Kumvetsetsa Division: Boma ndi Boma la Boma m’Ntchito ya Malamulo ya United States

Unansi pakati pa boma ndi ulamuliro wa boma ndi magwero aakulu a dongosolo la zamalamulo la United States. Kwa ophunzira, aphunzitsi, ndi aliyense wofuna kumvetsetsa mmene chilungamo cha Amereka chimagwirira ntchito, kumvetsetsa ukulu wa boma limene limasamalira nkhani zalamulo. Lamulo la U.S., limodzi ndi zaka mazana ambiri za kumasulira kwa chiweruzo, limakhazikitsa dongosolo lamilandu la makhoti kumene aliyense wa boma ndi makhoti a boma ali ndi ulamuliro wosiyana koma nthaŵi zina wotsatizana. Nkhaniyi imapereka kufufuza kochuluka kwa kusiyana kwa pakati pa boma ndi maboma, kulongosola mphamvu zake, mathayo, ndi malamulo alamulo amene amalamulira.

Kodi Mlandu ndi Woyamba wa Malamulo a Khoti?

Julistion akutanthauza ulamuliro wa khoti lakuweruza mlandu. Ku United States, ulamuliro umagawidwa pakati pa makhoti a boma ndi boma, limodzi ndi malire ake ndi malire ake otengedwa ku Malamulo, malamulo a boma, ndi malamulo a boma. Pali malamulo aŵiri aakulu a ulamuliro: ulamuliro wa ulamuliro wa ulamuliro wa ulamuliro [makhoti] [malamulo] [a] [alamulo] [alamulo]] [alamulo] [alamulo]] (ulamuliro wa khotilo pa mtundu wa mlanduwo) ndi makhoti onse, ndipo satha kumvera milandu yachigamu yachikulu. Makhoti a boma ndi makhoti a boma, ndi makhoti, ndi makhoti, ndi mlandu wamba, ndipo sangakhale omveka ndi mlandu walamulo.

Chikalata cha Khumi cha Amereka ku Lamulo la U.S. chimalimbitsa kugaŵikana kumeneku mwa kusungira maulamuliro onse amene saperekedwa ku boma. Monga chotulukapo, makhoti a boma amasamalira mikangano yambiri yalamulo m’dziko, kuyambira kuswa malamulo kufikira kugwirizanitsa mikangano ya banja. Kumvetsetsa dongosolo la khoti limene liri ndi mphamvu ya kumvetsera mlandu ndiko sitepe loyamba m’kuwongolera malo alamulo a ku America.

Mlandu Waukulu: Ulamuliro wa Makhoti a Boma

Ulamuliro wa makhoti a boma ndiwo ulamuliro wa kumvetsera milandu imene imaphatikizapo malamulo a boma, Malamulo a U.S., mapangano, kapena mikangano pakati pa maboma kapena nzika za maiko osiyanasiyana. Ulamuliro wa makhoti a boma umafotokozedwa makamaka m'Chigawo III cha Malamulo ndi chowonjezereka ndi Congress. Makhoti a Federal ndi makhoti a mphamvu zokhala ndi malire opereŵera, kutanthauza kuti angangomva milandu imene imagwera m’gulu limodzi la malamulo ofotokozedwa ndi Malamulo kapena malamulo a boma. Mabwalo aakulu a boma a boma amaphatikizapo zotsatirazi.

Kuzengedwa Mlandu kwa Funso la Federal

Federal defilture authol pa nkhani yakuti "Amadzutsa pansi pa" Constitution ya U.S., lamulo la boma, kapena pangano la United States . Limeneli ndi maziko omveka kwambiri a ulamuliro wa khoti la boma. Mwachitsanzo, amanena kuti kuswa ufulu wa kuwonjezera ufulu wa kuyankhula, kutsutsa malamulo a boma, kapena mikangano ya malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe pa malamulo a boma monga akuti Theodom Leat VII of the Civil Rights Act ya 1964. Nkhani ya boma iyenera kuonekera pamaso pa mlandu wa mtsogoleri wa boma; sikuli kokwanira kuti chitetezero cha boma chikayikire pambuyo pake. Lamulo limeneli limatsimikizira kuti makhoti amve nkhani ya boma pamene nkhani yaikulu ya boma ikukhala pakati. Khoti la U.

Kuzengedwa Chilango Kosiyanasiyana

Makhoti a mitundu yosiyanasiyana amalola kuti amve milandu pakati pa nzika za m'maboma osiyanasiyana (kapena pakati pa nzika ya United States ndi nzika yachilendo) pamene ndalama za mkangano ziposa $75,000, chiwongola dzanja ndi mtengo. Cholinga cha kugamula kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndicho kupereka malo ausilikali a m'dziko losiyana, kupeŵa tsankho m'makhoti a boma. Mlandu ungakhazikitsidwe ndi boma, komabe umamvedwabe m'khoti ya boma ngati maguluwo ali osiyana ndi kuti akwanitsiridwe. Kusiyana kotheratu kwa ndalama nkofunika, kutanthauza kuti palibe munthu wotchuka wa boma losiyana ndi womangidwa. Ufulu wa Ufulu wa Ufulu wa Ufulumiko uli maziko a Boma ndi Mabungwe a Mabungwe amilandu.

Oyang’anira Magulu a Anthu ndi Kuzengedwa Mlandu kwa Maritime

Administral ndi malamulo apanyanja amaphatikiza nkhani zokhudza kuyendetsa ndi kutumiza zinthu pamadzi otere mu United States, kuphatikizapo nyanja zamchere, nyanja, ndi ngalande. Kusintha kumeneku kumapita ku zinthu monga mapangano a panyanja (m’chitsanzo, mapangano otumiza zinthu), ma tart ochitika pamadzi otha kuwonongeka (m'jerects, ngozi, kuwonongeka kwa munthu payekha), ndi nkhani zokhudza kusungidwa, kusungidwa, ndi maboti a panyanja. Makhoti a boma ali ndi mphamvu yokha pa milandu ina yapansi pa milandu yapansi pa dziko lapansi, pamene makhoti amamva ena pansi pa "kupimira ku mayeso" chikalata, chimene chimalola malamulo a boma. Malamulo a bungwe la komiti amalamulidwa ndi malamulo a boma, koma malamulo a m’dziko la madera ambiri a boma loloŵera.

Kuzengedwa Mlandu wa Banki

Makhoti a boma ali ndi mphamvu yokha pa milandu ya kulephera kulephera. Mfundo 11 ya Malamulo a United States imapereka dongosolo lokwanira kwa anthu ndi mabizinesi omwe sangathe kubwezera ngongole zawo kuti apeze chiyambi chatsopano mwa kutha kapena kulinganizanso. Milandu ya Bankirupt imasungidwa m'makhoti a kulephera kwa ndalama, amene ali makhoti a U. Makhoti a chigawo cha United States. Malamulo amabisa katundu yense wa anthu a ngongole, kukana kutaya ngongoleyo, ndi mlandu wokhudzana ndi malo olephera kuwonongeka. Milandutswa ya Bankrupcy imaphatikizapo nkhani zovuta za lamulo la katundu, lamulo, ndi ufulu wa kukongola zinthu, zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zimayenderana ndi lamulo. Makhoti ongoletsera mapangano ambiri, amene amaletsa kusungidwa kwa mapangano, ndi mbali yaikulu ya boma la boma lomangitsa ndalama.

Milandu Yokhudza United States Monga Gulu

Makhoti a boma alinso ndi ulamuliro pa milandu imene boma la United States lili chipani. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kuzenga mlandu milandu ya kuswa lamulo la boma (m’chitsanzo, kuzemba mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kuthaŵa msonkho, kuba zinthu za boma) ndi milandu ya boma kumene boma limazengedwa kapena kuimbidwa mlandu. Makhoti a Federal Tort Apeates Act amalola anthu kumanga maboma a boma kuti apereke makampani ena a antchito a boma. Kuwonjezera apo, milandu yotsutsa ntchito za mabungwe a boma (m’chingapo, pansi pa Khoti la Adrected Procedure Act) imamvedwa m'makhoti za boma. Makhoti a Federal amayang'nkhani zokhudza akazembe, nduna za boma, ndi akuluakulu a boma, monga mikangano pakati pa maboma aŵiri kapena maboma ena (amene amapita mwachindunji ku boma la United States.).

Mlandu wa Boma: Wolamulira Waukulu wa Makhoti Akumaloko

Boma limaphatikizapo ulamuliro wa makhoti a boma kuweruza milandu yokhudza malamulo a boma ndi nkhani zosasungidwira mwachindunji makhoti a boma. Makhoti a boma ndi makhoti a ulamuliro wa onse, tanthauzo lake angamve pafupifupi mlandu uliwonse umene sungagwe m’manja mwa makhoti a boma. Boma lililonse lili ndi dongosolo lake la khoti, lolinganizidwa ndi makhoti ozenga milandu, ndi bwalo lamilandu lalikulu. Maboma amayang'anira nkhani zambiri zimene zimakhudza moyo wa nzika. Maboma onsewa amaphatikizapo mbali zotsatira.

Kutsutsana ndi Malonda

Makhoti a boma amasamalira mikangano yambiri ya pangano, kuphatikizapo kuswa mapangano a kugulitsa katundu, mautumiki, malo, ndi ntchito. Mabungwe a mabizinesi nthaŵi zonse amavomereza kuti aswe pangano, chinyengo, ndi mpikisano wosalungama m'makhoti a boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti mikangano ina ya zamalonda imaphatikizapo mafunso a boma (m'jeng'onong'ono, kusungidwa kwa chuma pansi pa lamulo la boma), kutsutsa kwakukulu kwa malonda kumayambitsidwa m'lamulo la boma lofala kapena m'malamulo onse a CFCMCCMP, amene avomerezedwa pafupifupi m'zigawonse.

Lamulo la Banja Nlofunika

Lamulo labanja liri pafupifupi lapadera. Makhoti a boma amasamalira zisudzulo, kulekana kwalamulo, kulera ana ndi kuyenderana, kuchirikiza ana, kuchirikiza kwa mwamuna ndi mkazi (udindo), kulera ana, ndi kusintha kwa dzina. Makhoti a Federal alibe lamulo lachisawawa la banja, ngakhale kuti nthaŵi zina angalankhule nkhani zokhudzana ndi kulephera kwa banja, mapindu a boma, kapena ulamuliro wamitundumitundu. Komiti ya Child Child Leauccity Jurisdition and Enforcementment Act (UCJEA) ndi FUTS Interstate Family Sucrity Service Act (UFS) imapereka makhoti a boma pakati pa milandu yabanja ya chilo.

Malo ndi Lamulo Lenileni la Malo ndi Malo

Malamulo okhudza malo ndi katundu wa munthu amasokonezedwa kwambiri ndi boma. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo nkhani zonga mikangano ya mwini wake, nkhani za mutu, mikangano ya malo, kukhazikitsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo, kutetezera, ndi mikangano ya malire. Makhoti a boma amamasulira malamulo a katundu ndi malamulo a mapangano, malonsi, ndi kuikizira. Pamene kuli kwakuti nkhani zina za katundu zingaphatikizepo nkhani za boma (m’jere, dera lapamwamba pansi pa Find Amendment), tsiku lokhudza ufulu wa katundu amasamalidwa ndi khoti la boma.

Chilamulo cha Chigawenga

Malamulo ambiri a boma amachititsa milandu. Boma lililonse lili ndi malamulo ake operekera chilango amene amamasulira milandu (kuchokera ku zolakwa monga kuba kwa kandalama kochepa ku maupandu monga kupha) ndi chilango. Maloya a boma kapena oweruza milandu abweretsa milandu ya boma chifukwa cha boma. Maupandu ambiri, kuba, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndi kuphwanya malamulo amtundu womwewo. Upandu wa boma umaikidwa m’khoti la boma. Upandu wa boma ndi wochepa walephera kuphwanya malamulo a boma, monga milandu yokhudzana ndi katundu wa boma, kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kubanki, kuswa lamulo la boma, ndi milandu ina ya azungu. Upandu ukhoza kuswa malamulo amtunduwo ndi lamulo la boma (m. Banki, kuphwanya lamulo lolamulira); milandu yotero, ndi oweruza milandu yotereyi, ngakhale kuti wozengedwa mlandu wopalamula mlandu wochuluka, Jey Calistrard, ngakhale kuti amaletsa mlandu wotsatira wotsatira mlandu wofanana (wongwong’ona mlandu wogwirizana).

Lamulo Losafunika

Tort akunena kuti .chivil chochititsa kuvulala kapena kutaikiridwa kwa lamulo. Nkhani za munthu mwini, kusagwira ntchito bwino kwa mankhwala, kuipitsa, kuipitsa, kunyalanyaza, ndi kuvutitsa zimasungidwa m'makhoti a boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti milandu ina ya tort ingapereke mphamvu ya kusiyanasiyana ngati maguluwo ali ochokera ku maiko osiyanasiyana ndi unyinji wa mkangano woposa $75,000, lamulo laling'ono logwiritsiridwa ntchito lidzakhala lamulo la boma (pansi pa chiphunzitso cha Erie). Makhoti a boma amagwiritsira ntchito malamulo awoawo alamulo a m'dziko ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi magaŵano apadera (m.g., zigawa, zigawa zachikulu) kuti achite nkhani zachigawa.

Kupereka Malo ndi Malo

Malamulo a malamulo, mabwinja, ndi magawo amalamulidwa ndi boma. Makhoti a boma a probate amayang'anira kugawidwa kwa chuma cha munthu wakufa, kukhazikitsa zikalata, kukhazikitsa oimira kapena oyang'anira, ndi kuthetsa mikangano pakati pa oloŵa nyumba. Kudalirana, zoyang'anira, ndi kuyang'anira zigamulo ndi nkhani za boma. Makhoti a boma saphatikizidwa m'nkhani za probate, ngakhale kuti angamve nkhani zokambirana za anthu monga ngati zonena kapena zotsutsana ndi dziko lopangidwa pansi pa lamulo la boma.

Kuzengedwa Mlandu Kwanthaŵi Yomwe: Pamene Madongosolo Onse Alephera

M’nkhani zina, makhoti onse aŵiri a boma ndi a boma ali ndi ulamuliro wakumva mtundu umodzimodzi wa mlandu. Zimenezi zimadziŵika monga ulamuliro wa nthaŵi imodzi. Ngati pali chigwirizano, mtsogoleri wachipembedzo angasankhe kujambula m'bwalo laboma kapena la boma (zofunika za boma za boma zikukwaniritsidwa). Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, woimbidwa mlandu m’khoti atha kukhala ndi chosankha chochotsa mlanduwo ku khoti la boma ngati ukanakhala utaikidwa kumeneko poyambirira. Malamulo kumene malamulo a boma akugwira ntchito kwambiri amaphatikizapo zotsatirazi.

Milandu ya Ufulu wa Anthu

Kuswa malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe wa boma (m., 42 U.S.C. . 1983 kaamba ka zoyenera za lamulo zochotsedwa pansi pa lamulo la mtundu wa boma) kungabweretsedwa m'boma kapena khoti la boma. Maboma ambiri alinso ndi malamulo awoawo a ufulu wachibadwidwe amene amapereka mankhwala ofanana. Oweruza kaŵirikaŵiri amasankha khoti la boma chifukwa cha ubwino wa proced, monga ngati malamulo omasuka kwambiri kapena kupezeka kwa ndalama za loya. Komabe, makhoti a boma ali oyenerera kumvetsera mokwanira ku zoyenera za boma, ndipo ena a atsogoleri a boma amakonda khoti chifukwa cha kulolera kapena kukondera kwa kumaloko.

Malamulo a Zachilengedwe

Malamulo otsutsa operekedwa pansi pa malamulo a boma ndi a boma a malo okhala, monga ngati Clean Water Act, The Clease Air Act, ndi zigwirizano za boma, kaŵirikaŵiri zimagwera m'chigwirizano ndi . Makhoti onse aŵiri a boma ndi a boma angamve masuti a nzika akufunafuna kusungitsa malamulo a malo. Maboma ambiri apereka ulamuliro kukhazikitsa maprogramu a boma, kupanga makonzedwe ogwirizanitsa. Mlandu wokhudza kuswedwa kwa chilo cha malo okhala ndi boma ukhoza kudzetsedwa m'khoti ya boma, pamene lamulo la boma lonena kuti likhale lovutitsa kapena mlandu likhoza kuperekedwa m’khoti.

Tsankho la Ntchito

Kusankhana ntchito kungaphatikizepo malamulo a boma ndi a boma omwe otsutsa ufulu wa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, mutu VII wa Chikalata cha ufulu wachibadwidwe cha 1964 umaletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, ndi dziko; malamulo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amawonjezera magulu otetezeredwa kapena kupereka machiritso owonjezereka. Woyang'anira amene amachitiridwa tsankho angalembe mlandu ndi Secual Observetion Commission (EOC) ndipo pambuyo pake amalembetsa m'khoti ya boma pansi pa mutu wa Theort VII, kapena kulondola chilolezo cha boma m'khoti. Mabungwe ena a boma ali ndi mapangano ogwirizana ndi EECC kuti apereke njira. Chigwirizano chikutanthauza kuti lamulo chachitete chiyenera kulingalira mosamalitsa pamene pali dongosolo lozikidwa pa kulephera, malamulo a kulephera, ndi kulephera kwa ufulu.

Kumanga Malo ndi Kupitira Kudziko

Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo a boma a za kusungidwa kwa zisungiko anena (m., pansi pa Security Act ya 1933 kapena Securesties Exchange Act ya 1934) kaŵirikaŵiri amaikidwa m'khoti la boma, makhoti a boma alinso ndi mphamvu pa nkhani zambiri za kusadalirika. Makhoti a boma apereka kuti makhoti amve zonena za kuikitsa zina mogwirizana ndi makhoti a boma. Komabe, Sacuritity Litigationstions Litigative Act (SSATA) imaletsa ntchito zina za gulu la anthu pansi pa lamulo pamene zinenezo zazikidwa pa kulakwa kwa milandu yokhudzanamiza. Kuwonjezerapo, makhoti a boma amayang'anira milandu ya boma, yotero yokhudza masutime ndi kuswa kwa malamulo a boma, zimene zingaphatikize lamulo la boma lokhudzana ndi lamulo la boma, koma nkhani zake zazikulu.

Kusiyana Kokulira Pakati pa Boma ndi Mlandu wa Boma

Pamene kuli kwakuti maulamuliro onse aŵiri a boma ndi a boma amatumikira kuchirikiza lamulo, pali kusiyana kwakukulu kumene kumayambukira oweruza, maloya, ndi dongosolo la zamalamulo la ukulu.

Kugwiritsira Ntchito Malamulo Ambiri

Makhoti a boma amamasulira ndi kugwiritsira ntchito kwambiri lamulo la boma, kuphatikizapo Konsichushoni, malamulo a boma, ndi mapangano. Pamene akumva milandu yosiyanasiyana, makhoti a boma ayenera kugwiritsira ntchito lamulo la boma pansi pa chiphunzitso (Ine Raltrap Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. (1938). Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti ngakhale m’khoti la boma, mlandu wozikidwa pa lamulo la boma udzagamulidwa kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo a boma. [FLT:] Mabwalo a boma amatsatira chigamu chawo, kuphatikizapo malamulo, ndi malamulo, malamulo, ndiponso malamulo ofala.

Mitundu ya Milandu Yomveka

Makhoti a boma amasamalira milandu monga mafunso a boma, kusiyana kwa unzika, kulephera kugwira ntchito, ndi mikangano pamene dziko la United States lili chipani. Makhoti a boma amasamalira zinthu zina zonse. Nkhawa zambiri za boma zimachita zinthu monga “malamulo a upandu, lamulo la banja, lamulo la katundu, kuvomereza lamulo, ndi kuphwanya lamulo. Makhoti a boma amaposa kwambiri milandu ya m’makhoti a boma. Malinga ndi zimene zalembedwa ndi National Center for State Courts, khoti la boma limaweruza milandu yatsopano yoposa 80 miliyoni pachaka, pamene makhoti a m'boma a United States amaweruzapo ochepera pa 400,000.

Kusankha ndi Kulamulira Oweruza

Oweruza a ndale. Oweruza a boma ndi oweruza olephera akhazikitsa mawu. [Foctle III oweruza ndi otsimikiziridwa ndi Bungwe la Malamulo. Amatumikira pa nthaŵi ya khalidwe labwino, zimene zimatanthauzadi moyo. Kudziimira kumeneku kumalinganizidwa kuwatetezera ku chisonkhezero cha ndale zadziko. Oweruza a boma ndi oweruza olephera ndalama za ndalama za oweruza asankha. Oweruza adziko amasankhidwa ndi njira zosiyanasiyana: ena amasankhidwa ndi Booti, ena amaikidwa ndi akazembe, ndipo ena amasankhidwa ndi boma kapena ntchito yoweruza. Malamulo amasiyana kwambiri, kuchokera pa zaka 6 mpaka 12 kapena 14 chaka, ndi mayiko ambiri amene amasankhanso njira zosiyanasiyana. Ngakhale kuti oweruza amatsatira malamulo onse amasintha.

Malamulo Ofotokoza za Malamulo

Khoti lililonse lili ndi malamulo akeake a malamulo a boma. Makhoti a Federal Amatsatira malamulo a Chigawo Procediture, Federal Malamulo a Criminal Procediture, ndi Federal Regal of Umboni. Makhoti a boma ali ndi malamulo awoawo opanga malamulo, amene kaŵirikaŵiri amaikidwa pambuyo pa malamulo a boma koma angasiyane ndi mfundo zofunika kwambiri, monga ngati kutulukira malire, kuchita ntchito zoyendera, ndi njira zozenga milandu. Mwachitsanzo, makhoti a boma amafuna kuti mboni zaluso zitulukiretulidwe, pamene kuli kwakuti maboma ena ali ndi malire opereŵera kwambiri. Malamulo aumboni a boma amalola kusintha mosavuta poyerekezera ndi maumboni ena. Kusemphana kumeneku kungasonkhetse mlandu.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Mapempho ochokera ku makhoti a boma apita ku makhoti a apilo a United States, ndi khoti Lapamwamba la United States monga khoti la zipata zomalizira. Dongosolo la boma lili ndi madera 13 kuphatikizapo Federal Transport amene amayang'anira zifuno zapadera. Zifunsiro za Boma zimapita ku makhoti a a appensi (kumene kuli) ndipo kenaka ku khoti lapamwamba la boma (nthaŵi zambiri limatchedwa khoti lalikulu kapena khoti la apilo). Khoti Lapamwamba la U. Khoti lapamwambalo lingapendenso zosankha za khoti lalikulu la boma pamene lifunsa funso lolamulira boma, koma silingathe kugwetsa mafotokozedwe a khoti la boma. Mabungwe ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti lamulo lomalizira pa boma likhale ndi boma la judicary.

Kukula kwa Maonekedwe a Jury

M’milandu yachiŵeniŵeni ya boma, makhoti a boma amasiyana: maboma ena amafuna kusasankhana, pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo a boma afuna chigamulo chimodzi pokhapokha ngati mabungwewo avomereza zosiyana. M’makhoti a boma, ukulu wa khoti la khoti lachiŵeniweni kaŵirikaŵiri ndi 6 mpaka 12, koma maboma ena amalola malamulo ochepa. Malamulo a milandu a boma amasiyana: maboma ena amafunanso kusamvana, pamene ena amalola zigamu za anthu ambiri (m., 5/6 kapena 9/12) m’makhoti a boma. Malamulo a khoti a boma ayenera kugwirizana ndi kugamu kwa 12 ndipo afunikiranso kusamvana ndi zigamu 12, koma bwalo la Supt.

Mfundo za m’Malamulo ndi Mbiri

Malamulo a boma ndi a boma apangidwa ndi Malamulo a U.S. ndi mbiri ya kukhazikitsidwa kwa America. Mfundo III, Chigawo 2 chimatchula mphamvu yachiweruzo ya boma, pamene Tendith Amendment imakhazikitsa makhoti a boma onse. Malamulo, ochenjera a mphamvu zapakati, anapanga ulamuliro wa boma wokhala ndi ulamuliro wochepa wa dziko lonse wosamalira zinthu pamene kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma. Malamulo a Jeudiciary a 1789 anakhazikitsa makhoti a boma ang'onoang’ono ndi kulongosola ulamuliro wawo, kuphatikizapo kusiyanasiyana kwa kupereka uchetetete wa dziko. Pambuyo pake, boma lakula ulamuliro wa boma ndi kupitirira kwa malamulo a boma lalamulo lalamulo lalamulo lambiri. Malamulo awonjezera mphamvu za lamulo la boma pokhalo. Malamulo ambiri alephera kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma, malamulo a boma, malamulo a boma ndi malamulo a boma a boma lopangitsa ufulu wa anthu.

Mabuku Othandiza a Ophunzira ndi Aphunzitsi

Kwa ophunzira ophunzira za boma kapena lamulo, kumvetsetsa kugaŵikana kwa ulamuliro kumathandizira kumveketsa chifukwa chake nkhani zina zimamvedwa m’makhoti ena. Mwachitsanzo, nchifukwa ninji sukulu yotchuka inali mlandu wa kulekana kwa boma Brown v. Bungwe la Maphunziro [ [1954] [194]) yoikidwa m'khoti la boma? Chifukwa chakuti imakhudzana ndi lamulo la boma la boma, kugaŵana ndi mabwalo a dziko, monga ngati kuti O. Simpson apandu (makhoti) potsatira kuyesedwa kwa anthu (mabwalo lamilandu). Kuphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa milandu yachitukuko (kusiyana kwa ufulu, ngakhale kuti mlandu wa chigamu chachikhalidwe chachiweniweni?

Kumaliza

Kuzindikira kusiyana pakati pa ulamuliro wa boma ndi ulamuliro wa boma n’kofunika kwambiri pomvetsa kuvuta kwa malamulo a United States. Mwa kuzindikira kuti ndi khoti liti limene lili ndi ulamuliro pa nkhani zina, ophunzira, aphunzitsi, ndi akatswiri a zamalamulo angayendetse bwino makambitsirano alamulo, zofufuza, ndi mikangano yeniyeni ya dziko. Chidziŵitso chimenechi sichimangothandiza pa maphunziro a zamaphunziro okha komanso chimalimbikitsa unzika wodziŵa bwino. Kugawana ulamuliro kumasonyeza kuti pali dongosolo lalamulo limene limalinganiza mgwirizano wa dziko ndi boma, kutsimikizira kuti makhoti ambiri alamulo amathetsa mapangano a anthu amene amatumikira. Pamene nkhani zalamulo zikupitirizabe kutembenuza dziko lapansi mowonjezereka, kukambirana pakati pa boma ndi makhoti aakulu a dziko la America ndi bwalo la boma la America, kudzakhalabe mbali yofunika kwambiri.

kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa ulamuliro wa boma, onani [[FLT: 1] Chidziŵitso cha Malamulo cha bungwe la boma la boma, kumira mozama m'mabwalo amilandu, chezerani [[FLT:] Center ya Boma [[FLT:]; kaamba ka mbiri ya Chikalata cha Jeudiary Act of 1789, fufuzani za Malo a Malamulo [[FLT:]; ndi ziŵerengero zaposachedwapa za khoti, onani [FLT:] Project project .[FLT]