Chiyambi: Maziko a Bungwe la Kundiya la Kulimbana

India amagwira ntchito monga mgwirizano wa boma pansi pa Konsichushoni yake, kumene unansi pakati pa boma lalikulu ndi maboma ndi utali wocholoŵana. Unansi umenewu umafotokozedwa ndi magaŵano owonekera bwino a maulamuliro, komanso ndi maulamuliro otsatizana, nkhani zandale, ndi mafotokozedwe a chiweruzo. Kumvetsetsa unansi umenewu nkofunika pomvetsa mmene India amalamulira anthu ake aakulu ndi osiyanasiyana, kumasamalira zinthu zake, ndi kuthetsa mikangano. Malamulo sasintha; amasintha kupyolera mwa ntchito za malamulo, malamulo a malamulo, ndi kusintha kwa dziko landale.

Malamulo a Centre- State Relations

Bukhu la Malamulo la India linakhazikitsa dongosolo la boma lokhala ndi kukondera kwakukulu. Nkhani 245 mpaka 255 zimalongosola maunansi a malamulo, pamene Nkhani 256 mpaka 263 zikuphatikizapo maunansi a uyang'aniro, ndi Nkhani 264 mpaka 293. Mabuku atatu aakulu pansi pa Sedyuling shopu imalongosola maulamuliro a malamulo: Chilinganitso cha Union, Chinzake, ndi Chinzake cha Boma. Kuwonjezerapo, maulamuliro a Resuidary amagaŵiridwa ku Palamenti ya Union (Actle 88).

Mndandanda wa Bungwe la Union, Mndandanda wa Boma, ndi Mndandanda wa Nthaŵi Yake

Mndandanda wa Chigwirizano [[FLT: 1] uli ndi nkhani 97 (pakali pano) zokha zimene Nyumba ya Malamulo ingalembetsepo (ndefense, mphamvu ya atom, nkhani zachilendo, kubanki, mabanki, ndi kulankhulana.] Mndandanda wa Boma [[[FLT:]] poyambapo] unali ndi zigawo 66, koma pambuyo pa 42 Demendition ndi kusintha kwina, kuphatikizapo dongosolo la onse, apolisi, thanzi la onse, ulimi, ndi boma lakwawo. Chiwerengero cha masiku [[FL:5] [zifuko] (zifunsizo) zonse ziŵiri Union ndi maboma) (47) zimalola kupanga malamulo ndi malamulo, maphunziro, nkhalango, ndi kuyang'anirana kwa lamulo pakati pa chigwirizano cha malamulo pakati pa bungwe la Union ndi bungwe la United Union (Unic).

Mphamvu Zomangamanga Zobwezeretsa

Pa zinthu zitatu zimene sizinandandalitsidwe, monga kulephera kugwiritsa ntchito Intaneti, kubisa zinthu, kapena kutulukira njira zamakono, zikhoza kulowa pansi pa mphamvu ya bungwe la United Nations. Izi zimapangitsa boma lalikululo kukhala ndi mphamvu yokhazikitsa mfundo zatsopano zimene mwina sizinaonedwe m’maganizo pa nthawi imene malamulo a boma anasintha. Kayendetsedwe kameneka kamakhala kotsutsana pamene maboma akutsutsa kuti madera atsopano olamulidwa ndi boma ndi amene ali oyenerera.

Unansi Wauyang’aniro ndi Wauyang’aniro

Maulamuliro akuluakulu a bungwe la Union ndi mayiko ndi ogwirizana. Mfundo 256 imafuna kuti mayiko agwirizane ndi malamulo a bungwe la Union, ndipo bungwe la Union lingapereke malangizo kuti litsimikizire kuti likhale lomvera. Mfundo 257 imapatsa bungwe la Union ulamuliro wopereka malangizo kuti litsimikizire kuti maulamuliro awo aulamuliro saletsa kugwiritsa ntchito maulamuliro a bungwe la Union. Bwanamkubwa, woikidwa ndi Pulezidenti (m’ntchito, bungwe la Union of Ministers), amatumikira monga mutu wa boma koma amagwira ntchito monga mgwirizano wofunika pakati pa Centre ndi boma. Ulamuliro wa Kazembe suletsa kugwiritsa ntchito chikalata cha Pulezidenti pansi pa Mfundo 200.

Mayanjano Azachuma: Kulimbana kwa Nkhondo

Unansi wa zandalama pakati pa Centre ndi maiko umalamulidwa ndi Nkhani 268 mpaka 293. Malamulo amapereka kugaŵikana koonekeratu kwa misonkho: misonkho ina imasonkhanitsidwa ndi Union (m., msonkho wa bungwe, ntchito yandalama, misonkho, kuwonjezera pa ndalama zimene amapeza kulimidwa), pamene ena amasonkhanitsidwa ndi maboma (m’chingamo, ndalama zoyendetsera nthaka, kuchotsa VaT pa katundu). Komabe, Centre imasonkhanitsa unyinji waukulu wa ndalama ndi kugaŵira gawo ku maboma.

Bungwe la Ndalama

Mfundo 280 imalamula kukhazikitsa Khomu ya Khomu la Ndalama zaka zisanu zilizonse kuvomereza kuperekedwa kwa khofi la misonkho pakati pa Union ndi maboma. Zikalata za Komiti ya Ndalama ndi zofunika kwambiri kuti pakhalebe kulinganiza. khomu ya za Ndalama ya Indalama ya India imapereka tsatanetsatane wa ntchito zakale ndi zamakono. Bungwe la 15 la Ndalama (2021-20) linavomereza kuti likhale ndi devo 41% ya sheya ya pakati pa makampani a msonkho ku mayiko, kutsika kuchokera 42% pa ku kulengedwa kwa Nyumba ya chigawo ya Thumbi ya Jam ndi Kamirm.

Makampani Opereka Msonkho (GST)

Kuyambika kwa GLT [pakalipano] mu 2017] kunali kusintha kogwirizana kumene kunali ndi cholinga chopanga msika wa dziko lonse. GST ndi makonzedwe aŵiri a msonkho: Central GST (CGST) ndi Boma GST (SST) amasankhidwa pa zopereka za boma, pamene kuli kwakuti Intective GST (IGST) imagwira ntchito pa zopereka za boma zogwirizana. Msonkhano wa GST, wopangidwa ndi bungwe la Mabungwe a Ndalama ndi a za zachuma, wosankha pamiyeso, zopatula, ndi njira zaumoyo. Pamene kuli kwakuti GST yawongolera kuperekera msonkho ndi kupeputsa malonda, yakhalanso magwero a mavuto pakati pa pakati pa mabiziko ndi mayiko, makamaka ponena za malipiro. [FFFOT] Council: [FF]

Grants-in-Aid

Kupatula pa kuchotsako chisinthiko, Centreyo imapatsa ndalama zonenera pansi pa Mfundo 275 (malonjezo a aphunzitsi) ndi njira zina (m’mzere, , zochirikizidwa pakati pa makonzedwe onga Ayushman Bharat ndi [FLT] PM-KISITAN [1] . Bungwe la za za kampani limavomerezanso kupereka ndalama ku matupini a kumaloko (panchayats ndi Makholone) pansi pa Mfundo 243 I ndi 243-Y. Izi kaŵirikaŵiri zimabwera ndi mapangano, kutsogolera ku mkangano wa mafilbaial.

Njira Zopangira Kugwirizana ndi Kusamvana

Ngakhale kuti malamulo a boma ali ndi malire omveka bwino, mgwirizano ndi wofunika kwambiri kuti boma lizilamulira.

Msonkhano wa Zaumoyo wa Other - State

Mfundo 263 imalola Pulezidenti kukhazikitsa Msonkhano wa Chigawo cha Malo . Udindo unapangidwa mu 1990 pansi pa tcheyamani ya Nduna yaikulu ndipo umaphatikizapo Nduna Zazikulu, Udindo wa Komiti, ndi oyang'anira magawo a mgwirizano. Imatumikira monga chokambirana pa mayanjano a chigawo, kugwirizanitsa malamulo, ndi kuthetsa mikangano. Pawebusaiti ya chigawo cha Malamulo [[FLT:]] pali mayeso ndi zivomerezo.

NITI Ayagog

Mu 2015, bungwe la Niti Aiyago linalowa m’malo mwa bungwe loona za kulinganiza kuti liyambitse ntchito yokhazikitsa yogwirizana ndi boma pokonzekera. Mosiyana ndi bungwe lolinganiza zinthu, limene linapereka ndalama zothandizira kukhazikitsa, NITI Aayog amagwira ntchito ngati tanki, kulimbikitsa mayiko kutenga nawo mbali m'kachitidwe ka malamulo. Limakonza misonkhano ndi Atsogoleri aakulu, kukonza zolembera za maso, ndi njira zoyang'anira zinthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti NITIAYOGOGWIRIDWEDWE , kaŵirikaŵiri amasuliza kuti njira zothandizira kuyendetsa zinthu zikuyendetsa zinthu zapamwamba.

Mbali ya Kazembe ndi Nkhani 356

Bwanamkubwa, monga mutu walamulo wa boma, angavomereze Lamulo la Presidenti (FLT 356) [Malamulo a boma] ngati boma lingathe kugwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi malamulo alamulo. Makonzedwe ameneŵa akhala otsutsana ndipo nthaŵi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito molakwa kuchotsa maboma otsogozedwa ndi magulu otsutsa. Bommai [1994]) anaika malire okhwima pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito molakwa kwa Dipo 356, akumati chikhutiro cha Pulezidenti chiyenera kuzikidwa pa zolinga ndi kuti chilengezo cha boma chikapendedwe. Sarkaria Commis (1988) ndi Pch0 (20) adapanga zikalata zowongolera Chigawo 35 ndi kuwongolera Chigawo cha Chigawo cha .

Madera Aakulu a Mikangano

Mikangano imeneyi kaŵirikaŵiri imasonyeza kusiyana kwa ndale zadziko, mpikisano wa zopereka, ndi kumasulira malamulo a boma mosiyanasiyana.

Kuloŵerera Kopambanitsa m’Malamulo ndi Kubwezeretsa Malamulo kwa Bill

Malamulo a boma amakhazikitsa malamulo pa nkhani za m'Nthaŵi ya Boma, koma Bwanamkubwa angasunge ndalama zina kuti Pulezidenti aone. Ngati lamulo la boma likhazikitsa lamulo lalikulu pa nkhani ya bungwe la Union kapena ngati likhudza maulamuliro a bungwe la Union, boma lalikulu lingailepheretse. Mwachitsanzo, maboma ambiri apereka mafaindi oyendetsera kutchova njuga pa Intaneti, mowa, kapena malo, kuti akawagwiritse ntchito, koma kuti Bwanamkubwa aithetse, n’kuyambitsa mikangano ya ndale.

Madzi a M’madzi Akukangana

Madzi ndi nkhani ya boma (Lifuku II, Chilowero 17), koma Mabungwe angagwirizanitse madzi a m'mitsinje yapakati pa chigawo 262. Amagaŵana madzi a mitsinje monga [FLT: 0] Kanuvery , [[FLT:]] [FLT][FLT]]][FLT][2] KRIS] [[3], [[FLT], [[FLT]] [4] Mulunguvari [[FLT], [[FLT] Maadi [[FLT:]]] atsogolera kutsutsana kopitirizabe pakati pa malamulo ndipo nthaŵi zina pakati pa chigawo. Caveret Disput Burn ndi Courtsss) yapereka chigalamu chapakati cha kutsutsana ndi chitsutso chapakati chapakati chapakati, chigalamu chakulongosola kuti cha pakati pa vuto la lamulo.

Lamulo ndi Dongosolo: Magulu Ankhondo Apadera m’Kutsutsa Boma

Chitsogozo cha boma ndi apolisi ndizo nkhani za boma. Komabe, Centreyo ingapangitse magulu a apolisi onyamula zida (KAPFs) monga CRPF kapena BSF m'maboma pa pempho la boma kapena pa kudzifunira kwake pamene chitetezo cha mkati chakhala chowopsezedwa. Maboma kaŵirikaŵiri amatsutsa kuloŵerera kwa magulu ankhondo apakati, kuwawona kukhala ngati kuswa ufulu wawo. Nkhondoyo njowopsa makamaka m'maboma kapena m'mikangano ya ndale, yonga Jammu ndi Kashmir, Manipur, ndi West Bengal.

Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) ndi Kuvomereza

CBI, imene imagwira ntchito pansi pa Delhi Special Police Arectionment Act, 1946, ingafufuze nkhani kokha mkati mwa boma ndi chivomerezo cha boma pansi pa Gawo 6 la Act. Maboma ambiri onga West Bengal, Maharashtra, ndi Chhattisgarh achotsa chivomerezo chawo chachisawawa, kuchepetsa mphamvu ya CBI kupenda milandu popanda lamulo la khoti.

Kuchepa kwa Malamulo

Demigator . Kujambula Lok Sabba ndi msonkhano wa boma zozikidwa pa anthu . Nkhani ya Konsichushoni imaletsa kuchepetsa kufikira pambuyo pa 2026 Census . Mayiko a Kum’mwera, amene ali ndi kuwonjezeka pang'onopang'ono kwa anthu ndi zolembera zabwino za banja, kuwopa kutayikiridwa mipando ya nyumba ya malamulo ku maiko akumpoto. Nkhaniyi yakhala mkangano waukulu wa dziko, ndi maboma akulamula kuti kuimira kupitirizabe kuzikidwa pa 1971 Cencas kapena kuti kulimba kuwonjezeredwe. Kaimidwe ka chigawo kake pa nkhani imeneyi kadzakhudzana kwambiri ndi zandale.

Chisinthiko Chokhudza Kugwirizana ndi Kugwirizana

M’zaka makumi aposachedwapa, India wachoka ku chigwirizano cha boma cha “lamulo ndi kulamulira ” chokha kulinga ku chitsanzo chogwirizana kwambiri, ngakhale kuti kusagwirizana kudakalipo.

Kugwirizana kwa Mabanja

Council ndi chitsanzo chachikulu cha mgwirizano wa boma, kumene zosankha zimachitidwa ndi 75% (Ochuluka a chigawo chimodzi chitatu, kuphatikiza pamodzi kunyamula magawo aŵiri trift ). Mabungwe ena onga [[FLT:] Chigwirizano cha Boma (NDMA) ndi [FFL:4] Universeal Health Mission yogwirizana ndi kuthandizira. [FLT:] Dziko limodzi], khadi limodzi la R [FLT:] ndi la [FLT] [F:] ANUT [FULT]

Chipani

NITI Ayagog amachirikiza mpikisano wa boma mwa maboma apamwamba pa zaumoyo, maphunziro, kupepuka kwa kuchita bizinesi, kuyambika, ndi kukhazikika. [[FLT: 0] Kusintha kwa Serversing Index [1] ndi ] School Education Security Index imalimbikitsa kuti munthu ayesetse kupikisana ndi maluso apamwamba ndi ogwirizana ndi ntchito. Pamene kuli kwakuti zimenezi zasonkhezera kusintha, otsutsa amanena kuti kulephera kwake kuchepetsa maboma osauka ndi kunyalanyaza kusagwirizana kwa mabwalo.

Maluso a Pakati ndi Boma

Makonzedwe ochirikizidwa kwambiri (CSS) amaŵerengera mbali yaikulu ya ma bajeti a boma. Luso longa [[FLT: 0] DYD-D Cakudya , PM Yagona Yam'(, [[FLT]], Thurth Brath Mission [1] , ndi ya kuwonjezera chisumbu cha Valley Mis Mission Mis yakhazikitsa masinthidwe amene afunikira kutsatira, kusiya chipinda chaching'ono cha kumaloko. [FLT.FLT:] Komiti ya za za za boma [FLT] yoyesa kuwonjezera ndi kuwonjezera ndi kuyendetsa msonkho, koma ikubwezeretsanso. Malamulo amathandiza kuchepetsako.

Mbali ya Chiweruzo m’Chigawo cha Mzinda

Khoti Lapamwamba la India limagwira ntchito monga chochititsa kuchititsa mikangano pakati pa Centre ndi maboma. Mfundo 131 imavomereza ulamuliro woyamba pa Bwalo Lapamwamba pa mikangano yoteroyo. Milandu yodziŵika imaphatikizapo Chigawo cha West Bengal vs Union ya India (1963) pa kugaŵira mphamvu za malamulo, ndi [[FLT:].R. Bomai (1994) [FLT]] imene inaletsa kugwiritsiridwa ntchito molakwa kwa Artic 356. Khoti limamasuliranso kuthyoka kwa Chindandanda cha Maulamuliro ndi malo a ulamuliro. Zochitika zaposachedwapa zonga [FLT:] C. [FT]

Kupitira Kudera ndi Malo Ogona

Kusiyanasiyana kwa India kumafuna kuti boma lisinthe. Kupangidwa kwa mayiko atsopano mu 2014, ndi Jarkhand , Chhattisgarh, Uttarankhand , ndi madera atatu atsopano mu 2019 (Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh) kumasintha zimene Centre ikufuna kukwaniritsa zolinga za madera ena. Komabe, kumafuna kukhala ndi boma kuchokera ku madera monga Vidarbhasha, Saurashtra, Bodoland, ndi Gorkhaland kudakalibe osakonzedwa. Kufikira kwa Centreyi idakalipo pakati pa chigamulo ndi kupereka makonzedwe apadera a boma.

Ubwino wa M’gulu Lapadera

Maboma a ku Zambia ndi madera amapiri, kubwerera kumbuyo kwa chikhalidwe, kapena malo oyenerera amene alandira malo apadera a bungwe lolinganiza zinthu, amaphatikizapo chithandizo chapamwamba ndi ndalama zochepetsedwa. Bungwe la 14 la Ndalama linachotsa kusiyana ndi kuwonjezereka kwa msonkho, koma mayiko ambiri monga Andrah Pradesh ndi Bihar akupitirizabe kufuna ndalama zapadera. Nkhani yokhudza malo apadera ndi mutu wankhani yobwerezabwereza m'nkhani za Centre-S.

Zochitika Zaposachedwapa ndi Kawonedwe ka Mtsogolo

Malamulo a pa nthaŵi ino monga ngati Malamulo a chitaganya (2020-2021) anatsogolera nkhondo yaikulu pakati pa Centre ndi maboma a Punjab, Haryana, ndi ena. Kusintha kwa malamulowo kunasonyeza malire a boma pamene maboma ndi mayanjano akubwerera kumbuyo. CHOVID-19 mliri wa chigwirizano cha boma: Chigamu cha Centre (March 2020) pansi pa pangano la Sangano la zaumoyo, kutsogolera ku maulamuliro a anthu onse, kutsutsana kofunikira kugwirizanitsa komanso kochitidwa ndi kugaŵana.

Commission (2010) imapereka malingaliro a Punitor , kuphatikizapo kuchepetsa kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa Ulamuliro wa Prezidenti, ndi kukhazikitsa njira yopangira chigamulo cha madzi . Chikhoterero cha kufalikira chakhala chodziŵika kwambiri pansi pa maboma osiyanasiyana, koma maboma awonjezera kutsimikizira malo awo a pulogalamu ndi malamulo kupyolera m'ziŵiya za pulatifomu ndi pulogalamu ya chigawo.

Pamene India akupitirizabe kuyandikira chaka chake cha 100 cha kudziimira payekha, maunansi apakati a dziko adzazungulira ku nkhwangwa zitatu: n'zodzilamulira (kutsegulira ndalama zoperekedwa. zoperekedwa), kumveka bwino [ [kuwonjezera Seminate yamakono kaamba ka luso latsopano], [[FT:]] ndi [FT:4] kudalirana kwa ndalama (kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa kwa ndale zadziko kwa olamulira ndi mabungwe aakulu). Kulimbikitsa Bungwe la Aungwe, kukonzanso bungwe la GST, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito Pint Commony Com'stion, ndi kuwongolera mayanjano a Pchin Commony [K] kukhoza kuwongolera unansi ndi kugwirizana kwa ndale zadziko. Koma, mgwirizano la madera ambiri amagwirizana ndi mgwirizano wa ku India ndi mgwirizano.

Kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi ofufuza za uponde, magwero aakulu onga Malamulo a India ndi malipoti ochokera ku PRS Legislative Research [ n’zofunika kuti mumvetsetse mphamvu za dziko. Kulingana pakati pa malo olimba ndi odzilamulira kumakhalabe mbali yolongosola ya ulendo wa dziko la India.