku jorki, ndi ku Migan.
Komanso, ma PAC ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amasunga ndalama zochokera kwa anthu amene amapereka ndalamazo. Amazitenga ndi kuzipereka kwa munthu amene akufuna kubatizidwa. Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti mphamvu zawo zikhale zogwira ntchito. Kutulutsa macheke otere kumathandiza kwambiri makamaka pa ma PC osalumikizana ndi 76 chifukwa chakuti kumachititsa chidwi cha anthu ambiri amene amapereka zinthu m’malo modalira macheke aakulu.
Kudziloŵetsa m’Malo Ongofuna Kuwasangalatsa ndi Kugwirizana Moona Mtima ndi Opanga Malamulo
Pambuyo pa zisankho, ma PAC osalumikizidwa, amaloŵa m'kusonkhezera mwachindunji kukhazikitsa malamulo a malo okhala. Pamene kuli kwakuti iwo sangachirikize kwambiri monga magulu a malonda a kampani kapena makampani opatulira, ma PAC ambiri osaphatikizidwa amasungitsa ntchito za boma amene amakumana ndi mamembala a Congress ndi antchito awo, kupereka umboni pakumva, ndi malamulo a zopanga. Mwachitsanzo, Environmental Group Act Fund imafufuza nthaŵi zonse makampani okonza kuchotsako Concicciation Control Act ndi ziletso zomangira pa PFAS. Mosiyana ndi ma kampani a PCC amene angaswe msonkhotse msonkho kapena kukonzanso misonkhozo, magulu osakhala auzirako aungwe a zaumoyo ndi a zachilengedwe, kaŵirikaŵiri amawombana ndi maindasitale.
Malo ogona ana amalembedwa pansi pa Lobbing Dislosure Act, ndipo ma PAC osalumikizidwa amene amawononga ndalama zoposerapo ndalama zochepera pa zopinga ayenera kulembedwa ndi kulembedwa kwa mafaelo. Kuonekera kumeneku kumalola mabungwe oyang’anira malo okhala kuti aone mphamvu ya ma PAC pamodzi ndi anzawo a kampani.
Maluŵa Ayamba Kuchuluka Anthu Ndiponso Maphunziro a Anthu
Non93 C imapambana posonkhanitsa ovota ndi kudziŵitsa anthu za nkhani za malo okhala. Kupyolera m'mafashoni a wailesi, makampani a social media, ndi makalata olunjika, iwo amaphunzitsa nzika za mbiri ya malo okhala a akuluakulu osankhidwa ndi malamulo amene akubwera. Ambiri amayendetsanso “mkupiti wa polisi , kupempha ofunsira kukhazikitsa malamulo akutiakuti atsatire muyezo wa mphamvu yoyera monga 100% kapena kutsutsa mafuta atsopano ndi gasi. Mapangano apoyera ameneŵa amapanga mapangano ovomerezeka ndi kupereka zikalata zomveka kwa ovota.
Panyengo za masankho, APAC ogwirizana kaŵirikaŵiri amatumiza olinganiza malowo kukagogoda pa zitseko, mabanki a telefoni, ndi kutumiza ochirikiza kaamba ka kuyandikira kwa nyengo. Komiti ya ndale zadziko ya Sierra Club, mwachitsanzo, iri ndi mbiri yaitali ya kugawikana kwa udzu, kugwiritsa ntchito maziko ake a dziko lonselo kuyambitsa chitsenderezo cha akuluakulu a boma osankhidwa. Maseŵero ameneŵa ngovuta kwambiri m'mafuko a [1] chigawo cha boma, bungwe lachigawo, ndi mpikisano wa mizinda [1] kumene malamulo a malo okhalako amagwiridwa kaŵirikaŵiri.
Kudziimba Mlandu Ndiponso Kuvutika ndi Malamulo
Ngakhale kuti si ntchito yawo yaikulu, ma PAC ogwirizanitsidwa ena amagwiritsira ntchito pepala la PACI monga chiŵiya chothandizira kukhazikitsa malamulo a malo okhala kapena ntchito zovulaza. Chifukwa chakuti iwo ali mabungwe alamulo, angasunge mabungwe a boma kapena mabungwe popanda kugwetsa gulu lawo la kholo kunkhondo. Mwachitsanzo, Center for Biological Diversity’s PaC yachirikiza kuletsa kudula mitengo kotopetsa ndi zilolezo za mapaipi. Pamene kuli kwakuti mathirogigigi amaperekedwa kaŵirikaŵiri kupyolera mwa zida zosakhala za projekiti (monga 501(c)(3), , chilikizo la ndalama la PC lingapereke magulu achuma omwe afunikira kuwonjezera milandu yaitali.
Chiyambukiro Choyelekezera pa Lamulo la Malo Okhala
Chiyambukiro chowonjezereka cha ma PAC ogwirizanitsidwa pa lamulo la malo okhala nchachikulu, ngakhale kuti nkovuta kuchotsa pa zoyesayesa zazikulu za kugwirira ntchito kwachinyengo.
Wins for Climate Champions . M'nyengo za 2018 ndi 2020, ma PCC ogwirizana ndi malo okhala anathandiza kuthandizira nyumba zazikulu ndi mipando ya nyumba za malamulo ndi kuthandizira pa mabwalo oyamba pa 76 scotiop ya okonzekera amene anapanga nkhani ya nyengo. Oimira monga Alesandriya Ocasiosértez (DNY) ndi Senator Mark Kelly (DÍAZ) analandira chithandizo chapasadansi choyamba kuchokera ku magulu monga Chilungamo cha Democrates PaC (osagwirizana ndi komiti iliyonse) ndi LC Victory Fund. Zosankha zawo zotsatira pa Redruction Act 20222, kukonza kwa mphamvu ya dziko lamphamvu la dziko lonse lapansi (DMerce CC) ndi kukonzanso kwa mphamvu zamphamvu kwa nyengo yofala.
State_State àpace Policy Wins . Ma PAC akhala okangalika kwambiri m'maganizo a boma. Mu 2020, League of Conservation Voters Complate ya ku Colorado anathera ndalama zambiri kuchirikiza Proposition 112, zimene zikanawonjezera zopinga zofunikira za mafuta ndi gasi. Ngakhale kuti mpikisanowo unalephera, pulogalamu yotchuka ya anthu ndi kukakamiza boma kutsatsa malamulo okhwima chaka chotsatira. Mofananamo, anthu osafika pa 769 anathandiza kuchirikiza mkupiti wachipambano kaamba ka ndalama za carbon mu 201818 (Intivetive 1631), ngakhale kuti inagwetsedwa ndi khoti la khoti; PPAC m'kaidi ya kutsutsana ndi kukongola kwa lamulo la pa projetimeti potsatirapo.
. Mwa kupitirizabe kupereka ndalama zothandizira ndi kutumiza mauthenga ku kusintha kwa nyengo, ma PAC osalumikizidwa ndi pulogalamu yathandiza kusuntha malo andale a mphamvu yokoka. Zaka khumi zapitazo, ma Republican ochepa m'Congress angavomereze ngakhale kusintha kwa nyengo; lero, chiŵerengero chomawonjezereka cha anthu a ku Republican chimathandiza kunyamula msonkho ndi kubwezeretsa mphamvu. Pamene kuli kwakuti zinthu zambiri zathandizira kusuntha kumeneku, chitsenderezo chosasintha kuchokera ku PCs .C. Ndizo zochepa chabe za maboti audzu zimene zikugwirizana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo kwa anthu; lerolino, chiŵerengero chomakula cha anthu a ku Republican amathandiza kunyamula ngongole ndi kutumizanso mphamvu.
Zitokoso ndi Kusuliza
Ngakhale kuti apambana, anthu osacheza nawo amakumana ndi mavuto aakulu ndiponso kusulizidwa komveka kumene kumawalepheretsa kuchita zinthu bwino kapena kuwonjezera nkhaŵa zawo za makhalidwe abwino.
Kuchepetsa Zofooka za Ndalama
Non CC ogwirizanitsidwa amadalira pa zopereka za munthu mmodzi ndi mmodzi pa $5,000 pachaka, zimene zimawapangitsa iwo kudalira kwambiri pa maziko aakulu a opereka aang'ono. Mosiyana ndi Super PACs, amene angalandire zopereka zosatha kuchokera ku makampani ndi anthu olemera, ma PC ogwirizana ndi 76 C , kampani yopanga mabotolo aakulu ankhondo singathe kusonkhanitsa mofulumira. Leavenning stending imatanthauza kuti kaŵirikaŵiri amatsalira kumbuyo kwa ma kampani ndi magulu a malonda a malonda m'malonda m’kuwononga ndalama. Mwachitsanzo, m'mphindi wotchuka wa 2020, wotchuka wosagwirizana ndi PC (LCCVictory Fund) amakweza pafupifupi $15 miliyoni, pamene kuli kwakuti Koch entaneti ya Amereka ya Amereka ya Amereka (501) ndi PaC) yowonongedwa kwambiri kuposa mamiliyoni 100.
Kuona Malo ndi “Ndalama Zopanda Thanzi”
Ngakhale kuti ma PAC ogwirizanitsidwa samavumbula opereka awo, iwo kaŵirikaŵiri amalandira zopereka kuchokera kwa anthu ndi mabungwe amene amapatsanso magulu a ndalama mdima. Otsutsa amanena kuti dongosolo lolola opereka ndalama kugwiritsa ntchito njira zambiri . Kupereka $5,000 ku PC yosagwirizanitsidwa ndi PNG ndipo kenaka mamiliyoni kwa 501 (c) (4) amene amapanga malonda otamanda munthu mmodziyo . Kupanga utototo wokongola wa mphamvu. Kuwonjezerapo, ena osalumikizidwa ndi projekiti ya PC si kuonekera bwino monga momwe amanenera. FEC’s imafuna kutembenuza zinthu za opereka mphatsowo oposa $200,000; opereka zinthu zazing'ono sadziŵika. Pa C amene amanyadira ndalama zaudzu, zoperekedwa zosadziŵika kuchokera kwa anthu olemera ochepa.
Ziletso za Malamulo pa Kuvomerezana
Nonngave C yolumikizidwa iyenera kuthamanga mosamala kuti ipeŵe kugwirizana kosaloledwa ndi oyembekezera kapena zipani. FEC imaletsa ndalama zowonongedwa zokha kuti ifotokoze mapulani awo owonongera zinthu ndi ndawala. Zimenezi zimapanga “khoma la moto lomwe lingaletse kulinganiza bwino. Mwachitsanzo, PC angayambitse pulogalamu yapansi yapansi ya PNG altz altz mu chigawo kumene kufunsira kwa munthuyo kumasonyeza kuti afunikira kusumika maganizo pa uthenga wina wosiyana. Popanda kugwirizanitsa zinthuzo, kuyesayesa kwa PAC kukhoza kulepheretsa kutaya zinthu zofunikira kapena ngakhale kuvulaza wodwalayo. Pamene kuli kwakuti Supreme Court’s ikhoza kutulutsa chiletso chosayenetseketsa, choletsa choyendera ntchito chothandiza chimene chimakhalabe chogwirizana.
Mpikisano ndi Kugaŵanika
Kuzungulira sikuli kogwirizana; zambiri za PCs zophatikizidwa kaamba ka dziŵe limodzi loperekera ndi mwaŵi wa ndawala. Magulu onga Sierra Club, LCV, Cleena Water Action, ndi NRDC Act Fund iriyonse iri ndi malo ake oyamba ndi njira zoŵerengera. Kugaŵa kumeneku kungaluluze ziyambukiro za gulu. M'ma Primmagetsi, ma PCs ambiri achirikiza ofunsira, kugaŵa zipinda zoperekera ndi zosokoneza. Kusanthula kwa 2021 kochitidwa ndi Opensecrets kunapeza kuti ma PCs onse pamodzi anawononga pafupifupi 60% a zimene mafuta ndi mafuta ndi makampani a zamalonda amawononga kupyolera ku makampani ake.
Tsogolo la Kuloŵerera m’Zachilengedwe mwa Mapazi Ogwirizana a Non76
Kuyang’ana kutsogolo, ma PAC osalumikizidwako mwachiwonekere adzasinthira ku mkhalidwe wosintha mofulumira wa ndale zadziko ndi luso la zopangapanga.
Kumera kwa Mizu ya Njuchi (ndi Kadoko)
Kukwera kwa maplatifomu a pa Intaneti monga Act Blue kwachititsa kuti pakhale PC yosalumikizidwa ndi ma projekiti aakulu. Zopereka za Small productal [1] Nthawi zambiri pa K50 /($(*) ino ndi yothandiza kuti pakhale zopereka zambiri ku malo ozungulira a C. Mu 2020, LCV Victory Fund inanena kuti ndalama zopitirira 70% za ndalama zimene anthu amapereka zinali pansi pa $200. Zimenezi zimateteza ma PAC kuchokera ku ku kudalirana ndi anthu olemera ochepa ndipo zimagwirizanitsa kuthandizira kwawo kwa onse. Pamene nkhaŵa ya nyengo ikuwonjezereka, makamaka kwa ana, dziwe laling'ono opereka zinthu zofunikira kupatsa PCC.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Makompyuta ndi Makompyuta
Ma PAC osalumikizidwa ndi ma projekiti akukhala ogwiritsira ntchito makompyuta apamwamba. Amagwiritsira ntchito makompyuta opanga mavoti kuti aike ofufuzawo ndi kutumiza mauthenga olondola, kugwiritsira ntchito maprogramu a tizilombo ting'onoting kukopa chithandizo chamwadzidzidzi, ndi kuyendetsa mavairasi amene amasonkhezera anthu mwa dzina. Chisankho chapakati pa 2022 cha pakati pa nyengo chinaona kuchuluka kwa zilengezo mu Tik Tok ndi Instagramage profrat zotsa malonda zopangidwa ndi magulu onga Sunrise Movement (imene imagwira ntchito ya PC yosakhala yogwirizana ndi ). Mapulatifomu ameneŵa amalola kukonza, nkhani yamaganizo yonena za kulengeza kwamwambo kwa ndalensi.
Nkhondo Zokakamiza Zili Mtsogolo
Malamulo a PALCs osakhala ogwirizanitsidwa si achikhalire. Zoyesayesa za bungwe la kukonzanso ndalama za projekiti . Zonga ngati PCLOSE Act , yomwe idzalumikiza malamulo a mdima , ikhoza kuwonjezera kuonekera kwa ma PAC, kuphatikizapo osalumikizana. Kusintha kulikonse kumene kumavumbula malamulo a m'mabwalo apamwamba a boma pa ndalama za kampani kungathetseretu ndalama, kungalole kuti ma PAC osagwirizana ndi pulogalamu yogwirizana ndi . Magulu a anthu a zamalonda afunikira kukhalabe maso poteteza kutsendereza ndi kugwirizanitsa malamulo amene tsopano akupereka chikalata chawo. Masinthidwe alionse amene amachotsa ziletso pa ndalama za kampani paokhapaapo angamize kupyola m’mawu odekha odekha a PC.
Muziganizira za Kufulumira kwa Nyengo
Pamene ziyambukiro za kusintha kwa nyengo zikuwonjezereka mwa misa yamphamvu . . . . PALIC wogwirizanitsidwa ndi boma amaikidwa kuti apereke mphamvu ya kufulumira kumeneko kukhala zotsatira za pulogalamu yodzitetezera. Iwo angapereke mphotho kwa opanga malamulo amene amavotera kaamba ka kuchepetsa kwamphamvu kwa kutulutsa ndi kulanga awo amene amalepheretsa kupita patsogolo. Inflation Reduction Act ya 2022 Act yapadera, koma ochirikiza kufunikira kwambiri. PACIPUC adzachoka ku malo otetezera (kutetezera Desea, kutsegulira mafuta) ku njira ya progreoffset (kulimbana ndi carbon, kutulutsa magalimoto, kuyendetsa magalimoto a m'makampani a m'dziko lonse, kudalirana kwa ndalama za dziko lonse). Kudziimira kwawo kwanthaŵi yaitali kungawatheke kuti asakhale ndi malo angozi.
Kumaliza
Non C C imagwira ntchito monga njira yofunika pakati pa nzika za chitaganya ndi maholo a ulamuliro. Ufulu wawo wa kumanga, kuonekera kwa kuonekera, ndi kusumika maganizo pa nkhani zogwirizana ndi kupambana kwa makampani aŵiri a PC ndi magulu a ndalama za kampani omwe sasiyana ndi mdima wa kampani. Mwa ndawala ya ndawala. Mwa ndawala, kusonkhezera, kusonkhanitsa udzu, ndi kuunika kwa kamodzikamodzi, APAC athandiza kukweza nyengo ndi chitetezo cha malo okhala monga nkhani zopambana m'masankhoti a ku America. Athandiza kuti mkupiti wa ofunikira amene pambuyo pake analemba malamulo ndi kuswa malamulo a mbiri yakale, ndipo aona opanga malamulo kukhala ndi mlandu wa kuletsa boma ndi kukhazikitsa.
Komabe si zochepetsa. Kuchepetsa mphamvu za ndalama, zopinga zalamulo, ndi kugaŵikana kwa gulu la malo okhala kumaletsa kuyambukira kwawo konse. Osuliza amanena moyenerera kuti ngakhale ma PAC ooneka bwino amene amagwira ntchito m’dongosolo limene limalola ndalama zambiri kusonkhezera ndale zadziko(ndipo kuti dongosolo lenilenili lingafunikire kusintha kuti lichepetse mphamvu ya ndalama zonse m’ndale. Komabe, kwa awo amene amakhulupirira kuti malamulo amphamvu a malo okhala amadalira pa kusankha ochirikiza, ma PAC osagwirizana ndi njira yothandiza kwambiri imene ilipo. Pamene vuto la nyengo likupita patsogolo, ntchito yawo idzakhala yofunika kwambiri.
Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa malamulo a PACICs ndi chiyambukiro chawo cha malo okhala, onani [[FLT: 0] FEC kulembedwa pa PAC, Ligue of Conservation Voters Victory Fund [[[FLT:]] , ndi zofufuzira kuchokera ku [FLT:] [[4] Openselets pa Zowonongedwa pa PC. [[FLT:] FN] Groult Act Foundation Fund [FFLD:] Fug Fund [FLT:] yothandiza maguluwamba ntchito yodziimira.]