Chiyambi: Zipilala za Mafotokozedwe Oyambirira

Mafotokozedwe a malamulo oyambirira azikidwa pa maziko aŵiri odalirana: mawu a Konsichushoni yeniyeniyo ndi nkhani za m'mbiri imene inalembedwa ndi kuvomerezedwa. Ochirikiza amanena kuti kusumika maganizo kwaŵiri kumeneku kumapatsa chisungiko, kuneneratu, ndi kukhulupirika ku lamulo. Lembalo limapereka mawu odalirika amene amaika malire a chiweruzo, pamene mbiri imamveketsa tanthauzo lapoyera la mawuwo panthaŵi imene anavomerezedwa.

Njira imeneyi yapeza kutchuka kwa zaka makumi angapo aposachedwapa, makamaka pakati pa oweruza osasintha pa Bwalo Lapamwamba. Woweruza Antonin Scalia, wochirikiza wotchuka kwambiri wamakono, anaumirira kuti kuyambirira sikunali lingaliro landale koma njira yauchete yomasulira. Woloŵa mmalo wake, Woweruza Neil Gorfore, mofananamo amachirikiza kuwerenga kwambiri mawu a statory ndi chilankhulo cha malamulo a boma. Panthaŵiyi, Woweruza Clarence Thomas wadalira pa kugwiritsa ntchito kwa mbiri yakale kuti amvetsetse tanthauzo la zinthu monga Commercial Claus ndi Land Reformation. Nkhani ya 2022 yofanana ndi [FL: 0] New York State Rifle & Polist Association. Bruten /FLT.

Nkhani ino ikulongosola mmene malemba ndi mbiri zimagwirira ntchito m’mikhalidwe yoyambirira ya malamulo, kupenda zosankha zapadera zopangidwa ndi njira imeneyo ya kachitidwe ka zinthu, ndi kulongosola kusuliza kwakukulu kotsutsana ndi kachitidwe komasulira kameneka.

Maziko a Chiyambi cha Malemba

Nthambi zosiyanasiyana zasintha, ndipo iliyonse ikugogomezera kwambiri mawu osiyanasiyana ndi mbiri yakale. Kumvetsa kusiyana kumeneku n’kofunika kwambiri kuti tione mmene makhoti amagwiritsira ntchito njira imeneyi.

Matanthauzo Oyambirira a Anthu

Mtundu woyamba wa chiphunzitso choyambirira wosumikidwa pa zifuno za maFramers . Atsogoleri a Madison . Angleth James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, kapena ena olemba madesiki anakhulupirira kuti makonzedwe anatanthauza. “chifuno choyamba”, chochirikizidwa ndi Attorney General Edwin Meese mu 1980, chinafuna kupezanso maufumu amaganizo a olemba malamulo. Osuliza mwamsanga anatchula mavutowo: Opanga zinthu zambiri sanavomerezane, makonzedwe ambiri anapotopedwa, ndipo cholinga chachigwirizano kuchokera ku zolembedwa zopatulidwa kaŵirikaŵiri chimakhala chongopeka.

Pofika m'ma 1990, akatswiri ambiri odziŵa bwino za chiyambi ndi oweruza anali atasintha n'kukhala “tanthauzo la anthu oyambirira. . Pansi pa chiphunzitso chimenechi, kufunsa koyenera sikuli zimene Aforansi anafuniratu koma mmene woŵerenga wozindikira, akanakhala atamvetsa mawuwo panthaŵi ya kujambula. Zimenezi zinapeŵa mavuto ambiri a kuyambitsa nzeru ya dala. Ilo linagwirizananso ndi matanthauzo a mawu, amene amayang'ana pa tanthauzo la mawu monga momwe amadziŵidwa ndi wolankhula chinenerocho. Chilungamo cha Scalia chikanakhala ndi malingaliro a m'nkhani ya . [Helder . (2001]) () (8) anafufuza njira yoyamba yapoyera:, madikishona, ndi malamulo ovomerezeka.

Kulemba Malemba Monga Chiŵiya Choyambirira

Chikalata ndi mnansi wamkulu wa kuyambika kwa Chipangano, koma si chofanana. Oweruza olemba malemba amasumika maganizo pa tanthauzo la mawuwo, kaŵirikaŵiri kusiya magwero a malemba ena monga mbiri ya malamulo. M’nkhani za malamulo, kumasulira kwa mawu kumafuna kuti womasulira ayambe ndi kumaliza ndi mawu a Malamulo. Kokha pamene mawuwo akukhala ovuta. Motero, m'zosankha zambiri zoyamba za m'zoyamba, malemba amapereka chitsenderezo champhamvu kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, Nyumba za Malamulo za malamulo amanena kuti “pasakhale lamulo... kuchepetsa ufulu wa kulankhula. Wolemba limaŵerenga mawuwo monga chiletso cha malamulo, nkhani zodziŵika bwino (kupo kupondeka kapena kusonkhezera).

Woweruza Hugo Black, pakati pa 3520thcentury, anali woyamba kumasulira malemba amakono. Iye motchuka ananyamula kope la Malamulo m’thumba lake ndi kunena kuti mawu a Copyright Amendment anatanthauza ndendende zimene ananena: palibe lamulo. Ngakhale kuti kutsutsa kwake kulakwa sikunavomerezedwe ndi Khoti, kuumirira kwake pa kukhulupirika kwa malemba kunasonkhezera akatswiri oyambirira pambuyo pake.

Ntchito ya Mbiri Yokopa Anthu

Mbiri imachita mbali yosiyana m'zoyamba osati kungomasulira mawu ovuta kumvetsa. Nkhani za m'malemba, malembo a Federalist Paper, Anti FEderalist, ndi misonkhano ya boma yoyambirira zonsezo zimavumbula mmene malamulo anaperekedwera kwa anthu a ku America ndi zimene anazilingalira kukhala zotengera. Oyambirira amaona kuti magwero ameneŵa ndi umboni wa tanthauzo la anthu. Osati monga malamulo okakamiza, koma monga zizindikiro zolimba za luntha lamakono. Mwachitsanzo, Chachizolm v. Georgia [17] [17], Khoti Lapamwambalo linakhulupirira kuti lingasunthidwe m’khoti ya ufulu wa anthu. Chigamulo cha mbiri yakale chinathandiza kumasulira mfundo ya III.

Ntchito ya Malemba m’Maumboni Oyambirira

Chikalatacho n’choyambirira kwa kufufuza kulikonse kwa woyambirira. Chifukwa chakuti chikalatacho n’chachifupi ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri chimakhala chachisawawa, cholinga cha oweruza olemba Chipangano ndi olemba mawu a m'malemba a m'nthaŵi ya Oyambitsa. Motero oweruza olemba Chipanganochi amadalira kwambiri pa 18th à à etting ndi 19th strunity dikishonadia (m’chitsanzo, Samuel Johnson’s, Noah’s Webster’s), zolemba zalamulo zokhala ndi kalembedwe ka galamala.

Tanthauzo Lomveka ndi Kusintha kwachiŵiri

M' Dicutical of Columbia v. Helter , Bwalo lamilandu linayang'anizana ndi chitokoso kwa Washington, D.C. chiletso cha mfuti yamanja. Lingaliro la Woweruza Scalia linayambira ndi mawu akuti: “Iye wayang'anira bwino Militia, kukhala wofunika ku chisungiko cha Boma laufulu, kuyenera kwa anthu kusunga ndi kunyamula zida, sadzatsutsidwa. Funso lalikulu linali lakuti kaya mawu a m'chigamulo chapasasa (“A woikidwa bwino Militia ...) anachepetsa chikalata (kumanja cha anthu ...). Scalia adalemba mawu a “kunyamula zida zankhondo ndi kudzisungira zonse ziŵiri, tanthauzo lachibadwa, limene linaphatikizapo kuŵerengera kwa munthu mwini chiŵembu kwa munthu mmodzi. [I.]

Lemba ndi Lamulo Loyamba: “Kuthetsa”

M'nkhani za ufulu, olemba mawu oyambirira kaŵirikaŵiri amagogomezera mneni “kuletsa. . . . Country Amendment siikunena kuti Congress “sidzavomereza” mawu; ilo Congress silidzanena kuti“ abridge” (kapena kuchepetsa). Mawu amenewo akusonyeza kuti malamulo angokhala ololedwa, koma malamulo alionse oletsa ufulu wa kulankhula amaletsedwa. Oyambirira amayang'ana ku mbiri yakale kuti aone zimene mafaramenti amamvetsetsa kukhala “ufulu wa kulankhula” mu 1791,591,5, kufunsa kumene kaŵirikaŵiri kumatsogolera ku lamulo lachizungu, mapangano, ndi malamulo oyambirira. Malinga ndi kutetezera kwa mbiri yakale, ngakhale kuti kutsutsa boma, kutsutsa kochitidwa ndi anthu ambiri, kutsutsa koyambirira kunatsutsidwa ndi umboni wamphamvu wa mbiri yakale monga kutetezera kumbuyo koyambirira. Komabe, mbiri yakale imayankha kuti, ngakhale mbiri yakale imalonjezedwa.

Lemba ndi Lamulo Lachisanu ndi Chisanu: “Mfundo ndi Zachilendo”

Chikalata cha Eleath Amendment chimaletsa “kupanda chilungamo ndi chilango chachilendo.. Ofufuza za m'chilengedwe anafunsa zimene zinatanthauza mu 1791. Woweruza Scalia ananena kuti mawuwo anali chilango chankhanza (mwa miyezo yamakono) ndi chachilendo (osagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri). Iye anatsutsa motchuka mu [[FLT: 0] Attins v. Virginia [2] [200], pamene Khoti linapha opunduka maganizo. Scalia anatsutsa kuti chifukwa chakuti ambiri anali ndi malamulo pa kuyambika kwa milandu yotero ndipo anaphedwa zaka za zana la 19, chilangocho sichinachitike mwachilendo. Malembawo, sananene, sanasinthe tanthauzo lake pa nthaŵi yokhayo; lamulo lolimbikitsa la dzikolo silingasonyeze kuvomereza kwatsopano, koma lamulo la boma.

Zimene Mbiri Inachita M’milanduwo Yoyambirira

Pamene mawuwo ali ovuta kumva kapena aunyinji, ndipo mbali yaikulu ya Malamulo imatchulidwa m’mawu ambiri. Chiyambi chimakhala chiŵiya chachikulu chothetsera tanthauzo. Oweruza omasulira zinthu apenda machitachita a m'mbiri, makamaka awo okhala ndi malo osungirako zinthu, monga zitsogozo zodalirika.

Mwambo wa mbiri yakale ndi Kusintha kwachiŵiri: Bruen

Chigamulo cha 2022 cha Khoti Lalikulu la Pamwamba pa New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen anakweza mbiri kukhala mbali yaikulu m'zaka za zana lachiŵiri la Kusintha kwa Malamulo, ndipo ngakhale zaka zapakati ku England (mbali yake inali yotsutsana). Pambuyo pa kuyesedwa kumeneku, lamulo lofuna “chifukwa chabwino” kaamba ka lamulo lobisika la Palaunir la boma la boma. Khotilo kenaka linafufuza malamulo kuyambira pa nyengo ya kuyambika, zaka za zana la 19 ndi zaka zapakati pa England (mbali yake inali yotsutsana). Pankhani imeneyi, lamulo lofunikira kuperekedwa ndi lamulo lalamulo la mbiri yakale, lingalaikidwe ndi malamulo a New York.

Mbiri ndi Zotsatirapo: Kuchotsa Mimba

Mu Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [202], Bwalo Lamilandu linalamulira Roe v. Wade ndi [[FLT]] [FLT]] Casey ndi [kamene kanachititsa kuti kuchotsa mimba kukhale kwabwino.] Casey mwa kugwiritsa ntchito mbiri ndi kuyesa kwa kuchotsa mimba kwa [Gwirimetic Clasting Reformation]. Woweruza Alito’ore anatsutsa kuti kuchotsa mimba sikunali chinthu chofunika panthaŵi ya kukhazikika kwa malamulo a boma kapena kukonzanso koyambirira. Iye analoza ku ku kumbuyo 1983 kuletsa kuchotsa mimba, monga momwe kukhalira kwa kumbuyo kwa kumbuyo kwa kuchotsapo kwa kumbuyo kwa kumbuyo kwa kuchotsa kwa kumbuyo kwa mbiri, kutsimikizira chivomerezo chaku, kumbuyo kwa otsutsa mbiri yakale, kutsutsa chikhomeretso chaku, monga kutsimikizira chiganiza ku kutsutsa chiga

Mbiri ndi Ulamuliro Waukulu

M'nkhani zokhudza ulamuliro wa pulezidenti, olemba mbiri kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'ana machitachita a mbiri yakale a nthambi zina. Mwachitsanzo, mu Department of Homeland Security v. Regents wa University of California[FLT:] (2020), Khoti linalingalira za kutha kwa Trump Active Action ya Chithandizo cha Mwana (DACA). Woweruza Thomas anagwiritsira ntchito umboni wa mbiri yakale kutsutsa kuti nthambi ya mkuluyo inalibe ndi mphamvu yopanga kusamuka kwa ukulu popanda chilolezo cha boma. Iye anatchulapo chidziŵitso choyambirira cha Trupt Office Claus (agwirizana ndi Pulezidentiyo kuti “a ayang’anize kuti malamulo aperekedwe mokhulupirika.) ndi kuyendetsa ntchito yaudindo la m'kaudindo, samatsimikizira kuti Pulezidentiyo, ngakhale m'katsimikizira kuti Prezidentiyo sangavomereze lamulo.

Mavuto ndi Kusuliza Malembo Vomande ndi Mbiri Yakale

Kukhulupirira mwachidule malemba ndi mbiri, kwakhala kukusulizidwa ndi akatswiri ambiri, oweruza, ndi othirira ndemanga.

“ Vuto la Kugwa kwa Nkhonya”

Chitsutso chofala kwambiri nchakuti chikalata cholembedwa zaka mazana ambiri sichiyenera kugwirizanitsa anthu masiku ano. Otsutsa amanena kuti manja akufa a Olemba Mafaramest sangalamulire mwalamulo zosankha zamakono zokhudza nkhani zimene sanaziganizire, kuyambira pa kuyang'anira kwa makompyuta mpaka kuinjiniya ya majini. Otengera za m’mwambo amanena kuti malamulo a m'Chilamulo aphatikizapo Mfundo V, imene imapereka njira yosinthira, ndi kuti kusintha chikalatacho nkoyenera kuti oweruza alembenso. Ndiponso, amatsutsa kuti malamulo a malamulo ambiri (monga ngati “chitetezero chaching'onong'ono ndi chita khunyuti” amaikidwa pamlingo wapamwamba wa kachitidwe ka zinthu, kulola kuti agwirizane ndi mfundo zatsopano popanda kusintha tanthauzo lenileni.

Mbiri Zosakwanira ndi Zosagwirizana ndi Mbiri Yakale

Mbiri yakale siiri yauchete; zolembedwa zimene zidakalipo zimasonyeza kukondera kwa amuna a azungu apamwamba amene analemba izo. Akazi, anthu ogwidwa ukapolo, Eni America, ndi magulu ena anachotsedwa kwambiri m'mikangano yalamulo. Kudalira kokha pa zolembedwa zawo, osuliza amati, kuopsa koika malingaliro atsalira ndi osalungama. Oyambirira amavomereza mbiri yakale yochepa koma amasunga kuti tanthauzo lapoyera silinasungidwe ku malingaliro a anthu achinsinsi a ku frames, linaphatikizapo kumvetsetsa kwa gulu la anthu, kumene kunali kokulira, ngakhale kuti kunali kutali ndi dziko lonse. Jasiti Kagan wawona kuti chiphunzitso choyambirira chingakhale “kuphunzitsa mbiri yakale yopanda malire” ngati oweruza sunga zolembedwa za magwero za anthu kuti apeze zipambane.

Vuto la Kusintha kwa Zinthu

Kusumika maganizo kwambiri m'mbiri kungatulutse zotulukapo zimene zikuwoneka kukhala zopanda pake kapena zovulaza lerolino. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsira ntchito tanthauzo loyamba la Second Amendment kungafunikire kugwetsa malamulo ambiri amakono a mfuti zotetezereka; kugwiritsira ntchito tanthauzo loyambirira la Commerce Claus kungalole Congress kulamulira chirichonse chimene chimakhudza malonda a maiko. Oyambirira amatsutsa kuti njira yawo siiyenera kupanga malamulo anzeru, koma kumasulira lamulo mokhulupirika. Ngati anthu safuna chotulukapocho, akhoza kusintha malamulo. Komabe, yankho limeneli silimakhutiritsa awo amene amakhulupirira kuti ufulu wawo wofunika uyenera kusinthika ndi anthu.

Chipwirikiti Cholimbana ndi Majorita

Kuyambirira nthaŵi zina kumasulizidwa kukhala kotsutsana ndi Democratic chifukwa chakuti kumatsutsa kusintha. Komabe ochirikiza amatsutsa zosiyana ndi izi: mwakumamatira ku tanthauzo lokhazikitsidwa kupyolera mwa kuikidwa kwa andaleastritant, kuyambirira kumaletsa oweruza kuletsa chifuno cha anthu. Motero njirayo iri choletsa pa mphamvu yachiweruzo. Komabe, otsutsa amanena kuti kupeza tanthauzo lapoyera lenilenilo kumafuna kumasulira kwakukulu kwa chiweruzo, kusiya malo okwanira kaamba ka kugamula.

Kumaliza

Malemba ndi mbiri zakhala mizati iŵiri ya kumasulira koyambirira kwa lamulo. Mwakusunga zigamulo zake zachiweruzo ku mawu a Konsichushoni ndi mawu amene anatengedwa, oyambitsa amafuna kuletsa ntchito yachiweruzo ndi kuchirikiza lamulo. Njira yaumba malamulo aakulu pa ufulu wa mfuti, kuchotsa mimba, ndi mphamvu ya ulamuliro, ndipo mphamvu yake imasonyeza kuti palibe chizindikiro cha kutha. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, njira yosasintha imayang'anizana ndi kutsutsa kwake kopitirizabe, ponena za kulephera kwa kalelo, kupereŵera kwa umboni wa mbiri yakale, ndi kutsutsana kwa kugwiritsa ntchito kwa mawu a 18thrry ku 21st 76urur. Kusuliza mawu ameneŵa sikwanizakupha, koma amafunsa motsimikiza. Monga momwe Khoti Lapamwamba likupilira kuyeretsa njira yake yoyambirira, malemba ndi malamulo a mbiri yakale a ku America.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, fufuzani lingaliro lokwanira mu Heller , chigamulo [[FLT:] Bruen , ndi National Constitution Center , ndi National Constitution’s [[FLT:] Constitution] [[FLT:]] [[FLT:]] [5] yosagwirizana ndi mfundo zoyamba. Woweruza Scialia [[FLT:] . . .UFLT]: Chilungamo: Chimo chaching'onoi [[FLT:]] chimakhalabe chotetezera kwenikweni cha njira. Okondweretsedwawo ayenera kuyang'ana [FLT]