Chiyambi: Kugwirizana kwa Boma monga Chopinga pa Ufulu wa Chiŵeniŵeni

Chiphunzitso chimenechi chinachokera ku bungwe la 11th Amend Amendment , lomwe linayambitsa kutetezera chuma cha boma ndi kuteteza boma. Chiphunzitsochi chinakonzedwa kuteteza chuma cha boma ndi kuteteza ufulu wa boma. Komabe, pankhani za ufulu wachibadwidwe, nkhani zokhudza achinyamata / otetezedwa ndi mabungwe awo, zingayambitse zopinga zoopsa. Juveniles, amene amadalira pa madongosolo a boma ogwirizanitsidwa ndi boma monga sukulu za boma, mabungwe a zaumoyo wa anthu onse, ndi zipinda za audindo, kaŵirikaŵiri amafunafuna kubwezeretsa ufulu walamulo pa malamulo a boma. Komabe, nthaŵi zambiri otetezerawo amavomereza nkhanizo popanda kugwiritsa ntchito kopatula. Nkhaniyi imapenda chiphunzitso cha ufulu wa ufulu wa ufulu wa anthu, kutetezera ufulu wa ana, kupambana, ndi kuteteza ufulu wa kuchirikiza ufulu wa kumenyera ufulu wa anthu.

Kuzindikira kugwirizana kwa ufulu wa kudzitetezera kwa ufulu wa odzilamulira ndi achichepere nkofunika kwa aliyense woloŵetsedwa m’lamulo la maphunziro, chilungamo cha achichepere, kapena kuyenera kwa ana. Popanda kumvetsetsa chiphunzitso chimenechi, ngakhale zonena za ufulu wachibadwidwe wamphamvu kwambiri zingatsutsidwe. Chitso chofutukulidwa chimenechi chimapereka kulongosola kokwanira kwa malo alamulo, kupereka chidziŵitso chogwira ntchito kwa ochiritsa ndi kupenda mwatsatanetsatane malamulo amene amalamulira nkhani zoterozo.

Kumvetsa Umodzi wa Boma: Chiyambi ndi Msinkhu

Lingaliro la kutetezera ufulu ku United States silidzatengedwa kubwerera ku lamulo la Chingelezi, kumene Chisoti sichingaperekedwe mlandu popanda chilolezo chake. Ku United States, Demendment ya khumi ndi mmodzi inakhazikitsa lamulo limeneli pamlingo wa boma, ikumapereka: “Ulamuliro wa Chiŵeruzo wa United States sudzatengedwa kuwonjezera ku mchitidwe uliwonse wa lamulo kapena kulinganiza, kuyambitsidwa kapena kuweruzidwa ndi nzika za United States ndi nzika ina, kapena ndi nzika kapena ndi nzika za dziko lina. Ngakhale kuti malembawo amaoneka kukhala asuti, Suprement Reformation ya kutembenuza kuti asunge lamulo lotsutsana ndi nzika zake, mofanana ndi nzika zake, pansi pa chiphunzitso chachikulu cha ufulu wa kudzilamulira. Onani [FLD:] CERNEll Institute of Legamentation formation progamentation .[FFFFF]

Chiphunzitsochi chimafalikira osati ku boma lokha komanso ku mabungwe a boma ndi madipatimenti amene amaonedwa kukhala “magulu a boma.” Ngati bungwe loyenerera monga dzanja la boma limadalira pa zinthu monga kuyendetsa boma, magwero a ndalama zake, ndi ngati chigamulo chingaperekedwe kuchokera ku chuma cha boma. Mwachitsanzo, yunivesite kapena bungwe la boma lowongolera zinthu n’lotetezeka, pamene kuli kwakuti chigawo cha boma kapena chigawo cha sukulu sichikudalira (chifukwa chakuti ndizo zigawenga zandale zadziko, osati boma lenileni). Kusiyanitsa kumeneku n’kovuta m'nkhani zachibwana: ngati woweruzidwayo ndi bungwe (mg., boma losungidwa ndi la achichepere), kulanditsa; ngati kuli koikiridwa kwa sukulu kapena kokhala koyang'anira, kaŵirikaŵiri sikuli kogwirizana ndi kopuluputira kapena kotsatira.

Cholinga cha kudzitetezera kwa ufulu ndicho kutetezera chuma cha boma ku kutha kwa milandu ya boma, mwakutero kusungitsa ufulu ndi kulinganiza kwa ulamuliro pakati pa maboma a boma ndi boma. Komabe, chiphunzitsocho chasulizidwa chifukwa cha kusiya anthu osavuta kwambiri . Kuphatikizapo osoŵa mankhwala a kuswa lamulo lalamulo. Monga chotulukapo, Congress ndi makhoti apanga zinthu zingapo zimene zimalola mitundu ina ya zonena kuchita mosasamala kanthu za ulamuliro wa boma.

Kutsutsa Kusintha kwa Ndandandakhumi ndi Chisanu ndi Chimodzi

Khoti Lapamwamba lapereka malangizo a ufulu wodzitetezera pa zigamulo zambiri, kugwirizanitsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kwa nthaŵi. Hans v. Louisiana (1890), Khoti linavomereza kuti Kusintha kwa Khumi ndi Lachisanu ndi chiŵiri kumaletsa boma ndi anthu ake m'bwalo la boma, ngakhale kuti malemba a kukonza zinthuzo sanena tsatanetsatane. Pambuyo pake, mu mbali [Young's Young (1908), Khoti likupanga kulekana kowopsa: kuyembekezera kuperekedwa kwa akuluakulu a boma otsutsa lamulo la boma. Chivomerezo sichikuonedwa kukhala choyenerera boma. Chigawochi cha bomachi. Chikalatachichi chimene chimaswa ulamuliro cha bomachika

Chiphunzitso chamakono chodzitetezera chinakhazikika m'zochitika zonga SEMINOLE FURL v. Florida (1996], chimene chinanena kuti Congress sangakhoze kutetezera boma kwaufulu pansi pa mfundo yake yamphamvu I (m., Commerce Classionale) pokhapo ngati ikuchita zomasuntha 5 ya Demetric. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti malamulo ambiri a boma oikidwa pansi pa mfundo za boma I sangathe kuchotsapo lamulolo popanda kukhazikitsa malamulo a 14.

Milandu ya Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni Imakhudza Chisumbu cha Juveniles: Malo Otakata

Zipatala zimagwirizana ndi boma m’njira zambiri zimene zingapangitse anthu kunena kuti ndi oyenerera ufulu wachibadwidwe.

  • [[FLT: 0] Kuphunzitsa: Amanena pansi pa Associal Act of Directive Education Act (IDEA), Chigawo 504 cha Lamulo la Rehabilitation, Umutwe II wa Aamereka Wokhala ndi Chilema Act (ADA), ndi Umutwe IX wa Kusintha kwa Maphunziro kwa 1972. Malamulo ameneŵa amatetezera ophunzira ku tsankho ndi kutsimikizira mautumiki oyenerera a maphunziro. Olamulira kaŵirikaŵiri amabuka pamene madipatimenti a boma a maphunziro kapena masukulu ovomerezedwa ndi boma.
  • Juvenile Deontact ndi Kuwongolera: Mikhalidwe ya kutsekeredwa imavuta kugwiritsira ntchito kutsekeredwa kwaumwini, mphamvu yopambanitsa, kulephera kusamala zamankhwala, ndi kulephera kutetezera ana ku chiwawa. Malamulo a Descratic Claus ndi Externeth Amendment (kupyolera mu 149) amapereka njira zothandizira, koma ufulu wa munthu wodzilamulira ungaletsere boma.
  • Welfare : [[FLT :1] amanena kuti amalamulo otetezera ana a boma olephera kutetezera ana ku nkhanza kapena kuchotsa . Zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimaphatikizapo zinenezo za kuswa malamulo oyenerera pamapeto pa Demetrie ya 14.
  • Kutsutsana: Malamulo amatchula tsankho la fuko, chisembwere, kapena ulema ndi akuluakulu a boma kapena mabungwe, monga chilango chosasinthika m'masukulu kapena polishi ya achichepere.

M’nkhani zimenezi, kupezeka kwa woimbidwa mlandu wa boma kumadzutsa kufufuza kaya ngati akugwira ntchito ya ulamuliro wa kudzitetezera kwa munthu aliyense, ndipo ngati nditero, kaya sutiyo ilongedwe.

Chifukwa Chake Umodzi Wolamulira Uli Vuto Kwa Ang’onoang’ono

Mabanja a boma ali pakati pa anthu otetezeka kwambiri. Iwo kaŵirikaŵiri alibe chuma, chidziŵitso, ndi kuimira kwalamulo kofunikira kuyang'anira chitetezo chovuta cha pulojekiti. Ndiponso, boma kaŵirikaŵiri ndilo limakhala ndi thayo lenileni la kusunga ana, maphunziro, kapena chitetezo. Pamene bomalo liswa ufulu wawo, chiphunzitso cha kutetezera kudziko chingawonjezere kuvulazako mwa kuwamana kupempha kuti apezeko thandizo. Mwachitsanzo, wachinyamata amene amavutika ndi nkhanza yaikulu m'ndende ya boma, angapeze kuti suti ya kutetezeredwa ndi chitetezero chachifumu, pamene kuli kwakuti suti ya chithandizo cha mu junk (monga lamulo loletsa nkhanzayo) nlotheka pokhapo pansi pa [FLD:0] Mbali yaching'ono [FF:] [FLD] [121] [pamodzi]

Ndiponso, malamulo ambiri a boma otetezera ufulu wa anthu a achichepere . monga ngati IDEA ndi ADA .requre amanena kuti akuvomereza kukhala ngati wolandira ndalama za boma. Komabe, maboma angachotse kapena kuchepetsa chivomerezo chimenecho, ndipo Khoti Lapamwamba laletsa kutetezera kokhala ndi vuto pansi pa malamulo ena. Zimenezi zimapanga ndandanda ya chitetezo imene imasiyana ndi boma ndi mtundu wa zonena.

Zolephera Zoikidwa ndi Kulephera kwa Mfumu Yolamulira pa Zonena za Kulephera kwa Agogo

Pamene mwana kapena woimira wake apanga mlandu wa ufulu wa anthu m'khoti la boma, woimbidwa mlandu (bungwe kapena nduna) angadzutse chitetezo cha ufulu wa kudziimira monga chotetezera. Ngati wotetezerayo apambana, khoti liyenera kukana mlanduwo chifukwa cha kusoŵa ulamuliro wa munthu. Zimenezi zingachitike pa kalabu, asanatulukire kapena asanatsimikize. Zoletsa zotsatirazi zimapezedwa kaŵirikaŵiri:

  • Kuwononga Zonena: Kuletsa kutetezera Kolamulira kwa Dziko kumaletsa dala supu ya zivulazo za ndalama kwa boma kapena akuluakulu ake a ntchito yawo (chifukwa chakuti ziwombolo zotero zingalipidwe kuchokera ku chosungiramo ndalama cha boma). Izi ndizo zopinga zazikulu, monga momwe achichepere ovulazidwa ndi kachitidwe ka boma kaŵirikaŵiri amafunira malipiro kaamba ka zowonongedwa zamankhwala, kupweteka ndi kuvutika, kapena kuvulazidwa ndi maphunziro.
  • [[FLT :0] Adansi ya Chipulumutso Chopimira : [[FLT :1] Apidola ofunafuna kukonza kupwidwa ndi zigamulo zammbuyo kapena zowonongeka zapambuyo pake amaletsedwa kaŵirikaŵiri. Kokha oyembekezera kupatsidwa chithandizo cha mu inde (m.g., lamulo la kusintha malamulo kapena njira yopitira patsogolo) amaloledwa pansi pa mbali ya Young .
  • Bar mu Boma: [[FLT :1] Khoti Lapamwamba lavomereza kuti chitetezo cha kudziimira paokha limagwiranso ntchito m’khoti la boma pamene boma lazengedwa mlandu pansi pa lamulo la boma, pokhapo ngati boma lakhala ndi chitetezo chopitikitsidwa. Onani Alden v. Maine (1999). Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti achichepere sangachotse chiphunzitsocho mwa kungotsekera m’khoti la boma.
  • Bar Againts Pansi pa Chigawo 1983:[FLT:] 42 U.S.C. ■ 1983 ndi galimoto yoyamba yoperekera lamulo la boma ndi ufulu wa boma kwa oseŵera a boma. Komabe, Bwalo Lapamwamba losungidwa mu . Department of State Police [19989] kuti boma siliri “loyenera kuyendera limodzi pansi pa 2016. Chifukwa chake, chigawo 1983 chimanena za chiwombolo pa boma kapena mabungwe ake n’choletsedwa ndi otetezedwa ndi boma. Zonena zotsutsana ndi akuluakulu a boma pa udindo wawo siziletsedwa (kutetezedwa kwenikweni kuli koyenerera).

Kupereŵera kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti pa milandu ya achichepere ambiri ya ufulu wachibadwidwe, njira yokha yokhoza kutsogolera ndiyo kuweruza akuluakulu a boma paokha m’kukhoza kwawo kwaudindo pansi pa Expate Young [. Ngakhale, kuchonderera kosamalitsa kumafunikira kuti apeŵe kuchotsedwa.

Zolekanitsa ndi Zopinga: Njira Zozungulira Mfumu

Kwa ochirikiza ufulu wachibadwidwe a achichepere, kumvetsetsa njira zimenezi nkofunika kwambiri kuti anthu apitirizebe kunena kuti n’zamoyo.

Kusintha Kochitidwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo Pansi pa Chigawo 5 cha Lamulo la 14

Congress ingasunge chitetezero cha boma ngati chichita zimenezo mosabisa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito lamulo lopatsa mphamvu zimene zimagonjetsa boma. Khoti Lapamwamba lanena kuti lamulo lokha loperekedwa pansi pa Chigawo 5 cha Demendment . Limene limapatsa Nyumba za Malamulo mphamvu yotsimikizira chitsimikizo cha Demendment . Motsimikizirika, kuletsa kulephera kutetezera boma pasuti ya khoti la boma. Malamulo anaperekedwa pansi pa malamulo I (Commerce Clause, Pellme, etc.) Sangapereke chikalata cha kukhazikitsa. [FL:0] Florida Paradient Post Secrateal Relation Coult Board v. Kusunga Bank .

Zitsanzo za malamulo amene avomerezedwa kukhala oyenera pa Gawo 5 zimaphatikizapo Umutwe II wa Ada Wokhala ndi Ulema Act (monga amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulowa m'makhoti ndi mautumiki ena a anthu onse) ndi Family and Medical Let Act (monga ngati kusamala banja kumasiya kukondera kwa amuna ndi akazi). Pamfundo zachinyamata, Zigawo II za ADA zingalole machitidwe owononga maboma chifukwa cha tsankho m'masukulu a anthu onse kapena m'mabwalo, malinga ndi kuphwanya ufulu wa 1495 Demendmentment. Komabe, malamulo a kulerako akukhalabe a ndewu, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri angafunikire kusonyezedwa kwa “kachitidwe kopanda masumo a ja. Mlandulo isanafike kulola masuti. Nkhani yotsogolera ndiyo [FL: 09] Maseti a sukulu otsende. Lan: [2001]

2. Kusokonezeka kwa Mabanja

Maboma angachotseretu modzifunira chitetezo chawo cha mbuye, kaya mwalamulo kapena makonzedwe alamulo kapena tsatanetsatane (mwakulandira ndalama za boma ndi mkhalidwe wowonekera bwino umene akuvomereza). Maboma ambiri achita machitachita akuti kutetezera ku mitundu ina ya zonena, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi zikalata zokhala ndi zikalata zowatetezera, monga ngati chidziŵitso cha zonena za munthu m'kanthaŵi kochepa. Mwachitsanzo, mwana wovulazidwa ndi wantchito wa boma angasunge pansi pa boma kuti achitepo kanthu. Ndiponso, pamene boma lilandira ndalama pansi pa zifanizo zonga IEA kapena Thik, mikhalidwe ya ndalama kaŵirikaŵiri imafunikira kutetezera monga ngati kuti akudzitetezera pansi pa malamulowo. Onani [FOL:]

M'nkhani za achichepere, wokonda kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri wopalamulayo amachitidwa kudzera mu IEA, imene imafuna kuti boma lipereke maphunziro apadera povomereza ku khoti la boma. Mofananamo, Amutu wa IX akufunsira kwa olandira ndalama za maphunziro a boma, kuphatikizapo mayunivesite a boma ndi masukulu ena a K-12 ngati agwiritsidwa ndi boma. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa ntchito ya kuchepetsa pansi pa lamulo la boma la Claus kuli ndi malire a njira yothetsera lamulo yakutiyakuti ikhale yokha ndipo sikuletsa kutetezera mapangano ena.

3. Opatukana Ochepa

Mwinamwake chosiyana chofunika kwambiri m'kuperekedwa kwa ufulu wa ana ndicho kukhoza kuweruza akuluakulu a boma m’malo awo alamulo kuti apeze mpumulo woyembekezera kuchotsapo kuswa lamulo la boma. Pansi pa Ex pate Young , nduna ya boma imene ikuswa lamulo la boma imalingaliridwa kukhala yochita zinthu mosemphana ndi ulamuliro wa boma, ndipo motero suyenera kutsutsana ndi boma.

Kwa ana, kulekana kumeneku kumagwiritsiridwa ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri m'malamulo osintha zinthu, monga ngati mikhalidwe yovuta m'ndende za ana a boma kapena kukakamiza kutsata ziyeneretso za ITEA. Mwachitsanzo, kachitidwe ka gulu konena kuti ndende yachinyamata yothamanga ya boma imagwiritsira ntchito kutsekera kopambanitsa m'kuswa malamulo a Eight ndi 1450 Demendments kangachitidwe motsutsana ndi mkulu wa ndende pansi pa Exte Young ngakhale kuti boma lenilenilo liri lotetezera.

4. Zotsatira Zotsutsana ndi Maboma ndi Akuluakulu a Maboma

Nkofunika kudziŵa kuti kutetezera chitetezo cha ufulu kwa boma sikumatetezera oyang'anira, magawo a sukulu, kapena mabungwe ena a boma. Mgwirizano wa 11 wowonjezerawu umagwira ntchito kokha ku maboma ndi manja awo. Chifukwa chake, kuweruza bungwe la sukulu lakumaloko, malo a ana a m'dziko (ngati agwiridwa ndi boma), kapena bungwe la apolisi la boma silimaletsedwa ndi chitetezo cha boma. Komabe, mabungwe ameneŵa angapereke chitetezo china, ndipo amalingaliridwa kukhala “achilamulo cha chigawo cha 1983. Ana ambiri a za ufulu wa anthu amaikidwa pa zigawo za sukulu kapena mabungwe a zaumoyo wa ana kuti apeŵe chitseko cha ufulu wa boma.

Kusamalira Ochirikiza Ufulu wa Anthu m’Makhoti a Chiŵeniŵeni

Poona kuti kuteteza ana kuti asadziike paokha n’kovuta, maloya oimira achinyamata ayenera kupenda mosamala anthu oimbidwa mlandu ndi zochititsa zake asanalembe zovala.

  • [[FLT: 0] Kuzindikiritsa Chisungiko Cholondola: Ngati boma liri lotetezereka, lingalirani za kusumira mabungwe a boma akwanuko (chigawo cha sukulu, chigawo, mzinda ,) ngati adaphatikizidwa. Ndiponso, akulu a boma okhala ndi mphamvu ya kukhoza kwawo kwa chivulazo (kugonjera ku kuchinjiriza koyenerera) ndi m’mphamvu yawo yalamulo ya kupatsa mpumulo pansi pa Ex kachigawo kachiŵiri ka achichepere .
  • Funani Kuthetsa Malamulo Kumene Kumafunikira: Malamulo ena, monga ngati IDEA ndi Chikalata cha Ndende Chosintha (PLRA), amafunikira kutulutsa mankhwala auyang'anira asanasunge suti. Kulephera kutulutsa utsi kungatulutse kuchotsedwa.
  • Ogwirizana ndi Federal Funding Making : Pamene boma lilandira ndalama za boma ndi malamulo owonekera bwino othandizira otetezera, kuti wotetezerayo angapemphedwe. Uphungu uyenera kufufuza ngati boma lalandira ndalama pansi pa IEA, Umutwe IX, 76 504, kapena ADA ndi kaya lawononga kwambiri chitetezo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Malongosoledwe a Malamulo a Kuswa Kosatha: Kugwiritsira ntchito Kuchotsapo Young [[FLT: 3], kudandaula kuyenera kutchula kuswa kosalekeza kwa lamulo la boma ndi kupempha kuchepetsa koyembekezeredwa. Kuswa malamulo kwapapitapo kokha sikuli kokwanira.
  • Ganizirani za Malamulo a Boma: Ngakhale kuti chitetezo cha boma chimagwiranso ntchito m'makhoti a boma pansi pa Alden v. Maine, maboma ena ali ndi chitetezo chopinikiritsidwa m'makhoti awo. Kuwonjezerapo, malamulo a boma angapitirize ngati boma lavomereza. Kuzengedwa m’khoti la boma kungalolenso kutsutsa boma pansi pa lamulo la boma, lolamulidwa ndi malamulo.
  • Seŵererani Chigawo 1983 Against Augnative in Issagements :[FLT :1] Ngakhale ngati boma silikutetezereka, wachichepere angapereke mlandu wa boma kaamba ka chivulazo mu 2016 1983. Mkuluyo angadzutse chitetezo choyeneretsedwa, koma ngati kuyenerako kunakhazikitsidwa bwino, chinenezocho chikhoza kupitiriza. Ichi chiri chiŵiya champhamvu chochititsa nduna za maulamuliro kuŵerengera mlandu wa kuswa lamulo konga mphamvu yopambanitsa m'ndende kapena kusasamala kwadala kaamba ka zosoŵa zamankhwala.

Zochitika Zaposachedwapa ndi Nkhani Zochititsa Chidwi

Zigamulo zingapo zaposachedwapa za khoti Lapamwamba ndi zapansi zasintha malo a chitetezo cha ufulu wodzilamulira m'nkhani za achichepere. Mwachitsanzo, mu Allen v. Cooper (2020), Khoti Loyang'anira linachepetsa mphamvu ya bungwe la Leavention ku chitetezero cha boma pansi pa Couble Act Claus, koma mlanduwo unatsimikiziranso kufunika kwa Chigawo 5 cha lamulo. M'MAGWIRIDWERE OLENA OLENGEDWA (20))) anakhulupirira kuti njira yofikira yofanana ndi kulowa m'po ya kumanja sikungagwirizanitsidwa ndi malamulo otsutsana ndi Susprey Claus, kukwaniritsa malire a kupambana kumene kulipo.

Mbali ina yofunika ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito IDEA wainer. Khoti Lalikulu mu Fry ku . Napoleon Community Schools (2017) inafotokoza kugwirizana pakati pa IDEA ndi ADA, poona kuti ofufuzawo angabweretse matenda a ADA popanda mankhwala otopetsa ngati sakufuna chithandizo pansi pa IDEA. Chigamuchi chimapangitsa achinyamata okhala ndi zopunduka kufunafuna chithandizo chachikulu pansi pa ADA, chimene chingaphatikizepo zowononga ngati kulira kwa ADA kuli koyenera.

Makhoti ang'onoang'ono akupitirizabe kulimbana ndi kuchuluka kwa mutu wa II ADA kutsegulidwa monga momwe kukutanthauza kutsekera ana. Komiti yachiŵiri, mu Dean v. Yunivesite ku Buffalo School of Medicine (2015]), imatsutsa kuti Ditut II imatetezera ufulu waukulu wokhudzana ndi kupezeka m'khoti. Ochirikiza ayenera kupenda chitsanzo cha m'dera lawo pa nkhani zachigamulo cha achichepere.

Kumaliza: Kusankha Ulamuliro Wolamulira Kuti Utetezere Ufulu wa Ansembe

Kulimbana ndi ufulu wa boma kudakali chopinga chachikulu m'nkhani za ufulu wachibadwidwe zophatikizapo achichepere, koma siingalephereke. Kumvetsetsa chiyambi cha chiphunzitsocho, kulephera kwake, ndi kuchuluka kwa zopinga ndi zopinga zimene zilipo nzofunika kuti zithandize kwambiri anthu oimbidwa mlandu. Mwakusankha mosamala mabungwe akwawo mmalo mwa mabungwe a boma, kutchula akuluakulu a boma pa udindo wawo, ndi kufunafuna zimene angayembekezere kuti apeze chithandizo pansi pa mbali ya Young [FLT:] [1] [maselveney] kaŵirikaŵiri angagonjetse chitetezo. Kuwonjezerapo, kugwiritsa ntchito malo a boma ndi kulengeza malamulo monga IDA, ADA, ndi IX ingapereke njira zopereke chithandizo zimene zaufulu.

Zinsinsi za achichepere nzapamwamba. Iwo ali ndi ufulu wa kutetezera koikidwiratu, maphunziro oyenera, kuchitiridwa chifundo m'ndende, ndi ufulu wa kusankhidwa. Kuchinjiriza kolamulira sikuyenera kukhala chitetezero chosatha chimene chimasiya achicheperewa popanda kubwerera. Mwa kumasulira kwapadera ndi kuzindikira kwakukulu kwa malamulo, ochirikiza ufulu wa achichepere pamene akusamalira zikondwerero za boma zalamulo poyang'anira nkhani zawo zachuma. Monga momwe lamulo likupitirizira kuyambitsa ndi kutetezera kwa gulu la anthu pansi pa chigawo cha 145 Confrection . [FFF:] OFFF: [F] ndi zigamu zamakono:]