Ntchito Yapadera ya Federalism

Federalism, kugaŵikana kwa mphamvu pakati pa boma la dziko ndi maboma a boma, imapanga maziko a dongosolo la ndale zadziko la United States. Malamulo ameneŵa, oikidwa m'Chilamulo cha U.S., amapanga kugwirizana kochititsa chidwi kumene zosankha zopangidwa ku Washington, D.C., zimagubudukiza m'mamalikulu ndi maholo a mzinda. Kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi, kuzindikira mmene maulamuliro a boma ndi ulamuliro wa dzikolo aliliri pansi pa dzikolo nkofunika kumvetsetsa chithunzi chonse cha democracy ya Amereka. Malamulo amapatsa mphamvu za boma kugawana monga ndalama zomangira, kulengeza nkhondo, ndi kutsogolera malonda a m'makampani. Pakali panopo amasunga mphamvu zina zonse ku maiko kapena anthu pansi pa kukhazikitsa malamulo a za dziko. Kusinthasintha kumeneku sikuli kofunikana; kusintha kwa ndale zadziko, ndi kutsendereza, ndi kupenda zaumoyo.

Makonzedwe Aakulu a Malamulo

Malamulo angapo amafotokoza malamulo a boma kuti maulamuliro a United States ndi oyenera kuperekedwa kwa maulamuliro. Supremacy Classia (Article VI, Claus 2) amakhazikitsa kuti lamulo la boma ndilo lamulo lalikulu la dzikolo, kutanthauza malamulo a boma sangawombane ndi kukhazikitsa kwa boma. Tenth Amendment imagwira ntchito monga chikumbutso cha lamulo kuti mphamvu zosaperekedwa ku United States zasungidwa ku mayiko kapena anthu. Commercial Classie (Aticle I, Chigawo 8, Classiae 3) imapatsa Nyumba za Malamulo a kulamulira malonda ndi mitundu ina, pakati pa maiko angapo, ndipo ndi mafuko a ku Eni America. Mpambo watha kutembenuzidwa mokulira kulola dongosolo la boma la ntchito zambiri zachuma, lokhudza mwachindunji ndi chuma cha dziko. Mwachitsanzo, nkhani yaikulu ya Suppong [FExptard] FFrigrome. [124]) chifukwa chakuti kuthandizira ndi kuchuluka kwa malonda kwa malonda kwa dziko lapansi, kuthandizira ndi kuyendetsa ntchito zachuma.

Chiyambukiro cha Zosankha Zausilikali pa Ulamuliro wa Boma

Zigamulo za boma zasintha kwambiri m'mbali zina monga maphunziro, zaumoyo, malamulo a malo okhala, ndi zoyendera. Ziyambukiro zimenezi siziri chabe zachiphaso; zimagamula mmene makalasi amachirikizidwira, amene odwala angapezere madokotala, miyezo ya mpweya yabwino imene iyenera kusamalidwa, ndi mmene misewu yaikulu imapangidwira. Njira zachisonkhezero kaŵirikaŵiri zimayendera kupyolera mwa kuchotsedwa kwa boma.

Lamulo la Maphunziro

Maphunziro ndi udindo wa boma ndi dziko, komabe malamulo a boma akhala ndi mbali yaikulu. Ophunzira onse a m'chaka cha 2015, omwe analowa mmalo mwa No Child Lend Behind Act, amafuna kuti pakhale malamulo ovuta a maphunziro, opereka mayeso a chaka ndi chaka, ndi kuti sukulu zikhale ndi mlandu wa ntchito ya ophunzira. Maboma ayenera kuvomereza maphunziro a U.S. Dipatimenti ya Maphunziro ya Kuvomereza kuti avomereze. Pamene boma lisintha masinthidwe, zimene zimachirikiza sukulu za ana apamwamba otsika, zimabwera ndi zofunika zapadera zimene ziyenera kutsatira. Kuwonjezera apo, anthu okhala ndi maphunziro opansikira (IDA) amalamula kuti pakhale maphunziro aulere ndi maphunziro oyenera kwa anthu onse. Pamene makampani a boma akupereka ndalama kapena kulipira malamulo awo a boma a boma, ayenera kulinganiza malamulo awo a za malingana ndi malamulo a zamaphunziro.

Malamulo Osamalira Thanzi

Affordble Care Act (ACA) ndi chitsanzo chachikulu cha mmene lamulo la boma la zaumoyo la kutetezera ligwirizanika zigamulo za boma. ACA anafutukulidwa Medicaid kukhoza kuphikira achikulire ndi ndalama kufikira 138% ya mlingo wa umphaŵi wa boma. Komabe, Supreme Court’s 2012 la Mabungwe a Magazine [FL:0] Dederation of Independent Business v. Sebelius [[FLL:1] anapanga kuwonjezereka kumeneku kwa makampani a zaumoyo. Monga chotulukapo, ntchito yopereka ndalama inatulukira: mawu amene anawonjeza Midi adawona kutsika kwamphamvu mu , pamene amene sanasiya anthu ambiri osalandira bwino popanda kupezeka. Malamulo a chigawo a za za zamalonda, omwe amalamuliranso kudalirana pa kugula kapena kuwonjezera kutsatsatsatsa malonda awo. Mdid , ndi malamulo a boma, omwe aperekedwanso mwa tsatanetsatane, monga momwe a boma, ngakhalenso mfundo za boma.

Malamulo a Zachilengedwe

Malamulo a malo okhala, operekedwa ndi Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), amakhazikitsa miyezo yochepera imene maboma ayenera kukwaniritsa . Deseat Air Act, mwachitsanzo, imafuna maboma kukhazikitsa malamulo a Boma a Kulinganiza kwa Malamulo a kulimba kwa mpweya (SIP) kuti apeze miyezo ya dzikolo. Ngati boma lilephera kukhazikitsa pulani yokwanira, EPA ingapereke malamulo a boma. Maboma onga California, ndi woyendetsa galimoto yowononga EPA, ali ndi ulamuliro wa kukhazikitsa miyezo yolimba ya galimoto youlutsira ndege, imene ina ingaitengere. Mofananamo ndi adolansi a madzi oyenera kulola kuti anene kuti agwirizane ndi malamulo a boma. Kaŵirikaŵiri boma la kumaloko limakhala pa mzera wa patsogolo wa kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo ameneŵa, kuyang'anira mchenga, ndi kuyang'anira meya, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a dziko. Zipata la Federa, likhoza kuchepetsa. Koma chitsanzo cha EPA: [Malamulo a Grole:]

Malo Ogulitsa ndi Kupereka Ndalama

Malo a boma ndi chipangizo champhamvu kwambiri chothandizira boma ndi boma lakwawo. Boma la boma limapereka madola mabiliyoni mazana ambiri pachaka kuti apite ku mayiko ndi kumadera osiyanasiyana kudzera m'maprogramu osiyanasiyana opereka mphatso. Ndalama zimenezi zimabwera ndi mikhalidwe . Nthawi zambiri zimafuna kuti maboma ayambe kutsatira malamulo kapena njira zina zauyang'anira posinthanitsa ndalama. Ngakhale kuti maboma satha kukana ndalama za boma, chifukwa chakuti zisonkhezerozo n’zazikulu kwambiri.

Mitundu ya Ansembe Oyendayenda

  • Maunyinji a boma: Awa ndi mtundu wofala kwambiri, kupereka ndalama kaamba ka zifuno zofotokozedwa pang'ono, zonga kumanga magalimoto, maprogramu a masana a sukulu, kapena kuchinjiriza upandu. Olandira ayenera kumamatira ku zitsogozo zokhwima za boma. Mwachitsanzo, program ya Aidral-AID imapatsa ndalama kaamba ka zoyendera koma malamulo a boma ogwirizana ndi miyezo ya kulinganiza, chisungiko, ndi kupenda malo.
  • Maunyinji otchinga: Awa amapereka malamulo owonjezereka ponena za mmene kungagwiritsiridwe ntchito ndalama m'malo onse a boma, monga ngati kupititsa patsogolo kwa chitaganya kapena mautumiki a anthu. Programu ya Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) imalola maboma akumasunga mzera waukulu wa ntchito kuyambira kukonzanso nyumba mpaka kupititsa patsogolo chuma, ndi ziletso zocheperapo kuposa zopereka.
  • Projects: Committee imapatsa boma kapena dziko, mabungwe osapanga phindu, kapena mabungwe ofufuza kaamba ka ntchito zina. Maprojekiti onga National Institutes of Health ndi Dipatimenti ya Maphunziro mphoto imapatsa ntchito imene imalimbikitsa kusintha zinthu koma imafunikira mayeso aakulu ndi kusimba.

Kudalira pa ndalama za boma kungayambitse kuchepa kwa maboma. Ngati boma lachepetsa kapena kuchotsa ndalama, maboma ayenera kudula maprogramu kapena kukweza ndalama zawo. Mliri wa CHOVAD-19, boma linapereka chithandizo chamwadzidzidzi kudzera m'Coronavirus Ease, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act ndi American Replation Plan Act , zimene zinapereka maboma ndi malo opereka chithandizo cha ndalama koma zinabweranso ndi malamulo ndi ziletso.

Mafotokozedwe Oweruza a Mphamvu Yaukulu wa Gawo

Oweruza achita mbali yaikulu polongosola ukulu wa ulamuliro wa boma ndi malire ake mogwirizana ndi maboma. Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu zingafutukule kapena kupanga pangano la ulamuliro wa boma, kuyambukira mwachindunji boma ndi ulamuliro wa kumaloko. M’zaka mazana aŵiri zapitazo, khotilo layendera pakati pa maboma aŵiri. Kumene boma ndi maulamuliro a boma likuonedwa kukhala lopatukana ndi losiyana ndi losiyana, kumene limagwirizanitsa ndi kugawana mathayo.

Milandu Yaikulu ya Khoti

  • McCulloch v Maryland (1819): [FLT ] Mlandu wa maziko umenewu unakhazikitsa malamulo aŵiri aakulu: boma la boma lili ndi mphamvu zoimira kuposa zimene zinandandalikidwa mwachindunji m'Chilamulo, ndipo maboma sangakhoze kukhoma msonkho. Lingaliro la Woweruza wamkulu John Marshall linachirikiza ulamuliro wa boma ndi kuyala maziko a ulamuliro wa boma waukulu.
  • Gibbons v Ogden (1824): Khoti linamasulira Commerce Claus , kutanthauza kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo ingathe kuyang'anira malonda alionse amene adutsa mzera wa boma. Chigamulo chimenechi chinathetsa njira ya malamulo a boma a zoyendera, zoyendera, ndi pambuyo pake, pafupifupi ntchito zonse zachuma.
  • National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202): M'nkhani yamakonoyi, Bwalo Lamilandu linachirikiza lamulo la munthu aliyense payekha la ACA monga kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yokhoma ya Congress koma linagonjetsa makonzedwe amene akanakakamiza maboma kufutukula Medicaid mwa kuwopseza kuchotsa ndalama zonse zimene zilipo za Medicaid. Chigamuchi chinatsimikiziranso kuti boma la boma silingakakamize kuvomereza maprogramu atsopano mwa kuchotsa ndalama za okhalapo.
  • South Dakota v. Dole (87): Khotilo linasunga lamulo la boma limene linamana mbali ya ndalama za misewu ku maboma amene sanakweze nyengo yawo yauchidakwa kufika pa 21, kukhazikitsa kuti Nyumba za Ufumu zingagwiritsire ntchito mphamvu zake kusonkhezera malamulo a boma malinga ngati mikhalidweyo yakhala yomvekera bwino, yogwirizana ndi programu ya boma, ndi yosagwirizana.

Milandu imeneyi imasonyeza kuti mafotokozedwe achiweruzo angasinthe kwambiri kulinganizika kwa mphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, kusintha kwaposachedwapa kwa khoti pa kutha kwa boma m'madera onga ngati kusamukira ku dziko (m’ lekuatiso, ] Arizona v. United States, 2012) kuletsa lamulo la boma lolamulira loloŵa m'dziko pamene likutsimikizira ulamuliro wa boma. Ophunzira ayenera kuyang'anira mmene kuikidwa ku benchi kungabwezererere chigwirizano cha boma.

Kufufuza za Chisonkhezero cha Federal

Kufufuza nkhani za m’nkhaniyi kumatithandiza kumvetsa mmene zosankha za boma zimakhudzira anthu enieni.

Phunziro la 1: Kupereka Ndalama za Maphunziro ndi Mutu Wanga

Umutwe I wa Elementary and Secondal Education Act (ESEA), yoyamba kuchitidwa mu 1965 ndipo yakhala yovomerezedwanso kwambiri mu Essa, imapereka ndalama za boma ku magawo asukulu okhala ndi maperesenti otsika a ophunzira. Kubwerera, zigawo ziyenera kugwiritsira ntchito ndalamazo kuwonjezera, osati kuchotsa, boma ndi ndalama za komweko. Izi zatsogolera ku malamulo ovuta ndi kupenda zinthu. Mwachitsanzo, chigawo cha sukulu m’midzi ya Mississippi n’chingalandire ndalama zokwana madola 2 miliyoni mu Ndalama, zimene ziyenera kuperekedwa pambuyo pa maphunziro, kuchepetsa ukulu wa kalasi, kapena ziŵiya zapadera kaamba ka ophunzira. Ngati zitso za boma zasintha zinthu. , zikufunikira umboni wokhudza kuloŵerera kwa zigawo lonse. Dipatimenti ya Maphunziro la U. . Komiti ya Maphunziro: [F.]

Phunziro Lachiwiri: Kukula kwa Mamedicaid kunkachitika pansi pa ACA

Pamene ACA anakhala lamulo mu 2010, inalingalira kuti maiko onse a Medicaid akafutukula Media kuti afutukule anthu achikulire opeza kufika 138% pamlingo wa umphaŵi wa boma. Pambuyo pakuti Khoti Lalikulu lipanga kufutukuka kodzifunira, kugaŵikana kwakukulu kunabuka. Pa 2025, maboma 40 ndi District ya Columbia afutukule Medicaid, pamene kuli kwakuti maboma 10 sanafutukule. Maboma onga Texas ndi Florida, kumene atsogoleri andale zadziko anatsutsa kuwonjezereka, mamiliyoni a akulu ocheperapo akutsala mu “mpata wapata wa [1] [1] . Kutsala ndalama zambiri kaamba ka kuchuluka kwa mwambo wa Medicaid koma zochepa kwambiri kwa inshuwalansi ya zaumwini. Machipatala ndi makampani a zaumoyo a boma akusonyeza kuchuluka kwa ndalama za boma m'maiko ameneŵa. Koma mayiko ena monga Kentuck ndi kuwonana ndi kutsika kwa anthu kwa theka la anthu.

Kupenda Nkhani 3: Gawo la Mphamvu Yaudongo ndi Zotsatira za Boma

Mu 2015, EPA inatulutsa Cleena Power Plan (CPP), yomwe imafuna kuti maboma achepetse kutulutsa mpweya wa carbon dioxide kuchokera ku zomera zamagetsi zimene zilipo ndi 32% kuchokera ku mlingo wa 2005 mu 2030. Maboma anasintha kuti asankhe njira yawo yoyendera. Monga kusuntha malasha kupita ku gasi wachilengedwe, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zomanga, kapena kukhazikitsa maprogramu a kapute-rap-rade. Maboma oposa khumi ndi aŵiri, otsogozedwa ndi maloya kuchokera ku maiko a malasha, anatokosa CPP m'khoti, kutsutsana ndi ulamuliro wa EPA. Makonzedwewo sanachitepo kanthu mokwanira chifukwa chakuti Khoti Lapamwamba linakhalabe mu 2016. Pambuyo pake, kuyendetsa maprogramungwe a Afford Eclective, amene adasintha ndi malamulo atsopano. Kukonzanso mphamvu za dziko kumbuyo kwa chigalamulire.

Mavuto ndi Kuvutika Maganizo

Unansi wa boma ndi wotsutsana ndi chibadwa. Kusagwirizana pa ukulu woyenera wa ulamuliro wa boma kaŵirikaŵiri kumatsogolera ku nkhondo za lamulo, makampani okonza malo, ndi kutsutsana kwa ulamuliro. Kulimbana kumeneku kumaoneka kwambiri m'madera kumene boma ndi boma zikuswa zinthu zofunika.

Mbali za Mikangano

  • [[FLT: 0] Policy yogwirizanitsa: Madziko onga California, New York, ndi Illinois akhazikitsa “malamulo apadera oletsa kugwirizana ndi kutsata anthu kwa boma. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, maboma onga Texas ndi Arizona apereka malamulo ofuna kusungitsa lamulo la kumaloko kuthandiza ICE. Makhoti a Federal ayesa ukulu umene maboma angalamulire kusamuka kwa dziko lapansi . Khoti Lapamwamba mu Arizona v. United States[FL:3] adakantha zambiri za SB 1070, kutsimikizira kuyendetsa dziko la boma pa kusamuka koma likutuluka m'dziko.
  • Gun Control: Descrect imapanga ufulu wachiŵiri wa kunyamula zida, koma maboma amasiyana kwambiri m'njira imene amayendetsera mfuti. Malamulo a Federal amakhazikitsa malire otsatizana ndi ogulitsa osungidwa ndi alensi , koma maboma angapereke ziletso zowonjezereka. Maboma ena, monga California ndi New York, ali ndi nyengo zoyembekezera, ndi zida zoukira. Ena, monga Texas ndi Montana, alola kuyendetsa malamulo. Maupandu a boma amabuka pamene akuluakulu a boma afuna kusungitsa miyezo ya dziko, pamene akuluakulu a boma amakana kugwirizana, akutchula teniteption.
  • Malamulo a zaumoyo: Malamulo, monga ngati kufuna inshuwalansi ya mikhalidwe imene ikalipo kapena kulola maakaunti a zaumoyo, kutsutsana ndi zinthu zina zofunika za boma. Mu 2018, mgwirizano wa maboma amene anazengedwa kuchotseratu ACA yonse, akutsutsa kuti lamulo la munthu aliyense silinayende bwino. Ngakhale kuti mlanduwo unalephera, unasonyeza kupikisana kwa ndale zadziko ndi kwalamulo pa ulamuliro wa boma wa zaumoyo. Maboma atsutsanso malamulo a boma opangira kuwala kwa zipatala ndi malamulo oletsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
  • Kuikidwa kwa Malamulo: Ngakhale kuti chamba chimakhala chosaloledwa ndi malamulo a boma oletsa zinthu, oposa theka la maboma achilola kuti chigwiritsiridwe ntchito ndi mankhwala kapena zosangalatsa. Zimenezi zimapanga malo abwinja alamulo kwa mabizinesi, mabanki, ndi ogwiritsira ntchito. Boma la boma lakhala lodedwa kwambiri ndi maulamuliro kudzera ku Cole Metrirandum (Kusintha) ndi oyendetsa nthaŵi zimene zimatsekereza Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo cha cha boma ku ntchito za cha cha chamwawa. Komabe, nkhondo yosagonjetsedwa, ndi mabizinesi a boma kaŵirikaŵiri sangakhoze kupeza mautumiki osungira ndalama chifukwa cha lamulo la boma.

Tsogolo la Mafuko

Kusintha kwa zinthu kumasonyeza kuti pali kusagwirizana komanso mbali zimene anthu amagwirizana. Kumvetsa zinthu zimenezi n’kofunika kwambiri kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi pamene akukonzekera kukwaniritsa moyo wa boma.

Mikhalidwe Yomakula

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  • Kumasulira pa Mayeso Aakulu : Mosasamala kanthu za kusamvana, maboma a boma ndi a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amagwira ntchito pamodzi, makamaka pamavuto. Mliri wa Covid unawona kugwirizana kwa boma pa kugaŵiridwa kwa katemera, kuyesedwa, ndi chitsogozo cha anthu. Mofananamo, boma limagwira ntchito ndi maboma okhala ndi zigamulo zatsoka kudzera mu FEMA, pa kuchirikiza njira kudzera m'Dipatimenti ya Transportation, ndi pa zofufuzira zopereka kupyolera kupyolera ku mabungwe onga NSF ndi NIH.
  • Zovuta za Malamulo ndi Partisan Polassiation: Chikhoterero cha maboma ozembetsa boma pa kusagwirizana kwa malamulo chawonjezereka. Maboma a Republican ndi ozengereza anatsutsa Obama-era malamulo; maboma a democratic-era anatsutsa malamulo a Trump-era. Kusintha kumeneku kumayambitsa kusatsimikizirika ndi kutsatiridwa kwapang'onopang'onopang'ono. Zosankha za Khoti Lalikulu pa nkhani zonga kuchotsa mimba, kuvota, ndi malamulo a malo achilengedwe zidzapitirizabe kubwezeretsanso malamulo a boma.
  • Fossical Federalism ndi Generational Jecret: Ngongole yomakulakula ya boma ingatsogolere ku kuchepetsa kupereka ndalama kapena mikhalidwe yowonjezereka pa $. Maboma angayang'anizane ndi chitsenderezo cha kukweza misonkho kapena kuchepetsa mautumiki ngati kutumiza kwa boma kuchepa.

Kufufuza maulamuliro a boma ndi mphamvu zawo pa maulamuliro a boma ndi malo amodzi kumavumbula kuti si ubale wapamwamba koma wovuta kukambirana. Zigamulo za dziko zimakhazikitsa maziko, koma maboma ndi madera amayang'ana ndi kusamala kwambiri. Pamene dziko liyang'anizana ndi mavuto a kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kusokonezeka kwa luso la zopangapanga, kugwirizana pakati pa boma, boma, ndi maboma a kumaloko kudzakhalabe mbali yotchuka ya ulamuliro wa Amereka. Mwa kuphunzira zamphamvu zimenezi, ophunzira apeza chiyamikiro chachikulu cha kusintha kwa malamulo a boma ndi ntchito ya democracy ku United States.