United States Congress imaimira maziko a dongosolo la ku America la zopimira ndi kulinganiza, kutumikira monga bungwe lalikulu la malamulo limene limagwirizanitsa mphamvu pakati pa maboma a boma ndi a boma. Kulinganiza kodabwitsa kumeneku, koikidwa m'Malamulo, kumatsimikizira kuti boma la dziko kapena maboma sangalamulire lina, kusungitsa ufulu wa dziko ndi mgwirizano wa dziko. Kumvetsa mmene Nyumba za Malamulo zimasungitsira kulinganizika kumeneku, kuli kofunika kusanthula kapangidwe kake, ulamuliro wa malamulo alamulo, ndi kugwirizanitsa kogwira ntchito kwa boma.

Maziko a Nyumba ya Malamulo: Maziko a Babameral

Nyumba ya malamulo inalinganizidwa mwadala monga nyumba ya malamulo ya bankaral yokhala ndi zipinda ziŵiri zosiyana . Nyumba ya Oimira ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Magawo ameneŵa amasonyeza kulolerana pakati pa maboma aakulu ndi aang'ono pa Convention ya Malamulo ndipo amatumikira monga kuyang'anira mphamvu ya malamulo. Chipinda chilichonse chimapereka lingaliro losiyana ndi udindo wokhudza kulinganiza kwa boma.

Nyumba ya Oimira: Nyumba ya Anthu

Nyumbayi ili ndi anthu 435 amene amavota, omwe amagawidwa pakati pa mayiko omwe amalamulidwa ndi kuŵerengera anthu kwa zaka za chaka ndi chaka. Oimira ntchito amatumikira zaka ziŵiri, kuwapangitsa kuvomereza kwambiri maganizo a anthu ndi nkhaŵa za kumaloko. Nyumbayi imayambitsa ndalama zonse zoperekera ndalama ( “mphamvu ya kachikwama ), chida champhamvu chimene chimakakamiza Khoti ndi Pulezidenti kukambirana nkhani zapansi. Kuwonjezera apo, Nyumba imayang'anira mphamvu ya kulephera kuyang'anira, imagwira ntchito monga juli yaikulu imene ingabweretse milandu kwa akuluakulu a boma, kuphatikizapo Pulezidenti ndi oweruza.

  • Ndalama zogulira ndalama ziyenera kuchokera m’Nyumbayo (Article I, Chigawo 7).
  • Kuvomereza kumafuna voti lachisawawa.
  • Nyumbayi ili ndi makomiti olimba amene amayang’anira mabungwe a boma.

Nyumba ya Malamulo: Kukhazikika ndi Kulingana kwa Maboma

Nyumba ya Malamulo ili ndi mamembala 100, aŵiri kuchokera ku boma lililonse, mosasamala kanthu za chiŵerengero cha anthu. Mawu awo a zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi (obwerezedwa ndi chipinda chimodzi mwa zitatu cha chisankho pazaka ziŵiri zilizonse) amapereka kupitiriza ndi lingaliro la nthaŵi yaitali. Maulamuliro a Nyumba ya Malamulo amaphatikizapo kutsimikizira kuikidwa kwa pulezidenti (akazembe, oweruza a boma, akazembe) ndi mapangano ogwirizana ndi unyinji wa matatu. Mapangano ameneŵa amapereka mawu ang'onoang’ono ofanana m'zigamulo zosulirira boma, motero akuteteza ulamuliro wa boma.

  • Pemphani ndi kuvomerezana pa mapangano.
  • Amaletsa ziyeso; kuchotsa kumafuna mavoti aŵiri mwa atatu.
  • Lamulo la mwana wa nubbuster (losinthidwa) lingachepetse kapena kutsekereza malamulo, kukakamiza chichirikizo cha kupambana.

Zipinda ziŵiri zimenezi zimapanga malamulo omwe ayenera kudutsa matupi onse aŵiri mumpangidwe wofanana asanafikire Prezidenti. Zifuno zimenezi zimasintha pakati pa Nyumba ya Ppuligatorist ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo yotsekereza kwambiri, zikumalimbitsa kulinganizika kwa boma.

Magulu Ogwirizana ndi Mbali ya Nyumba za Malamulo

Federalism imagawa ulamuliro pakati pa boma la dziko ndi maboma a boma. Nyumba ya malamulo ili ndi mbali yaikulu polongosola magaŵanowo kudzera mwa malongosoledwe ake, mfundo, ndi mphamvu zachibadwa. Malamulo amapereka ulamuliro wachindunji kwa Congress, koma Malamulo Oyenerera ndi Oyenerera Claus (Chigawo I, Chigawo 8, Classia 18) amalola kuti malamulo ofunika kuchititsa maulamuliro amenewo . Nyumba za Malamulo zikhale zololera kuthetsa mavuto atsopano pamene zikukhudzana ndi maboma.

Chilango Chachikulu: Lamulo la Mafuko Monga Lamulo Lapamwamba

Mfundo ya VI ya Konsichushoni ikhazikitsa kuti, Malamulo a boma, malamulo a boma aisintha, ndi mapangano ali “Chilamulo chapamwamba cha Dziko. [1] Chisupremacy Claus chimenechi chimatanthauza kuti pamene Congress ikhazikitsa lamulo la boma, imachotsa malamulo a boma otsutsana. Komabe, Nyumba ya Malamulo ingasankhenso kulola maboma kulamulira m’madera amene ali ndi mphamvu, kapena kuika miyezo yochepera (kupulumulidwa) pamene akulola maboma kupitirira. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo a boma amakhazikitsa malamulo a dziko lapansi a boma amene amakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kuipitsa koma amalola kuti malamulo okhwima akwanire anthu oteteza dzikolo.

Kupatsidwa Mphamvu ndi Kugwiritsiridwa Ntchito: Konsichushoni Yamoyo

Maulamuliro otchulidwa a Congress andandandalitsidwa m'Chigawo I, Chigawo 8, ndi kuphatikizapo kukhoma msonkho, kubwereka, kuyendetsa malonda a dziko ndi achilendo, kukhazikitsa ndalama, kukhazikitsa maofesi a positi ofesi, kulengeza nkhondo, ndi kukweza ndi kuchirikiza magulu. Maulamuliro ameneŵa amapangitsa Nyumba za Maulamuliro kufalikira pa nkhani zachuma ndi zachitetezo. Maulamuliro opangidwa, otengedwa ku Malamulo a Malamulo a Ceafred ndi Diane Claus, atheketsa Mabungwe kupanga ngati Federal Reserve, kuyendetsa mfuti, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a ufulu wa anthu. Nkhani yapadera MCULLLLLLLLch v. Maryland [1] (18:19) anatsimikizira kuti malamulo onse aŵiriwo apanga maulamuliro ndi mphamvu zofunitsa, ndipo akuti boma likhoza kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wa boma lolamulira pakati pa dziko lonse.

  • Commerce Claus [[FLT :1] – Maziko a malamulo aunyinji a zachuma a boma; anafutukuka kwambiri pambuyo pa New Deal.
  • Kukopa ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mphamvu – Malonsi a Nyumba ya Malamulo kugwiritsira ntchito zisonkhezero zachuma kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma (m’chitsanzo, ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito zapamsewu zogwirizana ndi msinkhu wa kumwa).
  • Maulamuliro a Nkhondo – Nyumba ya Malamulo yokha ingathe kuyambitsa nkhondo, ngakhale kuti mapresidenti amakono kaŵirikaŵiri achitapo zankhondo popanda chilengezo chalamulo.

Macheke ndi Kulinganizika: Zikufufuza pa Olamulira ndi Oimba

Makonzedwe a kupima ndi kulinganiza sizili kokha m’kapangidwe ka mkati mwa Nyumba ya Malamulo; zimalamuliranso mmene Nyumba za Malamulo zimagwirizanira ndi nthambi zina ziŵirizo. Mwa kuyang’anira malamulo, kulangiza, ndi kutsimikizira, Nyumba za Malamulo zimaletsa akuluakulu ndi oweruza ozembera, motero zimatetezera mphamvu ya boma.

Uyang’aniro Walamulo: Kuyang’ana Oyang’anira

Congress ali ndi udindo . . ndi udindo woyang'anira kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa malamulo ndi nthambi yoyang'anira. Izi zichitidwa mwa kuweruza kwa komiti, kufufuza, mapopea, ndi Boma Authonala (GAO). Uyang'aniro wogwira mtima umatsimikizira kuti mabungwe a boma sapitirira ulamuliro wawo walamulo kapena kuloŵerera m'madera osungidwa ndi maboma. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo makomiti a Tchalitchi a 1970s kufufuza zanzeru ndi kuyang'anira ndalama zowonongedwa ndi miliri yaposachedwapa. Nyumba ya boma ingachotsenso kapena zigwirizano zothandizira zigamu za boma zimene zimapitirira, kupereka kufufuza mwachindunji pa mphamvu ya boma.

  • Makomiti monga Makomiti Oona za Chitetezo cha ku Homeland, Judicary, ndi Oyang’anira amachititsa kuti anthu azimvetsera nkhani zawo nthawi zonse.
  • Bungwe la Congressonal Baccordual Office (CBO) limapereka mapendedwe osakhudzana ndi malamulo.
  • Akuluakulu a bungwe lililonse lofufuza zinthu akupereka lipoti ku Congress.

Mphamvu Yofuna Kuzigwiritsa Ntchito: Kufufuza Kotheratu

Kuzenga mlandu ndi mavoti a Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi chipangizo choopsa kwambiri cha Congress. Njira imeneyi imateteza akuluakulu a boma, kuphatikizapo Pulezidenti, Pulezidenti wa Malamulo, ndi oweruza a boma. Nyumba imavota nkhani za kusamvera (ochuluka), ndipo imachititsa kuzenga mlandu ndi kuvota kuti achotsedwe (aŵiri mwa matatu). Njira imeneyi imathandiza kuletsa ndi kuthetsa makhalidwe oipa aakulu kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu molakwika. Ngakhale kuti siigwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, imagogomezera ukulu wa Nyumba ya Malamulo poimba mlandu nthambi zina.

Uphungu ndi Kuvomereza: Kuwononga Gulu la Olamulira

Kutsimikizira kwa Nyumba ya Malamulo pa kuikidwa kumaipatsa ntchito yachindunji kuumba akuluakulu a boma ndi akuluakulu a boma otsogolera. Kufufuza kumeneku kumatsimikizira kuti Prezidenti sangadzaze makhotiwo ndi makhoti amene angafooketse ulamuliro wa boma kapena kukulitsa mphamvu ya boma kupyola malire a lamulo. Kukana kutsimikizira kuti atsamunda kwachititsa kuti apolisi achotsedwe ntchito ndi kumenyana kwa ndale zadziko, kumasonyeza kuvuta kwa nthambi ndi kufunika kwa Nyumba ya malamulo yochotsera ufulu.

Boma ndi Maulamuliro Awo: Tanthauzo Lomwe Linaikidwa Pansi

Pansi pa Kusintha kwa Zamphumphu kwa Khumi, mphamvu zosaperekedwa ku United States kapena zoletsedwa ku mabomawo zimangoperekedwa ndi maboma kapena anthu. Kusintha kumeneku kumayambitsa ulamuliro waukulu wa boma pambali monga maphunziro, thanzi la anthu, kusungitsa malamulo a kumaloko, kugwiritsira ntchito malo, ndi malonda a maiko ena. Mabungwe ayenera kulemekeza maulamuliro ameneŵa, ngakhale kuti kaŵirikaŵiri malirewo amakhala obisika.

Ulamuliro wa Boma ndi Lamulo Lotsutsa Ulamuliro

Khoti Lapamwamba lavomereza chiphunzitso chotsutsa lamulo: Nyumba ya Malamulo singathe kukakamiza a boma kapena akuluakulu a boma kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma. Mu Prentz v. United States (), Bwalo linagamula mbali ya Brady Handgun Leavition Act yomwe inafuna kuti lamulo loletsa liziyang'anira zinthu zakale. Mofananamo, maboma anga “kuchotsa". Maprogramu ena a boma (eg., Medid anafutukulidwa pansi pa Afford Carect adapangidwa kukhala odzisankhira kaamba ka maiko). Lamulo limeneli likulola lamulo lokhudza lamulo la boma kuti liziyendetse.

Chiyambukiro cha Malamulo a Maboma pa United States: Matabwa ndi Ndodo

Nyumba ya malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri imagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yake yogwiritsira ntchito kusonkhezera malamulo a boma. Ingagwirizanitse mikhalidwe ku zopereka za boma . Maboma amene amalandira ndalama zofunikira mogwirizana ndi zofunika za boma. Mwachitsanzo, National Monter Age Act ya 1984 inamana ndalama za misewu imene sinakhazikitse zaka zakumwa pa 21. Njira imeneyi inapatsa Nyumba za Malamulo mphamvu zogwira ntchito pa malo amene boma linasiyira. Mofananamo, maprogramu ambiri a boma a malo okhala ndi zoyendera amafuna kuti akwaniritse miyezo ina monga mkhalidwe wa ndalama.

  • Maprogramu a boma opereka ndalama: Medicaid, CHIP, ndalama zoyendetsera msewu, maphunziro (Mtu I).
  • Malamulo: Nthaŵi zina boma limalamula kuti mayiko azikhala ndi malamulo oyendetsera ntchito yawo popanda kupereka ndalama zokwanira (mwachitsanzo, mbali zina za buku lakuti Palibe Mwana Amene Amasiya Behind).
  • Chigonjetso: Malamulo a boma amene ali m’minda yonse (m’njira yachidziŵikire, malamulo a nyukiliya) amaletsa ntchito zonse za boma.

Kuphatikizapo zimenezi kumatanthauza kuti nthaŵi zonse mabungwe a boma ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito zisonkhezero ndi zoletsa za boma, akumalinganiza zinthu zofunika kwambiri ndi malamulo a dziko.

Kusinthika kwa Mphamvu ya Magulu Ankhondo M’kupita kwa Nthaŵi

Pa nthawiyi, anthu ambiri akhala akuyendera mfundo za boma chifukwa chakuti nkhani zikuluzikulu za m’mbiri ndiponso zimene khoti linkalamula zawonjezera kapena kupatsa mphamvu mayiko ena.

Malamulo Otchuka

  • New Deal (1930s-40s): Khoti Lalikulu linagonjetsa poyamba maprogramu ambiri a New Deal, koma pambuyo pa “ukasi wa panthaŵi imene inapulumutsa asanu ndi anayi,” Khoti linamasulira Mofala Communice Claus , kulola Mabungwe kulamulira ntchito ya zachuma (kuphatikizapo kugwira ntchito, ulimi, ndi indasitale) pamlingo wa dziko lonse.
  • Chikalata cha Chivomezi cha 1964: chinagwiritsira ntchito Commerce Claus ndi Demetrice ya 14 kuletsa tsankho m'nyumba za anthu onse ndi ntchito, kukhazikitsa malamulo a tsankho m’boma.
  • Act Affordble Care (2010): [FLT ] Kuchirikizidwa ndi Khoti Lalikulu monga kugwiritsidwa ntchito koyenera kwa mphamvu yokhoma msonkho (chifuno cha munthu) ndi mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito (kufutukuka kwa Medicaid), koma kukhoza kwa Khoti la Malamulo kulepheretsa kutayikiridwa kotheratu kwa ndalama zimene zilipo.
  • Act ya 1965: Congress inapempha mphamvu yake pansi pa Demetriement kusungitsa ufulu wosankha, kuphatikizapo kudziŵikitsa maboma ndi mbiri ya tsankho / Chigamulo cha 2013 Shelby County chinathetsa njira yofufuzira.

Kumasulira Kwachiweruzo: Khoti Lalikulu Loweruza

Khoti Lapamwamba limaletsa mobwerezabwereza mikangano pa malire a ulamuliro wa boma ndi boma. Milandu ya zamwambo imaphatikizapo United States v. Lopez [1] (1995], imene kwa nthaŵi yoyamba kuyambira pa New Development Congress yochepetseka ya Commerce (kugonjetsa Commercionation Claus (Kugonjetsa Chikole cha Gun-Free School Countact). [FLT:] National Federation of Independent. Sebelius , Bwalo linachirikiza mphamvu ya munthu aliyense pa ulamuliro wa ACA koma lokhala ndi ufulu wa kuletsa kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo asafune kuwonjezera Midi kapena kutaya ndalama zonse zomwe zilipo. [ngongongopetezo posachedwapa], Selvius [5].[FLT.[5]

Mavuto a Panthaŵi Ino ndi Mtsogolo mwa Kulinganiza

Masiku ano, Nyumba ya Malamulo imakumana ndi mavuto atsopano amene amayesa kuchuluka kwa dziko. Kusinthasintha kwa zinthu, mavuto okhudzana ndi ndalama, ndiponso kuchuluka kwa makompyuta kumene kukubuka, kumachititsa mkanganowo kuwonjezereka.

Kulimbana ndi Mabanja

Federal tsopano ikupereka nkhani ya ndalama za boma. Pamene ngongole ya dziko ikukula, Nyumba ya Malamulo ingapereke zinthu zambiri pa ndalama kapena kuchepetsa chithandizo chonse, kukakamiza maboma kukweza misonkho kapena kuchepetsa mautumiki. Zimenezi zimapanikiza ulamuliro wa boma ndi kudzutsa mafunso onena za kukhazikika kwa nthaŵi yaitali kwa ulamuliro wa boma.

Luso la Zaluso ndi Malonda a M’maiko Ogwirizana

Intaneti, chinsinsi cha chidziŵitso, ndi umisiri wachinsinsi zasokoneza malire a mwambo. Nyumba ya malamulo ya boma yatsutsana ndi lamulo lachinsinsi la boma lomwe likathetsa malamulo a boma omakula (m’chitsanzo, CCPA). Mofananamo, kulamulira za tekinoloji, kupeka, ndi luntha lopanga zingafunikire miyezo ya dziko yofanana, kuchepetsa kuyesa kwa boma m'madera ameneŵa.

Mavuto ndi Zochitika Zamtsogolo

Mliri wa Covid-19 unasonyeza ponse paŵiri mphamvu ndi kusagwirizana kwa boma. Congress inapereka CareS Act ndi zikalata zina zothandizira zimene zinatumiza mabiliyoni kukalamulira ndi mikhalidwe ina, pamene maboma akhazikitsa njira zawozawo za umoyo wa anthu. Kutsutsa malamulo a akuluakulu ndi malamulo a boma (m’chingapo, ziyeneretso za katemera) zinagogomezera kutsutsana kopitirizabe pakati pa Washington ndi malikulu a boma. Kupita patsogolo, Congress ayenera kulinganiza kufunika kwa mayankhidwe a dziko limodzi ndi ulamuliro wa boma.

Kumaliza

Nyumba ya malamulo idakali maziko aakulu a kulinganiza mphamvu pakati pa maboma a boma ndi a boma. Kapangidwe kake ka ma Bbadamaral, kondandalitsidwa ndi kosonyezedwa, ulamuliro, ndi ntchito m'kutsimikizira kuti palibe gulu la boma limene lidzakhala lolamulira. Mwa lamulo lopanga zinthu ndi kumasulira kwachiweruzo kopitirizabe, mizera ya ulamuliro ikupitirizabe kusintha, koma lamulo lalikulu lidakalipo: Nyumba za Malamulo nthaŵi zonse ziyenera kulinganiza umodzi wa dziko ndi ufulu wa dziko. Pamene kuyambika kwa mavuto atsopano, kusunga kuyenera kufunikira malamulo olingalira bwino, uyang’aniro wamphamvu, ndi kudzipereka ku malamulo amene atsogolera United States kwa zaka zoposa mazana aŵiri.

kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, onani Chikhululukiro: Chofunika ndi Choyenera Claus [[FLT :2], Office ya Bajenali [[FLT:] ya Stockhost . [[FLT:] yofufuza, ndi Government Activity Accounting Office [ ya malipoti a woyang'anira.