Nyumba ya malamulo imachita mbali yaikulu ndiponso kaŵirikaŵiri imathandiza kwambiri kukonza mmene anthu amachitira akasoŵa pokhala ndiponso kusoŵa kwa nyumba zotchipa. Pamene nthambi ya boma imene ili ndi udindo wopanga malamulo, kukhazikitsa bajeti, ndi kuyang'anira ntchito za malamulo, opanga malamulo amakhudza mwachindunji kupezeka, kutha kwa ndalama, ndi kukongola kwa nyumba m’dziko. Zosankha zawo zimasankha mmene anthu angachitire ndi maprogramu othandizira anthu osoŵa nyumba, kuchuluka kwa kuteteza nyumba za onse, ndi kuchuluka kwa chuma chofunikira, ndi chuma chimene chilipo kaamba ka nyumba zamwamsanga ndi mautumiki ochirikiza. Komabe, ntchito za malamulo a boma pa nkhani zimenezi si zapafupi. Zimafuna kuti anthu azikhala ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Kumvetsa malamulo opanga malamulowo kungasonkhetse ndalama zambiri, ndi zopinga zofunika kwa ochirikiza, oyendetsa malamulo, ndi nzika zofanana.

Kuzindikira Mbali ya Malamulo m’Kusoŵa Kokhala ndi Nyumba

Nthambi yalamulo imagwira ntchito m'miyezo yambiri .Foursefederal Sformage , boma, ndi malo apadera. Pa mlingo wa boma, Congress amavomereza ndi kuchirikiza maprogramu aakulu a nyumba monga House Cho Chon Voucher Program (Selution 8), kuthandizira kwa onse, Nyumba za Boma, Komiti ya Roundings Partivegation Program, ndi Continemental of Careaumes for famistssion for family for family. Malamulo a boma amakhazikitsanso malamulo otetezera ndalama zokhala ndi nyumba zotsala, malamulo oyenera a nyumba, ndi zisonkhetso zoyendetsera nyumba zokongola, ndi zoyendetsera msonkho zambiri za boma, kaŵirikaŵiri zimakhudza malamulo a boma, zogwiritsa ntchito malo osungira nyumba, ndi kutetezera ndalama zokwanira zowonjezereka za boma. Mabungwe ambiri a boma a boma amathandiza kuyendetsa ntchito yomanga nyumba, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo atsopano, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a zomangamanga mabwalo atsopano.

Kuphatikiza pa kupereka ndalama ndi malamulo, malamulo amayang'anira mabungwe akuluakulu kuti atsimikizire kuti maprogramu akugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino. Kumvetsera, malipoti, ndi kufufuza kungavumbule kutaya zinthu, kapena kulephera kwenikweni m'kugaŵira utumiki wopanda nyumba kapena kupangidwa kwa nyumba. Malamulo alinso ndi mphamvu ya kukhazikitsa maphunziro, kupanga mphamvu za ntchito, ndi kupanga mabungwe opatulidwa kuti agwirizane ndi njira zoperekera gulu logawira. Mwachidule, ntchito ya genicism siimangosonyeza malamulo okha a kulemba zinthu, kuŵerengera mlandu, ndi njira yaitali.

Zida Zofunika pa Malamulo

Opanga malamulo ali ndi zida za malamulo zothandizira kusoŵa nyumba ndi kusowa kwa nyumba. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo ndalama zachindunji, zosonkhezera msonkho, kusintha malamulo, ndi zitetezero za antchito. Chida chilichonse chili ndi malonda otsatsa malonda, kulephera kwa ndale zadziko, ndi kukhoza.

Kupereka Mayeso

Malamulo a boma asintha mwamsanga njira zothandizira ntchito za nyumba ndizo kugawidwa kwa bajeti. Ma bajeti a chaka ndi chaka amakhazikitsa ndalama zokhala ndi masheya othandizira obwereka nyumba, malo osungira nyumba, maprogramu ofulumira kukonza, ndi mautumiki ochirikiza. Mwachitsanzo, maprogramu a boma a chaka cha maprogramu a programu a chigawo 8 otsimikizira nyumba amagamula kaya ngati programu ya programu ya chigawo ya chigawo ingaperekere mabanja owonjezereka kapena kukakamizidwa kusungitsa mpambo woyembekezera. Maboma angawonjezere ndalama ndi ndalama zoperekedwa ndi boma, monga ngati ndalama zokhala ndi kampani ya pachaka ya ndalama za pachaka kuyankha ku Homeal Beas House, Larse ndi Prevention (HAP). Malamulo a boma a m'dziko angapereke ndalama za chithandizo chamwayilo chamwayi kapena zaumoyo wamwayi.

Kulimbikitsa Anthu Kupereka Msonkho

Malamulo a msonkho ndi amphamvu koma osalunjika. Low- Inhooter Tasks Certice (LIHTC) ndilo lamulo lalikulu kwambiri la boma lopezera nyumba zokongola, kupanga mayuniti pafupifupi 100,000 pachaka. Malamulo a boma angapange ngongole zawo za msonkho . Mofanana ndi bungwe la RIHTC lowonjezera. Kubweza msonkho wa malowo kapena kulanditsa ndalama za maprojekiti okhoza kuchepetsa kukwera kwa nyumba. Mofananamo, ngongole za oyendetsa ntchito m'makampani amene amamanga nyumba zapamwamba zingalimbikitse kugwirizanitsa ndi kuchepetsa kukwera kwa ndalama.

Kusintha Zinthu ndi Kuzigwiritsa Ntchito

Imodzi ya malo otsutsana kwambiri a kachitidwe ka malamulo ndiyo kusintha. Nyumba za malamulo za m'malowo zimalamulira mmene malo angagwiritsidwire ntchito, kuphatikizapo malire a kulemera, ukulu wochepa, kumanga malo okwera, ndi kuimika panja. Masinthidwe onga ngati kulola malo okhala (AUs) kuima pafupi ndi malo oyendera, kapena kuchotsa nyumba imodzi yokha ikhoza kuwonjezera kuperekedwa kwa nyumba. Zitsanzo zaposachedwapa zimaphatikizapo kuchotsa kwa Oregon mu chigawo cha dziko lonse kwa banja limodzi ndi SB California Splexes ndi mapulogalamu omwe amalola kuti zigawayano za m'banja limodzi. Kusintha kumeneku kuyang'anizana ndi chitsutso champhamvu kwa eni nyumba za eni nyumba.

Malamulo Otetezera Omwe Amakhala Ofala

Malamulo angakhazikitse malamulo amene amatetezera obwereka ku malo ena, tsankhu, ndi mikhalidwe yosatetezereka. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo kubwereka nyumba kapena malamulo a lendi, kungochititsa zifuno za kuchotsedwa kwa magwero, kuletsedwa kwa ntchito, ndi kuyenera kwa lamulo la uphungu m'zochitika. Malamulo ameneŵa amathandiza kuletsa malo okhala ndi anthu olanda ndi kupatsa owasunga malo oyenera olimbana ndi eni nyumba.

Kukula kwa Vutolo: Chifukwa Chake Kuchitapo Kanthu Mwalamulo Kuli Kofulumira

Kuyamikira kufunika kwa lamulo, kumathandiza kumvetsetsa ukulu wa vutolo. Malinga ndi Dipatimenti ya U.S. ya House and Urban Development ya 2023 Year Lipoti ya Panyumba yopanda Malo (AHAR), usiku umodzi mu January 2023, anthu oposa 653,000 anasoŵa pokhala ku United States . Mabuku apamwamba kuyambira pamene lipoti linayamba mu 2007. Pafupifupi 60 peresenti anali m'malo ogona kapena nyumba zosinthira, koma 40 peresenti anachotsedwa, kukhala m’makwalala, m’magalimoto, kapena m’misasa. Vutolo nlowopsa kwambiri pakati pa anthu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndi Akuda omwe akuimira 12 peresenti ya anthu onse koma 40 peresenti ya anthu osoŵa pokhala.

Pamalo oyenerera, National Low Inhome Home Coalition ya pachaka ya “Kusafika” lipoti la pachaka la National Inhome Coalition linapeza kuti mu 2023 wantchito wolandira malipiro a boma a $7.25 pa ola limodzi akafunikira kugwira ntchito maola 97 mlungu uliwonse kugula nyumba yaing'ono ya msika wokongola. Kupereŵera kwakukulu kwa mathirakito okhoza kupezera ndalama zotsika kwambiri . Nthanga ya mayuniti oposa 7 miliyoni m'dziko lonse lapansi (kutanthauza kuti mamiliyoni a mabanja awononga ndalama zawo zoposa theka la ndalama zawo pa nyumba, kuwasiya iwo kusoŵa kopanda nyumba.

Popanda ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito, malamulo okhwima, ndiponso otetezera, anthu opanda nyumba ndi osoŵa ndalama adzapitirizabe kuchuluka, makamaka pamene malipiro a ndalama a kumanga nyumba ndi malo akukwera.

Mavuto ndi Kusintha kwa Ndale

Malamulo amayang'anizana ndi zopinga zazikulu m'kukhazikitsa malamulo a zanyumba okhutiritsa. Vuto lofala kwambiri ndilo chitsutso cha ndale. Chitsutso kaŵirikaŵiri chimachokera kwa eninyumba kapena magulu anansi amene amawopa kuti nyumba zatsopano zokhoza kugulitsidwa kapena nyumba zokhalamo zidzachepetsa mtengo wa katundu, kuwonjezera upandu, kapena kusintha mkhalidwe wa m'dera. “NIMBY” (Kupanda ku Backyard") malingaliro ameneŵa angaletse kapena kupha ngakhale ndalama zoikidwiratu. Mwachitsanzo, malingaliro ambiri okhudza madera okhalamo ayang'ono ayang'anizana ndi chitsutso chankhanza cha kumaloko, kufuna zaka zambiri za kukonzanso kopangika ndi kulolera kusinthitsa zinthu kopa.

Kuletsa mabanki ndi vuto lina lopitirizabe. Nyumba ndi zokwera mtengo, ndipo ndalama zothandizira opereka ndalama zothandizira kumanga, ndi mautumiki ziyenera kupikisana ndi maphunziro, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, zoyendera, ndi chisungiko cha anthu. Pamlingo wa boma, kugwiritsa ntchito mwanzeru ndi kuchepetsa kusokonezeka kwa nyumba. Pa boma ndi mlingo wa dziko, zofunika za bajeti zolinganiza bwino zimapangitsa ndalama zatsopano kuwonongedwa ndi kuchepetsa kapena kuwonjezereka kwa misonkho, zimene sizikutchuka m'zandale.

Zochititsanso zachuma zimasokoneza zoyesayesa za malamulo. Kukwera kwa ndalama zomanga, kupereŵera kwa antchito, ndi chiwongola dzanja chapamwamba zimawonjezera mtengo kumanga nyumba zokhoza kugulitsidwa, kutanthauza kuti ndalama zoikidwiratu zadola zimagula magawo ochepera. Kukwera kwa ndalama kumachititsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwa nyumba ndi nyumba zothandizira ntchito. Malamulo ayenera kuyembekezera mikhalidwe yamphamvu imeneyi ndi kukulitsa kusinthika m’zopangano zawo za ndalama ndi maprogramu awo.

Chomalizira, kupima zotulukapo zake n’kovuta. Kusoŵa pokhala kumachititsidwa ndi zinthu zambiri zotsatizana , matenda a maganizo, kusagwirizana kwa mankhwala, chiwawa m’nyumba, umphaŵi, ndi ufuko wa anthu. Malamulo angapatse ndalama koma angayese kupenda zotsatirapo zake chifukwa pamatenga zaka zambiri kuti zichitike, chidziŵitso nchosagwirizana ndi malamulo, ndi kusokoneza zinthu zambiri. Zimenezi zingakuchititse kukhala kovuta kusunga chichirikizo cha ndale zadziko kaamba ka njira za masankhoti pamene mavoti awonjezera chitsenderezo cha kupambana kwa mwamsanga.

Zitsanzo za Kupambana Kwalamulo

Ngakhale kuti pali mavuto, maulamuliro ambiri apita patsogolo mwa kukhazikitsa malamulo atsopano.

Nyumba Zomangamanga za ku California ndi Malo Ololedwa Kuloŵamo

California wakhazikitsa mpambo wa malamulo opititsa patsogolo kupangidwa kwa nyumba zokwera mtengo. Malamulo a boma a nyumba zokhalamo amafuna kuti pakhale njira zatsopano zoyendera malonda kuti ziphatikizepo mathithi a nyumba zokhoza kutsika kapena zolandira ndalama zochepa, kaŵirikaŵiri posinthanitsa ndi ndalama zotsala kapena zololera zina. Kuwonjezera apo, malamulo aposachedwapa monga SB 35 (2017) ndi SB 423 (2023) njira zovomerezeka pa ntchito yomanga nyumba zina zokhoza kugulitsira nyumba m'madera ena zimene sizinathe kukwaniritsa kusoŵa malo awo okhala (RHNA). Malamulo ameneŵa amanyalanyaza zopimira ndi zopimira malo, zikuchepetsa kwambiri nthaŵi ndi mtengo wa chitukuko. Pakati pa 2018 ndi 2023, California yovomerezedwa pa mayuniti a SB 35 okha.

Kukhazikika kwa Pansi ndi Zitetezo za Malo ku Oregon

Mu 2019, Oregon anakhala boma loyamba kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wa lendi m'dziko lonse, kuwonjezera lendi pa 7 peresenti pachaka limodzi ndi kukwera mtengo (ndi kuchuluka kwa 9 peresenti) ndi kukhazikitsa kokha chifukwa cha kuchotsedwa. Lamulo linali chivomerezo cha kukwera mofulumira kwa marendi amene anasiya kukhazikitsa mabanja otsika m'mizinda monga Portland ndi Bend. Kufufuza koyamba kukusonyeza kuti lamulo la Lenditsa ndi kuchepetsa kuchotsedwa popanda ziyambukiro zazikulu pa kumangidwa kwatsopano. Oregon adaperekanso lamulo loyera la boma lakuletsa kusankhidwa kwa makampani a nyumba zolandirira, limene limathandiza eni nyumba oloŵa nyumba obwereka.

Ntchito Yoyamba Yothandiza Anthu Kumanga Nyumba ku Salt Lake County

Mabungwe a boma angayambitsenso ntchito. Pogwirizana ndi bungwe la Salt Lake County Council, linasintha ndalama zothandizira kukhazikitsa Nyumba Zoyamba zimene zimaika malo achikhalire popanda kudziletsa kapena ntchito. Mabomawa anadzipereka kumanga nyumba zatsopano zopanda nyumba ndiponso mautumiki owonjezera a zachuma. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, kusoŵa kwanthaŵi yaitali m'chigawocho kumatha 90 peresenti kuyambira 2005 mpaka 2015, ngakhale kuti kwakhala kukudalira kusoŵa ndi kusoŵa kwa ndalama. Chitsanzocho chikusonyeza kuti kuyendetsa ntchito za boma m'nyumba zothandizira anthu kukhoza kuchepetsa kwambiri kusoŵa kwa magalimoto.

Kuyenera kwa New York kwa Uphungu

Mu 2017, bungwe la New York City linakhazikitsa lamulo lotsimikizira kuti anthu otsala akwawo athawire ku boma. “Uphungu” lamulo limeneli linali loyamba la mtundu wake m'dzikolo. Ofufuza akusonyeza kuti anthu okhala ndi maloya ali othekera kwambiri kupeŵa kuthamangitsidwa ndi kukhalabe. Lamuloli linathandizira kutsika kwakukulu kwa mashelufu ndi mapepala olembedwa popanda anthu opezeka, kusonyeza kuti chitetezo cha lamulo chingakhale chotchinga. Mizinda ina, kuphatikizapo San Francisco ndi Filadelphia, yakhazikitsa malamulo ofanana ndi ameneŵa.

Malamulo a M’tsogolo

Kupita patsogolo, makhoma a malamulo ayenera kutengera njira zokwanira zaka zambiri zimene zingathandize pazosoŵa za mwamsanga ndi zochititsa zake. Kupeza nyumba ndi kusowa kwa nyumba sikungathetsedwe ndi chikalata chimodzi; iwo amafunikira kusungitsa ndalama ndi kukonzanso zinthu.

Kupeza Thandizo la Malingaliro

Njira yachindunji kwambiri yothetsera kusoŵa pokhala kwa mabanja ndi anthu ndiyo kutsimikizira kuti ali ndi ndalama zopezera nyumba. Mabungwe alamulo ayenera kuwonjezera maprogramu otsimikizira ndi kupanga chithandizo cha parendi padziko lonse kwa mabanja opeza ndalama zochepa kwambiri. Izi zingafunikire kuwonjezereka kwakukulu m'kuthandizira ndi ndalama mwachitsanzo, Nyumba za Malamulo zingachititse programu ya Chigawo 8 kukhala ufulu, monga momwe malamulo ena akulingalira. Boma ndi boma la kumaloko lingapangenso maprogramu a chithandizo cha obwereka odalira pa katundu wawo wokwera mtengo.

Kuchuluka kwa Nyumba Zopezekapo Kuposa Chionetsero Chake

Kusintha, kulola njira zopitira patsogolo, ndi kuthandizira anthu kukonza nyumba zatsopano. Zochuluka za ntchito yaposachedwapa ya malamulo zakhala zikuthandiza kuchepetsa zopinga kuti zipite patsogolo: kuchotsa zofunika zongofunikira kuima, kulola nyumba zambiri m'mabanja amodzi, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chilolezo choyenera cha maprojekiti osakhoza kuchitika. Zoyesayesa zopitirizabe kupititsa patsogolo zimenezi pamlingo wa boma zingagonjetse kusokonezeka kwa malo. Kuwonjezera apo, malamulo a boma ayenera kuwonjezera ndalama zothandizira kumanga nyumba zamalikulu (monga National Home Trust Fund) ndi kusungitsa makampani okhoza kukhoza kuyendera kuletsa kuwonongeka kwa boma.

Kumanga Nyumba Zokhala ndi Mautumiki a Zaumoyo ndi Akhalidwe

Kusoŵa pokhala kumayendera limodzi ndi matenda a maganizo, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala, ndi matenda. Malamulo amene amathandiza anthu kukhala oyamba kumanga nyumba ndi mautumiki ozungulira ndi [1] kuphatikizapo kuyang'anira milandu, kusamala zaumoyo, ndi chithandizo cha ntchito, angapeze zotulukapo zabwino kuposa kukhala okha. Kupereka ndalama zosonyezera Medicaid, ma waiver, ndi maprogramu a zaumoyo a boma angagwiritsidwenso ntchito kuthandizira ntchito zimenezi. Malamulo angaperekenso mphamvu pakati pa mabungwe a nyumba, madternational dructions, ndi maauniers a zauniver.

Kusonkhanitsa Zinthu ndi Kuŵerengera Ntchito

Opanga malamulo ayenera kufuna kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso chokwanira ndi kupereka lipoti pa nkhani za kusoŵa nyumba, kupangidwa kwa nyumba, mapulogalamu, ndi anthu ogula zinthu. Nkhani zowonekera bwino zithandiza kuzindikira kuyendetsa bwino ndalama ndi kuchititsa mabungwe kuŵerengera. Malamulo onga ngati Integives Data Integration Act (Imene ikuperekedwa pa mlingo wa boma) ndi malamulo a boma a anthu opanda nyumba ndi mayina a anthu opanda nyumba angawongowongolera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chuma.

Kuthetsa Zochititsa: Ubwino wa Chuma ndi Kuteteza

Kuletsa kusowa pokhala kuli kokwera mtengo kwambiri kuposa kulabadira. Malamulo angagwiritsitse ntchito pa maprogramu oletsa kuchotsedwa, chithandizo cha obwereka ntchito, kutukuka kwa antchito, ndi ndalama zothandizira monga kuwonjezera msonkho wa ana kapena oyendetsa ndege a ndalama. Akhozanso kuwonjezera malipiro ake, kuwonjezera inshuwalansi ya ulova, ndi kuonetsetsa kuti apeza chithandizo cha zaumoyo chokwanira.

Kumaliza

Ntchito ya bungwe la malamulo yosamalira kusoŵa pokhala ndi nyumba zotchipa n’zovuta kwambiri. Mwa ndalama, malamulo, malamulo a msonkho, ndi uyang’aniro, opanga malamulo angafulumize kapena kulimbikitsa mkhalidwe wa malo. Vutolo limafuna kuchitapo kanthu molimba mtima, osati kuwonjezera. Pamene kuli kwakuti zopinga za ndale zadziko zili zenizeni, zitsanzo za ku California, Oregon, Salt Lake County, ndi New York City zimasonyeza kuti malamulo anzeru angachepetse kusoŵa pokhala, kuwonjezera nyumba, ndi kuteteza omanga nyumba. Njirayo ikufuna kugwirizana ndi magawo a boma, makampani a anthu achinsinsi ndi osapindula, ndi kudzipereka kutsimikizira umboni wodalirika. Malamulo a Salt Land County angathandize kutsutsa zimenezi zingasinthe mavuto a anthu mamiliyoni a ku America.

Nkhaniyi inapangidwa kaamba ka zifuno za chidziŵitso. Kaamba ka chidziŵitso chatsatanetsatane chowonjezereka ponena za kuthekera kwa nyumba ndi kusowa kwa malo, fufuzani zinthu kuchokera ku U.S. Dipatimenti ya Nyumba ndi Chitukuko cha Urban (HUD) , [[FLT:], [[FLT]] National Move Coome Coalition [[FLT:] , ndi [[FLT:]