Kuikidwa kwa Malamulo a United States kunali chimodzi cha mikangano ya ndale zadziko yotsutsana kwambiri ndi yanzeru m'mbiri ya Amereka. Pakati pa 1787 ndi 1788, tsoka la lipabuliki ya nascent yopachikidwa pamiyeso monga Federalist ndi AntiFéderalist adatsutsana pa ukulu woyenera wa ulamuliro wa dziko. Ilo linali mkati mwa mkangano uwu wakuti [Fople:] Mapapu a Federation [[FOLT:1] adabadwa. Kusonkhanitsa kumeneku kwa 85 mabukhu, kolembedwa ndi Alexander Hamilson, James Magno, ndi John Jay pansi pa mfundo zachiphatikizo zachi "Publius," kutumikira monga kutetezera kotsimikizirika kwa malamulo olinganizidwa. Malamulo a U. Boma adapereka mphamvu yamphamvu yamphamvu yotetezera kuoloŵana yamphamvu yofunikira kutetezera moto, adakhazikitsa mfundo zazikulu zachinji, James Malamulo a Chikhris pansi pa mfundo zachitiki zachi zachi zachi.

Mbiri Yakale: Mtundu Wosatetezeka

Kuti amvetse kufunika kwa kufulumira kwa mapepala a Federalist Maper, munthu ayenera choyamba kumvetsetsa mkhalidwe wowopsa woyang'anizana ndi United States pansi pa Articles za Confederation . Otengedwa mu 1781, Maganizowo adapanga boma lapakati lofooka lomwe linalibe mphamvu ya kukhoma msonkho, kuyendetsa malonda, kapena kusungitsa malamulo. Chotulukapo chinali mtundu wa mavuto. Boma la dzikolo linapatulidwa, kusakhoza kulipirira ngongole zake kapena kusungitsa ndalama zankhondo. Maboma adali ngati maiko odziimira, kukhazikitsa malire a malonda otsutsana ndi ena ndi kutsutsana kowopsa kwa maiko.

Dongosolo lofooka limeneli linatsala pang'ono kugwa pansi chifukwa cha kulemera kwa Chipanduko. Monga George Washington anadandaula, ] mu 1786, pamene alimi a Massachusetts onyamula zida atseka makhoti potsutsa makhoti ophwanya malamulo a msonkho. Bomalo linatsimikizira kukhala lopanda mphamvu kuloŵerera, kuvumbula kufooka kwakukulu kwa Confederation. Kupandukako kunatumikira monga gulu la anthu ogwirizana, kapena ife sitili. Ngati kale, tiyeni tichite monga dziko. Ngati, tisachitenso kanthu ndi ulamuliro waukulu. Pamene titatumizidwa ndi boma, kutsutsa kochitidwa ndi anthu otsutsa.

Genesis wa Mapepala a Mafonseti

Federalist Papers sanali ntchito ya maphunziro; anali chida cha ndale zadziko chopangidwa m'kutentha kwa ndawala yogwirizanitsa. Alexander Hamilton , nthumwi ya New York ku Convention. Anazindikira chitoko chachikulu. New York inali yogawikana kwambiri, ndi mphamvu yolimba ya Anti-Federation yonga Kazembe George Clinton wotsutsa Malamulo. Hamilton adalemba nkhani zosiyanasiyana za nyuzipepala zimene zikalongosola ndi kutetezera chigawo chilichonse cha Lamulo latsopano. Iye anagwirizana ndi mapangano aŵiri: [FLD:] Jay , wolemekezeka ndi Woweruza woyamba wa United States; [FFFOLD] ndi Woweruza woyamba wa United States; [FFF:]

Kulembedwa ndi Dzina Lauchindunji "Publius"

Olembawo anatenga mawu achinyengowo . . . . . . . . . . . . Chithunzi chimenechi chapadera chinali cholinganiza ndi bungwe la Federal lopanga lipansi ndi kukopa ophunzira andale. Hamilton analemba unyinji wa makalata (51), Mavitus [5:] ndi Jay analemba asanu asanagwe. Nkhanizo zinafalitsidwa makamaka mu manyuzipepala anayi a New York. [[FLT:]] Journal [[FLT3], [FLT], [FLT], [4], [FLT] kuwonjezera makope aŵiri , kumapeto kwa , kuwonjezera pa August .

Mfundo Zofunika: Mfundo Zothandiza Kulamulira

Mabuku a Federalist Papers ndi otetezera malamulo apadera, koma ndi ofufuza kwambiri za nzeru za anthu za boma la republic, anthu, ndi mphamvu.

Kufunika kwa Mgwirizano (Wolemba Mabuku Na. 1-14)

Makalata otsegulira, olamuliridwa ndi Hamilton ndi Jay, anatsutsa kuti kulekana kungayambitse nkhondo yosatha pakati pa mayiko, kuwasiya ali osavuta kupotozedwa ndi mphamvu za ku Ulaya. Fiteralst Ayi. [2 adatsutsa kuti Providence adapatsa "anthu ogwirizana "a adachokera kwa makolo, kulankhula chinenero chimodzi, kunena kuti chipembedzo chimodzi" ku dzikolo, ndi kuti kuwagaŵa iwo angakhale osakhala achilendo ndi owopsa. Hamilton, mu [FLT:] "No. [6FLT] Fact3], zitsanzo za mbiri yakale yosonyeza kuti "mafulmu" sanali kutsutsana ndi nkhondo.

Kodi Ndingatani Kuti Ndizisangalala ndi Zimene Ndakhala Ndikuchita? Na.

Fideralist Ayi. 10 , yolembedwa ndi James Madison, imalingaliridwa mofala kukhala chuma chachifumu cha The Federalist Papers . M’menemo, Madison anayang'anizana mwachindunji ndi chitsutso chachikulu cha Anti-Federalist: kuti lipabuliki yaikulu siingadzilamulire yokha. Iye anayamba mwa kuwunikira nthenda yaikulu ya boma lotchuka . Vuto la "kuchitapo kanthu. Iye analongosola gulu la gulu "amene ali ogwirizana ndi osonkhezeredwa ndi chikhumbo chachisawa, kapena ofunitsitsa, kutsutsa ufulu wa nzika zina, kapena ku zikondwerero zachikhalire ndi kukwaniritsa zikondwerero za anthu ena."

Mankhwala apadera a kupondereza kwa anthu ambiri anali akupanga chitaganya kukhala chaching'ono ndi chachimodzi (monga ngati mu demokrase yeniyeni). Madison anatsutsa kuti mankhwala ameneŵa anali oipa kwambiri kuposa nthendayo. Mmalomwake, adalingalira za kuwonjezera kwa dziko la America la lipabuliki lalikulu, lofutukuka. Mavidesi, lomwe lili ndi anthu ambiri opikisana ndi magulu ena ambiri, palibenso gulu limodzi limene lingathe kugonjetsa. Mwachibadwa likhoza kuyang'ana ndi kulinganiza limodzi, kupangitsa kuti likhale lovuta kwambiri kwa anthu ambiri osalungama kukonza. Monga momwe Mafici adalembera, [FL:2] Exten , ndipo mukhoza kutengera zikondwerero zambiri ndi zikondwerero za anthu apamwamba; mukupanga kuti chiwonjeze cha anthu onse azikhala ndi zolinga zogwirizana za ufulu wa anthu ena. [FFFF] Ogwirizana otchuka kwambiri. [ith Revis produced , chigalamu cha , chikalata chapamwamba cha , ndi chitukukiro cha kampani cha kampani chakunja chaku

Kupatukana kwa Mphamvu ndi Kulinganiza (Olemba Maulamuliro Na. 47-51)

Mwinamwake makalata othandiza kwambiri, Federalist No. 47 mpaka 51, anandandalika mapulani a mkati mwa boma latsopano. Madison anavomereza lamulo lofotokozedwa ndi Montesquieu [1] kuti lamulo, mkulu wa maulamuliro, ndi maulamuliro a chiweruzo ayenera kuikidwa pambali kuti atetezere nkhanza. Komabe, iye anatsutsa kuti kulekana kwenikweni, ndi makoma osalimba pakati pa nthambi, kunali kopanda ntchito ndiponso koopsa. M’malo mwake, Madison anapanga dongosolo la " kuchepa kwa mapulogalamu a kumene nthambi iliyonse ingakhale ndi njira yodzitetezera yodzitetezera yolimbana ndi manthawawo.

Mu List No. 51, Madison analongosola kulungamitsa kwa kupenda ndi kulinganiza. Analemba, " Chifuniro chiyenera kupangidwa kutsutsa kukhumba. Chifuniro cha munthu chiyenera kugwirizana ndi ufulu walamulo wa malowo. Njira ya ichi inali yopereka nthambi iliyonse zida zopitira kutsutsa ena. Pulezidenti adakhoza kuchotsa lamulo; Congress Commoration ikhoza kukhazikitsa mapangano ndi mapangano; judiary inapenda malamulo. Dongo limeneli la "kuchinjiriza" linakonzedwa kuti litsimikizire kuti likhalenso lolamulira anthu.

Kulamulira kwa Magulu Olamulira ndi Kulamulira kwa Anthu (Ofufuza Nkhani ya Pabanja No. 39, 45)

Anti-Féderalist inatsutsa kuti Malamulo anapanga boma lokhazikika limene likawononga maboma. Madison anayankha lamulo limeneli mu [FLT: 0] Federalist No. 39 ndi [[FLT:] ndi Ayi. [45]. , kugwirizanitsa lamulo la [maboma] [[FLT], pamene maboma ambiri] akakhala ndi maulamuliro. M'dzikolo likulamulira. [FULT] Noct: [FT:]

Kapangidwe ka Otsogolera (Federalist No. 67/%77)

Nthambi ya mkulu inali magwero a nkhaŵa yapadera kwa Anti-Federalist, amene anaopa kuti idzakhala ufumu wosankhidwa. Hamilton anatsogolera kutetezera unduna. Mu Féderalist No. 70 , adatsutsana motchuka kaamba ka " mwa mkulu" monga mbali yofunika ya boma labwino. Mphamvu, adanena kuti, anali ofunika kaamba ka umodzi, chigamulo, kutumiza, ndi kubisa zinthu panthaŵi za tsoka. Zimenezi zinafuna kuti pakhale mmodzi, m’malo mwa mkulu wa boma, wa boma.

Hamilton anatetezanso Electoral College monga njira yowongolera kusankha anthu. Anatsutsa kuti "kulingalira anthu" kukasefa m'gulu la osankhidwa "ali wokhoza kupenda mikhalidwe yogwirizana ndi siteshoniyo" zolembedwa za pulezidenti zinalinso kutetezera mphamvu ya Pulezidenti, ntchito yake monga Mkulu-in-Chief, ndi njira yophunzitsa, zimene Hamilton analongosola kuti "inali yofala" imene inali yofunika kutetezera dziko lonse polimbana ndi nkhanza ya pulezidenti.

Kabuku Kapadera Kakunja Kaja

Mu Federalist No. 78 , Hamilton anapereka chitetezero champhamvu koposa cha ufulu wachiweruzo m'malingaliro andale a ku America. Anatsutsa kuti jaji inali "chilombo chowopsa" chifukwa chakuti sinali ndi mphamvu ya chikwama kapena lupanga. Kubweza chofooka chake chachibadwa, oweruza anafunikira kukhazikika ndi kudziimira. Zimenezi zinafunikira kuti oweruza asunge maofesi awo mkati mwa "khalidwe labwino" (moyo) ndi kuti malipiro awo asachepetsedwe.

Hamilton anawonjezera, kufotokoza chiphunzitso cha [[FLT: 0] kupenda kotchuka. Anatsutsa kuti Konsichushoni inali "lamulo lachikhalidwe" ndi kuti lamulo lililonse lotsutsana ndi malamulo linali lopanda pake. Linagwa m'makhoti, monga oweruza opanda tsankho, kuchirikiza malamulo. Hamilton analemba motchuka, [[FLT:] mfundo imeneyi ya maziko a malamulo ndi chigawo chapamwamba. Malamulo ndi, kunena zoona, ndipo ayenera kuonedwa ndi oweruza, monga lamulo lalikulu. Chotero ndi iwo kutsimikizira tanthauzo lake. [FLT:]

Chiyambukiro Chamwamsanga pa Kutsutsana kwa Kutenga Malo

Chiyambukiro cha mwamsanga cha kuvota kwa Federalist Papers ndinkhani ya kutsutsana kwa mbiri yakale. Mu New York, zolembazo zinaŵerengedwa mofala ndi kufotokozedwa m'manyuzipepala. Pamene kuli kwakuti msonkhano wa boma poyamba unachirikizidwa mwamphamvu ndi kutsutsa kwa Afederalist, zigomeko zotsalira za "Publias" zothandiza anthu kusuntha malingaliro a anthu. Hamilton kuchita kwaluso pa msonkhano wa New York wolimbitsira, kuphatikizapo kufalitsidwa kwa zolemba zonse, kunathandiza kusungitsa chivoti cha Marhagly, chimene chinawonjezerapo ufulu wa anthu 3020,000. Ku Virginia, mikangano ya Magnos mu The Federalist Papers . Mosafuna kutsutsana ndi Bill of Rights Rights.

Choloŵa Chokhalitsa: Chiweruzo Cholungama Chaching’ono

Chofunika chenicheni cha Malamulo a Federalist Papers si pa zotsatira zake zapanthaŵi yomweyo zokha komanso pa ulamuliro wawo wokhalitsa monga ndemanga pa Malamulo. Khoti Lapamwamba lawaona monga magwero a "choyambirira" kapena "tanthauzo la anthu oyambirira" la Malamulo. Iwo atchulidwa m'zigamulo zoposa 500 za Khoti Lalikulu, kuphatikizapo milandu yosonyeza zinthu monga MCulloch v. Maryland [[FLY:1] [1819], imene inadalira pa kumasulira kwa Hamilton kwamphamvu zotchulidwa mu Federation. Ayi. [N] ndi [FLT:] Cohens v [FLT] [12], imene inatchulapo mfundo za Gwip] ponena za ulamulirowulu.

Nkhanizo zidakali zofunika kwa ophunzira a lamulo, ndale, ndi mbiri. Zigomeko za Federalist No. 10 ndi Ayi 51 ndizo maziko a kuchuluka kwa Amereka. Kuchinjiriza mphamvu zaudindo mu Federalist No. 70 kukupitiriza kuumba makambitsirano a zamphamvu ya pulezidenti. Zigomeko za kupenda kwa mafashoni mu Federalist No. 78 zidakali maziko a kumasulira kwa lamulo. Federalist Paper si zolembedwa za mbiri yakale chabe; izo ndizo mbali ya moyo wa mwambo wolamulira wa ku America. Kuziŵerenga kumaloŵa m'kambitsirano yaikulu ponena za mkhalidwe wa mphamvu, ufulu, ndi lamulo limene limalongosola ntchito ya ku America.

Kumaliza

Federalist Papers inapambana pa ntchito yawo yaikulu: iwo anathandiza kukopa dziko lokaikira kukhala ndi Malamulo amphamvu, ogwirizana. Koma ntchito yawo yomanga boma la United States imaposa pa Nkhondo za Ratificial mu 1788. Olembawo . Hamilton, Madison, ndi Jay . Anapanga chiphunzitso chokwanira cha boma la Republic loona bwino za chikhalidwe cha anthu. Iwo anasonyeza kuti dziko lalikulu, losiyana, lingakhale lokhazikika ndi laufulu ngati linapangidwa bwino. Anapereka maluso a nzeru a maulamuliro opatuka, ofufuza ndi ogwirizana, ndi mfundo za boma zimene zakhala zodalirika kwambiri. Aliyense wofuna kumvetsa nzeru, zolinga, ndi zochita za boma la America, Pedersspective, mfundo yoyambirira.