Chiyambi

Chochititsa chotsimikizirika chiri chimodzi cha zitetezero zazikulu koposa pansi pa Demetriment Yachinayi, kufunikiritsa lamulo kusonyeza maziko oyenera asanaike m'malo achinsinsi. M'nkhani za kufufuza kwachinyengo, muyezo walamulo umenewu umakhala wosuliza kwambiri. Kufufuza kochitidwa kumasinthasinthasintha kwa zinthu, kumaphatikizapo makampani a pa Intaneti, ndi kudalira pa unyolo wovuta kwambiri. Popanda chifukwa chotsimikizirika choyenera, zitsimikizo zingachotsedwe, umboni ungachotsedwe, ndi kutsekerezedwa kwa milandu yonse. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza mbali ya kufunsira koyenera kwa zinthu zopeka, kupereka mfundo zalamulo, kulongosola zofunika zalamulo, zodziŵika bwino, zopanga zopanga zowonekera bwino, ndi zopanga zopanga zopanga zopanga zinthu zokhala ndi ziyambukirira pamene zilephera kuchitika.

Kodi Chochititsa Chabwino N’chiyani?

Chochititsa chotsimikizirika ndicho lingaliro lalamulo lozikidwa pa Kusintha kwa Zakutha kwa Fourth Commission ya U.S. Imafuna kuti lamulo losungitsa likhale ndi chikhulupiriro choyenera . Chozikidwa pa umboni wowona . kuti upandu wachitika kapena kuti umboni wa upandu uli pamalo ena. Muyeso suli wotsimikizirika kwenikweni; mmalo mwake, umafuna zoposa kukayikira kokha koma umboni wocheperapo wofunikira kaamba ka chitsimikizo. Makhoti amapenda mothekera chifukwa cha [ kukwanira kwa mikhalidweyo kuyesedwa [kuphatikizapo] mayeso [FLT:] [2] [ill]. Mageti amodzi], 462], U.U. U.U.U.S. Pa kuyesedwako, poyesa, lingalira za chidziŵitso chonse, ndi kutsimikizira kuti apeze umboni wokwanira.

Asanaikidwe Azakuti . , maulamuliro ambiri anagwiritsiridwa ntchito kupima kolimba Aguilar-Spinelli , kumene kunafunikira nduna kuti zisonyeze maziko a chidziŵitso ndi chipambano. Kufikira kwamakono kumapatsa oweruza kusinthika kolimba, komanso kumaikanso mtolo wolemera pa affidavit kuti akhale wokwanira ndi wogwirizana. Zinthu zonyenga zimafuna, kampikitsa, malo olingaliridwa kukhala okongola, malo, ndi ntchito yachinyengo ndi mfundo zapadera.

Kusamalira Kwapadera Mlandu wa Zomwe Amanamizira

Kufufuza zinthu zachinyengo kumapereka zitokoso zapadera zokhazikitsa chochititsa. Mosiyana ndi maupandu amwambo kumene kulanda katundu kungadziŵike mosavuta (m’chitsanzo, mankhwala kapena zida), zinthu zonyenga kaŵirikaŵiri zimafanana ndi zinthu zovomerezeka. Opicologator ayenera kusonyeza osati kokha kuti katundu ndi wonyenga komanso kuti pali kugwirizana koyenera ndi wokayikira, malo, kapena ntchito yopitirizabe. Malamulo amaphatikizapo maupandu a zanzeru monga chizindikiro cha kupeka zinthu pansi pa 18 U.S.C. . . . . 2320, amene amagulitsa katundu ndi ziphuphu zonyamula zizindikiro zonyenga.

Umboni Wosonyeza Kuti Pali Mlengi

Nthaŵi zambiri zinthu zimene zimachititsa kuti anthu apeze ndalama zopeka zimapangidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana:

  • Zinthu zopangidwa: [[FLT:] katundu wakuthupi kapena wa pakompyuta wopezedwa mwa khunyu lapasadakhale, kugula zinthu zapansi, kapena zotsekera.
  • Malipoti a kuchuluka: Kuŵerengera kwa kukonza, kusunga, kapena kugaŵira.
  • Mfundo zosinthasintha: Ndemanga zochokera kwa antchito akale, opikisana nawo, kapena ogula, zogwirizana ndi kufufuza kwaumwini.
  • Zolemba za zachuma: Mapepala a Banki, kutumiza mawaya, kapena malonda achinsinsi amene amasonyeza kugulitsa kwa mzera waukulu.
  • Pansi pa zolembedwa za msika: Secha ndandanda, mpambo, kupenda, ndi mbiri za ku mapulatifomu onga Amazon, eBay, kapena manyuzi.
  • Zolemba zosinthana: Mipando ya maphukusi ochokera ku malo otchuka onyenga, kugwiritsira ntchito mapepala onyamulira katundu wonyenga, kapena maadiresi obwerera.

Kufunika kwa Nthenda

Chilengezo chobwerezabwereza m'zifuno zopeka chikusonyeza zikalata zotsimikizira kuti upandu ndi malo ofunidwa. Mwachitsanzo, ngati apolisi akufuna kufunafuna nyumba, affidavit ayenera kusonyeza kuthekera kwakukulu kwakuti zinthu zonyenga kapena umboni wogwirizana nawo (m.g., ndandanda ya zolemba) ilipo. Chikalata chopanda umboni wakuti wodziŵika ndi wonyenga . Makhoti amafuna mfundo zenizeni: mboni zonyenga zikuikidwa m'galimoto, kugula zotsimikizira kuti zinthu zabwino ndi malo abwino, kapena zotumizira katundu zikugwirizanitsa mashelensi ake ndi zinthu zonyenga. Popanda kulephera kutero, mapangano ovuta.

Kusintha Ntchito Yopanga Zinthu Zopeka

Pa zinthu zina, iyenera kukhala yokonzeka bwino kuti isamachonde kuyang’aniridwa ndi malamulo. Mfundo zotsatirazi ndi zofunika kwambiri:

Kufotokoza Molongosoka Ntchito za Upandu

Affidavit ayenera kulongosola mtundu wa kupeka, zizindikiro zoloŵetsedwamo, ndi kuwonongeka kwa chuma. Imathandiza kufotokoza mwachidule mmene katundu amapangidwira, kugulitsidwa, kapena kugawidwira. Mwachitsanzo, katswiri wa affidavit anganene kuti: “Mozikidwa pa maphunziro ndi chidziŵitso, nthaŵi zopeka zachinyengo kaŵirikaŵiri zimapangidwa ku Southeast Asia ndi kutumizidwa m'maphukusi. Oyang'anira anawona olingaliridwa kukhala akulandira mabokosi osalembedwa kawiri kuchokera ku Thailand panyumba pake. Mawu otero amathandiza magiya ndi puloma kuti apende mfundo.

Kumasulira Mabuku a Informant

Ngati chochititsa chimadalira pa dziŵitsa, wofalitsayo ayenera kulongosola mwatsatanetsatane maziko a chidziŵitso cha wodziŵitsayo ndi chifukwa chake chidziŵitsocho chiri chodalirika. M'nkhani zopeka, olengeza kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi chidziŵitso chaumwini . Monga ngati amene kale anali wantchito amene anawona wonyumwiridwayo akugwiritsira ntchito zizindikiro. Ofesala ayeneranso kulongosola masitepe otengedwa kutsimikizira nsongayo, monga ngati kuyang'anira zogula zolembedwa zapoyera.

Kudera Nkhaŵa

Chochititsa choyenera chiyenera kukhalapo panthaŵi imene chikalatacho chaperekedwa, osati milungu kapena miyezi pambuyo pa kuyang'anira. Makampani a kusuliza angakhale achidule; mfundo ya ma DVD achinyengo amene ali ndi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi ingakhale yapita. Affidavit ayenera kulongosola chifukwa chake chidziŵitsocho chimakhala chapanthaŵi yake, mwachitsanzo, chifukwa chakuti wokayikirayo wakhala akugulitsidwa pa webusaiti imodzimodziyo nthaŵi zonse, kapena chifukwa cha kugwidwa ndi magwero amodzimodziwo. Mabungwe apeza kuti makampani apeza kuti ndi mavuto ochepa, koma affidavit ayenera kukonzanso chilengedwe chomwe chikupitirizabe.

Nthenda ya Zinthu Zina Zimene Zikufunidwa

Affidavit ayenera kundandalika zinthu zimene ziyenera kugwidwa ndi tsatanetsatane. Malongosoledwe aunyinji onga “zinthu zachinyengo” ngovomerezeka ngati ali ndi umboni, koma kuli bwino kutchula mitundu (m’chitsanzo, “Nsapato za Nike, chinyengo Louis Vuitton begs, ndi ziwiya zoika chizindikiro ). Zilolezo zambiri zimaphedwa ngati zilolezo. Ofesala ayeneranso kufotokoza chifukwa chake zinthu zimenezi zili umboni wa upandu kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zatsopano.

Zitokoso za Malamulo za Kuyambitsa Vuto la Kuzembetsa Ochirikiza Nkhondo

Otetezera kaŵirikaŵiri amatsutsa kutsimikizirika kwa chilolezo kumene chothekera kukhala chosoŵa kapena kumene chochititsa chiri ndi zosiya zakuthupi kapena ndemanga zonyenga. Njira yalamulo imadziŵika monga kumvetsera (kuchokera ku [[FLT:]] Franks v. Delaware [[FL:3]], 438 U.S. 154 078)). Wokwiyidwayo ayenera kusonyeza mwachipambano ndi umboni wakuti: (1) affiant akudziŵa ndi dala, kapena monyalanyaza chowonadi, kuphatikizapo mawu onama kapena chidziŵitso chochotsedwa, ndi (2) zotsala za kutsimikizira.

Zifukwa Zomwe Anthu Ambiri Amakhalirapo

  • Kuperekedwa kwa kudalirika kokhala ndi chidziŵitso: Ngati wolengezayo alongosola chilengezo kukhala “choyenera” popanda kuvumbula kuti wodziŵitsayo ali ndi cholembera cha upandu kapena wapereka chidziŵitso chonyenga m'mbuyomu.
  • Kuvomereza mfundo zokopa: Mwachitsanzo, bungwe loimba silimatchula kuti wokayikirayo ali ndi laisensi ya malonda yogulitsa katundu wina wodziŵika, kapena kuti mwini wa chizindikiro chapadera wakana kutsimikizira kuti zinthuzo.
  • Umboni: Mawu a mu affidavit ndi akale kwambiri kwakuti sangachirikize chikhulupiriro chomveka chakuti umboni udzakhalapobe.
  • Lack of nexus: Affidavit imagwirizanitsa wonyumwiridwa ndi kupeka mobwerezabwereza koma imalephera kugwirizanitsa malo enieni ofufuzidwa ndi umboni.

Ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo apambana m’kuweruza kwa Frank, umboni wopezedwa pansi pa chilolezocho ungachotsedwe pansi pa lamulo la kupatulapo lamulo.

Zitsanzo za Malamulo Opereka Mlandu

Mu United States v. Chin , 102 F.3d 657 (2d Cir. 1996), khoti linasunga chikalata chozikidwa pa malongosoledwe atsatanetsatane a wopereka mawotchi onyenga ndi kuchirikiza kufufuza kwa mkuluyo, kuphatikizapo kuchotsa zinyalala zovumbula mapepala a wotchi. Mosiyana, mu [FLT:] United States v. Riccardi, 405 FT.3d 852 CIR. 2005, chilolezo chinachotsedwa chifukwa chakuti woimbayo analibe kugwirizana kulikonse pakati pa nyumba ya woimbidwayo ndi zabwino zonyenga. [chithunzi cha]

Nkhani zimenezi zimagogomezera kufunika kwa zinenezo zenizeni.

Chiyambukiro pa Kukakamiza ndi Kuweruza Mwalamulo

Kwa osungitsa lamulo, kumvetsetsa chochititsa chothekera sikuli kokha mwambo wa lamulo; kumayambukira mwachindunji kuthekera kwa umboni ndi chipambano cha machription. Pamene fomu yofunsira ichirikizidwa bwino, kufufuza kotsatirapo kungatulutse zinthu zopeka komanso zolembedwa za ndalama, mpambo wa makasitomala, ndi zipangizo za makompyuta zimene zimavumbula ukulu wa ntchitoyo. Zinthu zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimagwiritsiridwa ntchito monga umboni m’kuzenga kapena kulondola chuma chotayidwa.

Umboni Wopezeka

Pansi pa umboni wabwino wa chikhulupiriro kuchokera ku [FLT :] United States v. Leon, U.S. 897 (19984), umboni wopezedwa pansi pa chilolezo cholakwika ungavomerezedwebe ngati woyang'anirayo anachita moyenerera pa kudalira kwa woweruza. Komabe, kulekana kumeneku sikumagwira ntchito pamene affidavit akusoŵa m'kuthekera kuti palibe mkulu woyenerera amene angakhulupirire icho. M'nkhani zonyenga, zonga [FLT:] ndi chitetezo cha kumaliretsedwa [FL:] ndi [FLT] [F:] ndi Chikalata cha Ulembere cha Usilikaliro cha Makompyuta [FT]

Mavuto a Kupanga Makompyuta ndi Amalonda a Padziko Lonse

Makina amakono onyenga amadalira kwambiri pa makompyuta ndi kudutsana kwa malo. Chochititsa chokhoza kukhazikitsidwa mwa maumboni a manambala monga maadiresi a IP, zolembera za mameseji, ndi nkhani za manyuzi. Koma makhoti alimbana ndi kuti keyala ya IP yokha imapangitsa kugwirizana kokwanira ndi malo ofufuzira. M'madera ambiri, adiresi ya IP ndi malo okha oyambirira; iyenera kuphatikizidwa ndi umboni wina wotsimikizira kuti akuipereka kuchokera kwa munthu amene wagula mwachinsinsi.

Milandu yapadziko lonse imawonjezera miyandamiyanda ya zinthu. Kusungitsa malamulo kungafunikire kugwirizana ndi akuluakulu a dziko kapena kugwiritsira ntchito mapangano alamulo kuti apeze umboni.

Kulinganiza Zochita ndi Ufulu Waumwini

Chochititsa choyenera kaŵirikaŵiri chimafotokozedwa kukhala “chikole cha lamulo" pakati pa nzika zokhala ndi ulamuliro wa boma. M'zochitika zonyenga, kulinganiza kumeneku nkovuta chifukwa chakuti onyumwira ali oyendetsa ang'onoang'ono kapena anthu amene samvetsetsa lamulo. Zikalata zambiri zimaika pangozi yoloŵa m'mabizinesi ovomerezeka kapena magulu atatu opanda liwongo. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, kusungitsa kwachinyengo kuli malo oyamba a mabungwe onga United States Patant ndi Trector Office [1], zimene zimasimba kuti ndalama zopeka zopeka . Mabizinesi a U.S biliyoni awononga ndi kuwopseza chitetezo kwa ogula zinthu, mankhwala achinyengo angagwire moto.

Makhoti azindikira kuti “kuthekera kwa [1] sikuli kodabwitsa. United States v. Warshak, 631 F.3d 266 (6th Cir. 2010), khotilo linazindikira kuti mwina kuchititsa“ kuthekera kapena mwaŵi waukulu wa maupandu, osati kuonetsedwa kwenikweni kwa ntchito zaupandu. Komabe, maofesala ayenera kupeŵa kudalira pa mfundo zofala kapena mfundo zosadalirika. M'nkhani zopeka, kuchokera ku mayiko ena, kuima kokha, sangachirikize.

Mfundo Zothandiza pa Kukakamiza Lamulo

Kuti alimbitse mafomu ofunsira zinthu zopeka, mabungwe ndi oweruza milandu ayenera:

  1. Conduct ogula kapena mayeso amagula kutsimikizira kuti katundu ndi wonyenga ndi kukhazikitsa kugwirizana kwachindunji pakati pa wonyumwiridwayo ndi chinthu.
  2. [[NT.0] Mfundo zodziŵitsa zolembedwa kupyolera mwa kuyang'anira kwaumwini, kujambula zinyalala, kapena kutsimikizira kudalirika.
  3. Amaphatikizapo akatswiri a ma stativets kuchokera kwa eni station kapena akatswiri osungitsa ntchito amene angatsimikizire mtundu wa zinthu zonyenga ndi kulongosola njira zobetchera.
  4. Tchulani chibadwa chosalekeza cha ntchitoyo kugonjetsa mikangano yolakwika, kugwiritsira ntchito umboni wa kugulitsa kobwerezabwereza kapena kusatsatsa kosasintha.
  5. Kuchepetsa ukulu wa kufunafuna malo ndi zinthu zina, kupeŵa chilankhulo chophikira chimene chingadziŵike kukhala chilolezo cha onse.
  6. Chilembo chonse [masitepe onse] atengedwa kutsimikizira chidziŵitso, kuphatikizapo deti la kuwona kulikonse ndi kuzindikiritsidwa kwa magwero alionse.

Mwa kutsatira njira zimenezi, lamulo losungitsa malamulo lingatsimikizire kuti chochititsa chake chakhazikitsidwa mwamphamvu, kuchepetsa ngozi ya kuvuta kwa Kusintha kwa Four Amendment ndi kuwonjezera kuthekera kwakuti umboni udzavomerezedwa pozenga mlandu.

Kumaliza

Chochititsa chotsimikizirika chimakhalabe cholembera cha zifunsiro zololeka za lamulo m'kufufuza kwa upandu, ndipo nkhani zonyenga sizikusiyana. Kucholoŵana kwa ntchito zimenezi . Kugwiritsira ntchito mapulatifomu a pa Intaneti, kutumiza katundu wapadziko lonse, ndi kupanga zinthu zaluso . Madoko a maofesala ndi oweruza amapanga maluso ndi mfundo zolondola ndi tsatanetsatane. Chikalata chozikidwa pa mfundo zopeka kapena chidziŵitso cholakwika sichingapirire kuyang'aniridwa, ndipo kupondereza umboni wofunika kwambiri kungafooke ngakhale cholemera. Mosemphana ndi, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwabwino kozikidwa pa mfundo zotsimikizirika, nexus, ndi maziko a chikhulupiriro amakono chimapangitsa akuluakulu kulimbana ndi kupeka mogwira ntchito yonyenga pamene akulemekeza malamulo. Msungitsa chuma ndi kusungidwa kwa osungidwa kwa osungidwa bwino, udindo woyenera kupambana.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, fufuzani CBP] chuma chachinyengo , tsamba lakusungitsa chuma , ndi [FLT ] Facedal Magest of Cream Procedure Rulage 41 zifunsizo zolamulira.