Ntchito ya Utundu m’Kusintha Mapwando a Magulu Onyamula Chiyeneretso a ku Japan

Utundu wakhala mphamvu yosonkhezera kwa nthaŵi yaitali m'ndale zadziko za Japan, makamaka pakati pa magulu onyamula padera. Kuyambira ku Meiji Reconsoletion mpaka tsiku lamakono, malingaliro autundu asonkhezera zigamulo za malamulo pa kaimidwe kankhondo, kusintha kogwirizana ndi lamulo, mbiri yakale, ndi maunansi a dziko lonse. Pamene kuli kwakuti utundu ungayambitse kunyada ndi ulamuliro wa dziko, umayambitsanso mikangano ndi maiko oyandikana nawo ndipo umasokoneza mbali ya dziko lonse la Japan. Nkhaniyi ikupenda mmene utundu wasintha mipambo ya magulu ankhondo a ku Japan onyamula kuyenera, mbali zazikulu za malamulo ameneŵa, ndi ziyambukiro zawo pa nkhani za m'dziko ndi maiko akunja.

Maziko a Mbiri Yakale a Utundu wa Japan

Utundu wa ku Japan unatulukira monga mphamvu yaikulu mkati mwa Meiji Reconsole (1868-1912), pamene dzikolo linapanga mofulumira ndi kukhazikitsa boma lake. Atsogoleri anachirikiza umodzi wa dziko ndi kunyada kwa maulamuliro a Kumadzulo. Malamulo a Meiji a 1889 adatembenuza mfumu kukhala chizindikiro cha boma, ndipo Chishinto cha boma chinagwiritsiridwa ntchito kukulitsa kukhulupirika ndi chizindikiritso cha dziko. Utundu wochirikiza utundu unathera kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 20 ndi kugonjetsa kwa Taiwan (18595), kulanda Korea (1910), ndi kuukirana kwa nkhondo ku China ndi ku Southeast Asia mkati mwa 1930 ndi 1930.1940.

Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yadziko II, kugonjetsedwa kwa Japan kunatsogolera ku kuikidwa kwa malamulo a nkhondo oikidwa ndi bungwe la Ogwirizana . Mfundo 9 inakana nkhondo ndi kuletsa kusungitsa nkhondo ndi kuthekera kwa nkhondo. Komabe, malingaliro autundu anapitirizabe, makamaka pakati pa atsogoleri apamwamba osunga mwambo omwe anawona malamulo alamulo kukhala achilendo. M'nyengo ya nkhondo ya nkhondoyo, magulu ochirikiza kumanja kwa ochirikiza Democratic Party (LDP), amene alamulira kwa nthaŵi zambiri chiyambi cha 1955, adafuna kukonzanso kapena kumasulira malamulo ameneŵa kuti abwezeretsenso chitetezo cha dziko ndi malamulo owopsa kwambiri a maiko ena.

Mbali Zazikulu za Chigwirizano cha Utundu Woyenera

Kugogomezera Uchifumu wa Dziko

Magulu onyamula chifumu ku Japan amagogomezera mosalekeza kufunika kwa ulamuliro wa dziko, kaŵirikaŵiri kukhazikitsa mapangano ndi mabungwe a mitundu yonse kukhala ziwopsezo za ufulu wa Japani . Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kukayikira Mitundu Yogwirizana, kusuliza zolingaliridwa kukhala zododometsa za kumaiko ena m'maphunziro kapena mbiri za mbiri yakale, ndi kutsutsa maulamuliro a maiko. Mutu wa ulamuliro umamveketsanso m'makambitsirano a Senkaku / Diaoyu Islands, ndi ochirikiza dziko la Japan motsutsana ndi kutsutsana kulikonse ndi China.

Kusintha Mbiri

Chizindikiro cha utundu wa ku Japan wochirikiza kulondola ndi kubwereranso m'mbiri . Kuyesa kumasuliranso zochita za nkhondo za Japan motsimikizirika kapena mochepera. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kupeputsa kapena kukana nkhanza zonga Nanking Massacre, kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa "Akazi," ndi maupandu ena ankhondo. Andale ndi akatswiri amatsutsa kuti mbiri ya Japan yasonyezedwa molakwa ndi "maschist" mabuku ndi osuliza achilendo. Monga chotulukapo chake, magulu ochirikiza bwino ntchito zophunzirira, maulendo ku Yasukuni Shrice (imene imatamanda nkhondo kuphatikizapo zigawenga zankhondo) ndi kuchotsedwa kwa kupepesa kochitidwa ndi maboma apitawo.

Chigwirizano chakunja: Kaamba ka kufupikitsidwa kwa maphunziro a kukonzanso mbiri mu Japan, onani " The Politics of History ku Japan: Reformist and the Comfort Women Issue" yolembedwa ndi Miklowick Kim (Asiya-Pacific Journal).

Kulimbikitsa Kusintha kwa Nkhondo ndi Malamulo

Magulu onyamula maluŵa a kumanja amaumirira mosalekeza kuti pakhale asilikali aakulu, okhoza kwambiri ndi ovuta kwambiri pa Mfundo 9 kuti alole gulu lankhondo la kudzifera lokha ndi lamphamvu. Pansi pa utsogoleri wa Shinzo Abe (062006-2007 ndi 2012-2020), LDP inakhazikitsa malamulo mu 2015 kuti ilole Japan kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo 9 yodzilamulira okha m’mikhalidwe yopereŵera. Maboma amaona zimenezi kukhala sitepe yokhudza ntchito yankhondo ya dziko la Japan, ndipo amalola kuti ikhale ndi phande lowonjezereka m'machitidwe a zachitetezo ndi mayanjano a United States, makamaka ndi magulu ena, monga Japan Redvetion Partition (Nipon - non Kai), amatchedwanso kuti ndi anthu atsopano popanda chisonthokoso ku Japan.

Chigwirizano chakunja: Council on Foreign Relations imapereka kusanthula koyenera kwa mkangano wa chisungiko wa Japan: [[FLT: 0]" Constreliacts ndi Constitution" ya ku Japan.

Kusunga Chikhalidwe Ndiponso Kudziwika kwa Dziko

Malamulo a dzikolo amagogomezeranso kusungidwa kwa chikhalidwe cha Japan, chinenero, ndi miyambo . Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kupititsa patsogolo dongosolo la mfumu, miyambo ya chiShinto ya boma, ndi maluso a mwambo. Magulu olondola kaŵirikaŵiri amatsutsa kusamuka ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, kutsutsa kuti amachepetsa chizindikiritso cha dziko. Amachirikiza malamulo okhwima a unzika ndi miyezo ya kulanda anthu achilendo. M'maphunziro, iwo amalimbikitsa maphunziro a makhalidwe abwino ndi maphunziro a dziko la dziko la dziko lawo amene amagogomezera kukonda ndi kulemekeza mfumu.

Utundu wa Zachuma

Ngakhale kuti si nthaŵi zonse pamene kusumika maganizo pa zautundu kumachitikanso m'mapulatifomu onyamula katundu woyenerera. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo malamulo otetezera malonda, kuchirikiza maindasitale a m’nyumba, ndi kukayikira mapangano aulere amene angapindulitse China kapena South Korea. Magulu a Nationalist nthaŵi zina amatsutsa Trans-Pacificial Parneshipship (TP) kapena mabizinesi ena osiyanasiyana, kutsutsana ndi kuswa ulamuliro wa zachuma wa Japan. Komabe, utundu wa zachuma umachepetsedwa kwambiri poyerekezera ndi miyambo ya zamalonda ndi chitetezo, makamaka ku LDP, imene inachirikiza malonda a m'mbuyomu.

Chiyambukiro pa Kachitidwe ka Panyumba

Kuyesayesa kwa Kukonzanso Malamulo

Chiyambukiro chachindunji kwambiri cha chisonkhezero cha dziko ndicho kukakamiza kopitirizabe kukonzanso Malamulo a ku Japan. LDP yafalitsa masinthidwe a kukonzanso kuyambira m'ma 1990, zonse zimene zinapereka masinthidwe ku Nkhani 9, 96, ndi zina. Mu 2020, Abe adafuna kuwonjezera mawu kuti atsimikizire bwino mfundo za kudziimira kwa kudziimira kwaumwini ndi mphamvu ya kuyendetsa nthambi ya boma.

Maphunziro ndi Zolembedwa Zakale

Mabuku ovomerezedwa ndi boma akhala malo omenyera nkhondo malingaliro a dziko. Andale a ndale a m'bungwe afuna kuti mabuku achepetse zilozero za nkhanza za nthaŵi ya nkhondo ndipo mmalo mwake agogomezera zipambano za Japan za pambuyo pa nkhondo. Unduna wa Maphunziro, umene umasonyeza, kaŵirikaŵiri wakhala wogwirizana ndi kukonzanso kwa utundu, kutsogolera ku kusulizidwa kwa akatswiri a mbiri yakale a m'dziko ndi maiko. Mwachitsanzo, njira ya kupenda ya 2014 inachititsa mabuku amene anapeputsa njira ya "Tchasur", kuyambitsa chitsutso ku South Korea ndi China.

Chigwirizano cha Kunja: Lipoti lolembedwa ndi Human Rights Watch limafotokoza chiyambukiro cha kukonzanso kochitidwa m'bukhu: [[FLT: 0]" Leans Women ndi Japan’s Nationalistic Turn" .[FLT: 1]

Kachisi wa Yasukuni ndi Ndale Zophiphiritsira

Atsogoleri ndi mamembala a kabungwe kaja apita ku Yasukuni Shrine ndi chizindikiro champhamvu cha dziko. Malo akachisiwo amalemekeza pafupifupi 2.5 miliyoni ankhondo yakufa, kuphatikizapo 14 apandu ankhondo a gulu. Maulendo a akuluakulu, makamaka Ale mu 2013, amaonedwa kukhala kuvomereza mbiri yokonzanso ndi kudzutsa chitsutso champhamvu ku China ndi South Korea. Magulu onyamula anthu oyenerera amatetezera maulendowa monga nkhani yokhudza nkhondo ya dzikolo yafa ndi kukana kutsutsa kutsutsa kwa maiko ena monga choloŵerera m'nkhani za m'kati mwa dzikolo. Mkanganowu uku uku ukusintha maunansi ndi kuzindikira kwa anthu ku Japan kumaiko akunja.

Chiyambukiro pa Lamulo la Mayiko Ena

Ubwenzi ndi China ndi South Korea

Malamulo a dziko asokoneza mobwerezabwereza maunansi a Japan ndi anansi ake. Zilango za mbiri yakale, zodzutsidwa ndi mawu obwerezabwereza ndi maulendo a kachisi, zimayambitsa kusadalirana. Mikangano yachipembedzo pa Senkaku / Diayu yakula ndi zisumbu za dziko, kupangitsa kulolerana kwa ndale zadziko kwa boma la Japan. Mofananamo, kutonthoza kwa akazi kumakhalabe pochititsa mkangano ndi South Korea, mosasamala kanthu za chivomerezo cha 2015 chakuti anthu ambiri ku South Korea amaona kukhala osakwanira. Magulu onyamula anthu kaŵirikaŵiri amatsutsa kupepesa kapena chiwongo, akutsutsa kuti Japan ayamba kale kulankhula nkhani zimenezi ndi kuti osuliza asonkhezeredwa ndi malingaliro otsutsa ndi Japan.

Alliance ya ku United States ndi Japan

Utundu ku Japan uli ndi mgwirizano wotsutsana ndi bungwe la United States ndi Japan. Pambali imodzi, magulu onyamula dzanja lamanja amachirikiza kugwirizana kwakukulu monga njira yolimbitsira chitetezo cha Japan ndi kuletsa kukwera kwa China. Kumbali ina, anthu ena autundu amadana ndi kudalira kwa Japan ndi kupempha malamulo adziko achilendo odziimira okha. Ogwirizana a LDP anachititsa kuti agwirizane ndi U.S., chifukwa amalola kuti Japan achite mbali yaikulu m’dzikolo. Komabe, nkhondo yosafuna kupambana ya magulu ankhondo a mayiko a dziko la United States ndipo potsirizira pake ikufuna kugwirizana ngati Japan itsatira malamulo otsutsana ndi U.S.

Chitetezo cha M’chigawo ndi Chitetezo

Pansi pa chisonkhezero cha dziko, Japan wafutukulabe maluso ake ankhondo. Ndalama za kudzitetezera za 2023 zafikira pamlingo wolembedwa, ndi mapulani a kupanga mabomba ozungulira ndi kupanga maluso oukira. Magulu a Nationalism achilikiza chiphunzitso chotha kugonjetsa ndi luso la kutetezera zisumbu zakutali. Zimenezi zimachenjeza China ndi North Korea koma zimalungamitsidwa ndi atsogoleri a Japan monga zofunika kaamba ka malo otetezeka. Kuukira kwa boma kwa nkhani zachitetezo kaŵirikaŵiri kumagwiritsira ntchito ziwopsezo kuchokera ku North Korea ndi China kuchirikiza nkhondo.

Zitsanzo ndi Mayeso Amakono

Choloŵa cha Shinzo Abe

Shinzo Abe anali mtsogoleri wotchuka kwambiri wa dziko ku Japan yamakono. Malamulo ake a zachuma anakopa chidwi cha dziko lonse, koma malongosoledwe ake a dziko lapansi .constitualial , kulimbitsa asilikali, ndi mbiri yakale . Kulongosola kwake. Masomphenya a Abe a "Japan wapamwamba" (Utsukii Kuni) anayambiranso kunyadira mwambo ndi kufuna kuthetsa manyazi a pambuyo pa nkhondo. Kupha kwake mu 2022 kunali kodabwitsa, koma chisonkhezero chake chikupitirizabe pakati pa LDP, kumene gulu lake likupitirizabe kuchirikiza zosonkhezera za dziko.

Chipani Chosankha Democratic Chikuchitika Lerolino

Pansi pa Nduna Yaikulu Fumio Kisida, LDP yapitirizabe ndi malamulo ambiri autundu, ngakhale kuti ndi mawu oyenera. Kisida walondola kutetezera ndipo wadzipereka kukonzanso kosinsinsinsinsi , koma wakhala wosamala pa nkhani za mbiri yakale. Wogwirizana wa LDP, Komeito, amachita ngati mabuleki a utundu wopambanitsa, koma mapiko aakulu otchuka akupitirizabebe kuthamangira cholinga cha gulu la "mtundu wa anthu wamba". Kukwera kwa magulu ambiri a anthu olankhula m'matenda a LDP, monga "Kumvera Kuzindikira Lamulo Lolamulira limene limateteza Japan" (Nhon promorn , kutsimikizira kuti matanthauzo a dzikolo adakalibe a "mtundu wapakati pa gulu la LDP .

Gulu la Kubwezeretsa la Japan ndi Magulu Ena Oyenera

Mabwalo onga Nippon Ishin no Kai (Chipani cha Japan Reformation Party) ndi Chipani cha Akoro (Kokoro) anavomereza poyera utundu. Japan Reconsoletion Party , yozikidwa ku Osaka, ochirikiza kukonzedwa kwa malamulo alamulo, chitetezo champhamvu, ndi kuikidwa m'malo a chigawo. Imalimbikitsanso kukambirana kosatsutsika kwambiri za China. Magulu aang'ono a anthu a dzikolo kaŵirikaŵiri amagwira ntchito kunja kwa ulamuliro wandale koma angasonkhetse nkhani yapo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mafilimu ndi ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, gulu lochirikiza ufulu wa dziko lonse la "Zaikutaikakai" (Chikupangitsa Gulu la Agulu la Otsutsa Mwapadera la Osamukira A ku Korea ku Japan) lisumika pa kutsutsa Karea ndi kutsutsa kutsutsa ndi kutsutsa anthu olankhulana, kusonkhezera kutsutsana ndi kufalitsa nkhani za m'malemba la za m'malemba la .

Maganizo a Anthu ndi Zochita Zamphamvu

Malamulo a dziko la Japan satchuka ndi dziko lonse. Pamene kuli kwakuti ambiri amachirikiza mphamvu ya nkhondo ndi kunyada kwa dziko, palinso malingaliro odziŵika bwino otsutsa nkhondo, makamaka pakati pa mibadwo yakale ndi osankhidwa otsalira. Kupambana kwa Onjezani achichepere kumadalira pa kulinganiza bwino za chisungiko, koma samaloŵerera kwambiri pa nkhani za mbiri yakale. Electorals akusonyeza kuti kuchonderera kwa utundu kungasonkhetsa malo ovuta koma owopsa. Kupambana kwa LDP kaŵirikaŵiri kumadalira pa kulinganiza malo a dziko ndi mapangano a zachuma ndi za kakhalidwe kakhalidwe ka anthu. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, kubuka kwa Democraticmental Party of Japan (CDP) monga wotsutsa wa kumbuyo kwa dziko lonse la Onesteast , ngakhale kuti ofufuza za PLD.

Chigwirizano chakunja: Chidziŵitso cha anthu cha kukonzanso koikidwiratu chapezedwa ndi Asahi Shimbun: " port ya Kukonzedwanso kwa Malamulo, Asahi Poll Shows" [1]

Zitokoso ndi Kusuliza

Malamulo a dziko la Japan amayang'anizana ndi mavuto angapo. Kuwonjezera apo, kuukira kowonjezereka kwa mbiri yakale ku Japan ndi mayanjano, makamaka ndi China ndi Korea . Pabanja, kusonkhezera kukonzanso kochitidwa mwalamulo kungayambitse chidani kuchokera ku zipani za anthu ndi zitsutso. Utundu wa zachuma ungawombane ndi chuma cha Japan cha malonda. Kuwonjezera apo, chiwopsezo chomakulakulakula cha nkhondo ya North Korea ndi China chimafuna malamulo a chisungiko amene amadutsa m’malo osavuta kupeka mawu aumboni autundu. Otsutsa mfundo yakuti kukonda dziko lingagwiritsiridwe ntchito polungamitsa nkhondo ndi kuukira boma la Japan, kuchepetsa maziko a democracy.

Kuwonjezera apo, magulu autundu ku Japan nthaŵi zina agwirizana ndi kudana ndi anthu a mafuko ochepa, makamaka anthu a ku Korea ndi a ku China. Pamene kuli kwakuti zipani zazikulu zimapeŵa kuopa alendo, magulu otsutsa amalimbikitsa nkhani zapoyera. Boma lakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kulankhulana kwa udani koma kumenyera ufulu ndi kugwirizana kwa anthu. Vuto la magulu a ku Japan ochirikiza ufulu wa kuyenera ndilo kuchirikiza utundu umene umachirikiza mtendere ndi kupambana popanda kubwereza zolakwa zakale.

Kumaliza

Utundu udakali mphamvu yaikulu kuwongolera malamulo a magulu a anthu a ku Japan opanga kuyenera. Kuyambira kukonzanso mbiri ndi kusintha kwa malamulo mpaka kufutukuka kwa nkhondo ndi kusungidwa kwa chikhalidwe, malingaliro autundu asonkhezera nkhani zambiri zotsutsana kwambiri m'ndale za ku Japan. Pamene kuli kwakuti utundu ungalimbitse chizindikiritso cha dziko la Japan ndi ulamuliro wake, imachititsanso kusokoneza unansi wa Japan ndi anansi ake ndi makambitsirano a mkati mwake onena za mbiri ndi makhalidwe. Kumvetsetsa mbali ya utundu kuli kofunika kusanthula kulikonse kwa ndale zadziko za Japan m’zaka za zana la 21. Pamene Japan ikukumana ndi mavuto a chisungiko, kuchuluka kwa anthu, ndi kusintha kwa padziko lonse, kutsutsana pakati pa zolinga za dziko ndi kuyendetsa ulamuliro kwa dziko ndi kuyendetsa zinthu za m'tsogolo. Kumvetsa bwino kulongosola kutsogolokulongosola kwake.