Chiyambi: Maziko a Ulamuliro wa America

Kulamulira kwa United States kuli pa dongosolo lolinganizika bwino la milingo itatu yosiyana: malo, boma, ndi boma. Malamulo ameneŵa, oikidwa mu Lamulo la U.S. ndi olinganizidwa ndi zaka mazana ambiri a kachitidwe ka ndale zadziko, amalongosola mmene mphamvu imagawidwira ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito m’dziko lonse. Kumvetsetsa mbali zimenezi sikuli kokha njira yamaphunziro yokha . Nkofunika kuti nzika iliyonse imvetse mmene zosankha zimene zimakhudza moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, kuyambira kusungitsa njira kutetezera dziko, zimapangidwa ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito.

Dongosolo la boma la America linatuluka kuchokera ku kulephera kwa Zigawo za Confederation (1781 - 788), zimene zinapanga boma lofooka ndi kusiya ulamuliro waukulu ku maboma. Constitution ya Constitution ya 1787 inapanga chikalata chimene chinagawikana maulamuliro pakati pa boma ndi maboma, pamene inasiya maboma a dzikolo kukhala zolengedwa zalamulo. Njira imeneyi yoyeretsedwa, yokonzedwa mwa kukonzanso, zosankha za khoti, ndi zokumana nazo, tsopano ikulamulira anthu oposa 330,000 miliyoni kupyola maboma 50, 3,005 ndandanda, ndi pafupifupi 19,500 mitu ya magalamu.

Boma lililonse limathandizana ndi anthu a m’madera osiyanasiyana, maboma amasamalira zinthu zofunika kwambiri m’deralo, ndipo boma limakambirana nkhani za mayiko ndi mayiko. Zimenezi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mikangano yokhudzana ndi maphunziro, komanso kuti pakhale malamulo a chilengedwe, ndipo zimenezi zimachititsa kuti ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi omwewo azivutika kwambiri.

Boma Lakumene Tikukhala: Mzera Woonekeratu wa Utumiki wa Anthu Onse

Maboma a kumaloko ali oyandikana kwambiri ndi anthu ndipo ali ndi ulamuliro pa madera odziŵika monga mizinda, matauni, matauni, ndi magawo. Amatchedwa "maboma a cholinga cha maufumu a general" chifukwa chakuti amapereka mautumiki ambiri amene amaumba mtundu wa moyo wa anthu. Mosiyana ndi maboma ndi maboma a boma, maboma a m'malowo sapeza mphamvu zawo kuchokera ku malamulo a boma ndi malamulo kudzera m'dongosolo lodziŵika monga Dillon's Laul [, limene limasunga kuti maboma a m'dzikolo angagwiritsire ntchito molunjika ndi boma kapena ovomerezedwa kwenikweni ndi zigamuzo.

Mitundu ya Maboma Akumaloko

Bungwe la United States lotchedwa Census Bureau limavomereza mitundu isanu ya maboma a m’mayikowo:

  • Magawo aakulu a maiko, okhala ndi thayo la ntchito monga kusungitsa lamulo, makhoti, zolembedwa za katundu, ndi thanzi la anthu. Pali magawo pafupifupi 3,005 ku United States.
  • Minicial : Mizinda, matauni, ndi midzi imene imapereka mautumiki a m’tauni monga madzi, zimbudzi, mapaki, ndi apolisi a kumaloko. Makampani a boma alipo m’dziko lonselo.
  • Zombo zodzitetezera: Zopezedwa kwakukulukulu Kum’mwera chakummaŵa ndi Midwadest, izi ndi magawo a kuŵerengera kapena maiko amene amasamalira misewu, kuteteza moto, ndi malo a kumaloko.
  • Zigawo za kampani: Maboma a Independent adapangidwa kuti achite ntchito imodzi kapena ntchito yochepera, monga zigawo za sukulu, zigawo za madzi, akuluakulu a zaulendo, ndi zigawo za laibulale. Kuli madera apadera oposa 35,000 mu U.S.
  • Maboma a ndale zadziko a American Trinity : Mabungwe achifumu mkati mwa U.S. amene amagwira ntchito mofanana ndi maboma akwawo koma ali ndi malo apadera alamulo pansi pa lamulo la boma. (Ngakhale kuti ndi magawo osiyana, kaŵirikaŵiri amagwirizana ndi madongosolo a boma ndi a dziko.)

Mautumiki a Makhora Operekedwa ndi Maboma Akomweko

Maboma a m'dziko ali ndi udindo wothandiza anthu amene amakhudza kwambiri moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku wa nzika.

  • Public Safety : Madipatimenti a apolisi, madipatimenti ozimitsa moto, mautumiki a zachipatala, ndi malamulo osungitsa lamulo. Apolisi a m'dziko ayang'anira mafoni ambiri a lamulo ku United States.
  • Kuphunzitsa: sukulu zachisanja ndi za sekondale zimayendetsedwa kwakukulukulu pa mlingo wa kumaloko kupyolera mwa mabungwe a sukulu osankhidwa ndi oyang'anira oikidwa, ngakhale kuti ndalama ndi miyezo kaŵirikaŵiri zimaphatikizapo maboma ndi boma.
  • Factracture: Kusunga misewu yakwanuko, milatho, njira, magetsi a m’khwalala, zizindikiro za pamsewu, ndi njira zoloŵera madzi osefukira. Misewu ya anthu ambiri ya m'dzikolo ili pansi pa dzikolo.
  • Kupereka: zosonkhanitsa za m'mataya, kukonzanso, kutaya zinyalala, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinyalala. Makipa ambiri amagwiritsira ntchito nyumba zawo zosungiramo kapena pangano ndi zokokera zaumwini.
  • Mapaki ndi Zosangulutsa: Mapaki a anthu onse, mabwalo a maseŵero, malo osambira, mabwalo a maseŵera, ndi ziwiya za chikhalidwe monga laibulale ndi mamyuziyamu.
  • Kumanga ndi Dziko Likugwiritsiridwa ntchito: Kulamulira kupangidwa kwa katundu kupyolera mwa malamulo omanga, malamulo omangira, ndi malamulo a chigawo. Mphamvu imeneyi imasankha kumene nyumba, mabizinesi, ndi mafakitale angamangidwe.
  • Mautumiki a zachuma: [[FLT :1] Maboma ambiri a kumaloko amapereka madzi, magetsi, gasi wachilengedwe, ndi mautumiki a pa intaneti aunyinji, kaya mwachindunji kapena kupyolera mwa zinthu zothandizira anthu.

Mmene Maboma Akuperekera Ndalama

Maboma a m’maderawo amadalira zinthu zosiyanasiyana:

  • Misonkho yonena za kuchuluka kwa ndalama zoyendetsera msonkho: Maziko aakulu koposa a ndalama za msonkho wa kumaloko, osonkhanitsidwa malinga ndi mtengo wa katundu woyeneretsedwa. Imeneyi ndiyo njira yoyamba ya ndalama za sukulu za boma.
  • [[FULT:0] Misonkho: mizinda yambiri ndi magawo amawonjezera msonkho wawo wogulitsa pa msonkho wa boma.
  • Aloya ndi Mapiki: [[FL:1] Ndalama zolipiridwa za ntchito zonga madzi, ziphanga, zilolezo zoimika, ndi zilolezo zomangira, limodzinso ndi faindi ya kuswa malamulo a galimoto ndi malamulo.
  • Tsinja ndi Federal Grants: Kusintha kwa boma kaamba ka zifuno zakutizakuti zonga maphunziro, ziŵiya zapamwamba, ndi maprogramu a zaumoyo wa anthu.
  • Misonkho yopezedwa: [[FLT :1] Maboma ena akomweko (monga New York City ndi maakasitala ambiri a Ohio) ndalama za m'malowo kapena kulipirira misonkho.

Zitsanzo za Boma la M’deralo Zikugwira Ntchito

Talingalirani chosankha chamwambo: bungwe la mzinda lapanga voti ya malo kuchokera ku malo okhala kupita ku malonda kulola sitolo yatsopano. Njira imeneyi imaphatikizapo kuweruza kwa anthu, kulinganiza makampani, kupenda malo okhala, ndi kuchonderera kothekera ku makhoti a boma. Masitolo, amene anamangidwa, adzalipira katundu wa kumaloko ndi misonkho ya malonda, kupanga ntchito, ndi kuyambukira magalimoto onse amene boma lakwanu liyenera kuyang'anira.

Kuti muloŵe kwambiri m'maboma, pitani ku National League of Cities , imene imapereka chuma ndi ulamuliro wa maboma a m'dziko lonse la United States.

Boma: Mabungwe a Demokalase

Maboma ali ndi malo ofunika kwambiri m'dongosolo la boma la America. Ali ndi ulamuliro wachifumu (kusiyapo ngati kuti ndi malamulo a U.S.) ndipo ali ndi mphamvu pa nkhani zosiyanasiyana zapanyumba. Mawu akuti "mabungwe a demokrase," opangidwa ndi Woweruza Louis Brandeis, amasonyeza lingaliro lakuti maboma angayese ndi malamulo ndi maprogramu osiyanasiyana popanda kuika pachiswe kukhazikika kwa dziko.

Malamulo a Boma

Boma lililonse limakhala ndi nthambi zitatu:

  • Ofesi ya Nthambi yovomerezeka: Bameral m'maiko onse kusiya Nebraska (imene ili ndi nyumba yoyamwira). Malamulo a boma akhazikitsa malamulo pa nkhani zonga za maphunziro, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, chiweruzo chaupandu, msonkho, ndi zoyendera. Iwo amatsimikiziranso kuikidwa kwa boma ndi kuvomerezedwa kwa bajeti ya boma.
  • Nthambi ya Unduna: [[FLT :1] Yotsogozedwa ndi kazembe wosankhidwa, amene ali ndi thayo la kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a boma, kuyang'anira boma, ndi kulamulira Gulu la National Asilikali. Akuluakulu ena osankhidwa kaŵirikaŵiri amaphatikizapo kazembe wamkulu, loya wamkulu, mlembi wa boma, wosunga ndalama, ndi woyang'anira malangizo apoyera.
  • Nthambi ya judicial : Makhoti a Boma, kuyambira m'makhoti kuzenga mlandu mpaka kumakhoti aakulu, kumasulira malamulo a boma ndi malamulo a boma. Makhoti a boma amasamalira milandu yambiri ya milandu ku United States, kuphatikizapo milandu ya upandu, mikangano yachiŵeniŵeni, nkhani za banja, ndi maprobate.

Ntchito Zazikulu za Maboma

Maboma amagwiritsira ntchito maulamuliro ambiri, ambiri a iwo ali mphamvu [1] [1] chibadwa cha ulamuliro wa kutetezera thanzi, chisungiko, ndi ubwino wa nzika zawo. Ntchito zapadera zimaphatikizapo:

  • Kuphunzitsa: [[FLT :1] Madziko amakhazikitsa miyezo ya zamaphunziro, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zopimira, aphunzitsi a laisensi, ndi kugaŵira ndalama ku zigawo zasukulu zakumaloko. Malamulo a Federal onga ngati The ESective Reduevereds Act (ESA) amapereka dongosolo koma amasiya kutsalira ku magawo.
  • Health ndi Welfare: [[FLT :1] Maboma amayang'anira Medicaid, programu ya zaumoyo ya anthu ochepera olandira, pansi pa zitsogozo za boma. Amayendetsanso madipatimenti a zaumoyo wa anthu onse, amayang'anira zipatala ndi nyumba za odwazika, ndi kuyendetsa maprogramu onga ngati Servery Consolation for Need Families (TAF) ndi Sermeal Nutrition Appliction Program (SNAP).
  • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  • Public Safety: apolisi a boma kapena olondera m'misewu yaikulu amasungitsa malamulo a pamsewu ndi kufufuza milandu. Madipatimenti a boma owongolera ayendetsa ndende ndi kuyang'anira kutsendereza.
  • Kusintha kwa chuma: Makampani a kampani za United States, akatswiri a laisensi (madokotala, maloya, ometa tsitsi, ndi ena otero), kuyang'anira inshuwalansi ndi kubanki, ndi kukakamiza malamulo otetezera ogula.
  • [[NT.0] Chitetezero cha Entronty : United States amagwiritsira ntchito malamulo a malo okhala (m' lekuatiso, Cease Air Act, Clean Water Act ) ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amakhazikitsa miyezo yokhwima. Amayang'anira mapaki a boma, nkhalango, ndi zinyama.
  • Zisankho: Madziko amayang'anira zisankho zonse za boma, boma, ndi malo akwawo m’malire awo, kukhazikitsa malamulo ovomerezeka ovota, malire osintha, ndi njira zovotera.
  • Kusintha: United States lav lav lav parsure (maboma 43), misonkho ya malonda (maboma 45), misonkho ya makampani, ndi misonkho pa mafuta, zakumwa zoledzeretsa, ndi fodya.

Ntchito ya Malamulo a Boma

Boma lililonse lili ndi malamulo ake, omwe ali lamulo lalikulu la boma limenelo (logonjera ku Malamulo a U.S.). Malamulo a boma amakhala aatali ndi atsatanetsatane kwambiri kuposa a boma, kaŵirikaŵiri kuphatikizapo makonzedwe a boma, maphunziro, msonkho, ndi ufulu wa munthu payekha. Akhoza kusinthidwa mwa kachitidwe ka lamulo, zoyesayesa zotchuka, kapena misonkhano yalamulo.

Maboma Monga Osintha Malamulo

Maboma kaŵirikaŵiri afikira njira zaupainiya pambuyo pake zovomerezedwa pa mlingo wa dzikolo. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo:

  • Inishuwarensi ya Health: lamulo la Massachusetts' la zaumoyo 2006 linatumikira monga chitsanzo cha Affordible Care Act (2010).
  • Mphindi yotsika: Maboma ambiri anakweza malipiro awo ochepera pamwamba pa chipinda cha boma, kusonkhezera makani a mtundu ponena za milingo ya malipiro.
  • Kusintha kwa chibadwa: Miyezo ya California yotulutsa galimoto yayendetsa galimoto kuyera dziko lonse lapansi kupyolera mwa chiwiya cha boma choperekedwa pansi pa Ceat Air Act.
  • Chilungamo cha Upandu Chisinthiko: Madziko onga Texas ndi New York ayesa njira zina mmalo mwa kumangidwa, makhoti a anamgoneka, ndi kusintha kwa belo.

Kaamba ka chidziŵitso chodalirika pa machitidwe a boma, Nationals Association imapereka malipoti a lamulo ndi machitachita abwino koposa.

Boma: Ulamuliro wa Dziko

Boma la boma ndilo mlingo wapamwamba koposa wa boma mu United States, okhala ndi maulamuliro operekedwa ndi Konsichushoni ndi okhala ndi thayo la nkhani za mtundu ndi mitundu yonse. Kapangidwe kake, ntchito zake, ndi zoletsa zimalongosoledwa bwino m’Bukhu la Malamulo ndipo zapangidwa ndi chisinthiko chandale ndi chalamulo choposa zaka mazana aŵiri.

Nthambi Zitatu za Boma la Federal

Konsichushoni imagaŵa ulamuliro wa boma pakati pa nthambi zitatu zolingana, iriyonse ndi macheke ndi zipimiko:

  • Branch (Chonor): Yopangidwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo (mamembala 100, magawo aŵiri paboma) ndi Nyumba ya Oimira (mamembala 4,35, ogawidwa ndi anthu). Nyumba imapanga malamulo a boma, imalengeza nkhondo, kuyang'anira chigawo cha mayiko ndi malonda achilendo, kuyang'anira ndalama za boma, ndi kuyang'anira nthambi ya akuluakulu mwa kumva ndi kufufuza. Maulamuliro aakulu amaphatikizapo mphamvu ya kukhoma msonkho, ndalama zanda, kukhazikitsa maofesi a positi, ndi kupatsa maodansi.
  • Nthambi yoyendera: Itsogozedwa ndi Pulezidenti, amene amatumikira monga mkulu wa boma ndi mkulu wa boma. Pulezidenti amakhazikitsa malamulo a boma, amayendetsa malamulo achilendo, amalamulira magulu ankhondo, amaika oweruza a boma ndi akuluakulu a boma, ndipo akhoza kukhazikitsa malamulo. Nthambi ya mkulu ya boma imagwiritsa ntchito anthu oposa 2 miliyoni m’madipatimenti monga Defense, Justice, Khirisme, Health and Human Security .
  • Nthambi ya judicial : Mabungwe a Bwalo Lapamwamba (makhoti 9) ndi makhoti aung’ono a boma okhazikitsidwa ndi Congress. Makhoti a Federal amamasulira malamulo a Konsichushoni ndi a boma, amathetsa mikangano pakati pa maboma, ndi kumva milandu yokhudzana ndi mafunso a boma. Mphamvu ya Khoti Lapamwamba la kupenda kwachiweruzo . Linakhazikitsidwa mu [FLT:] Marbury v. Madison [1] (183) [03]

Opatsidwa Mphamvu ndi Ogwiritsiridwa Ntchito

Ulamuliro wa boma wazikidwa pa mphamvu zolamulira zondandalikidwa m'Chigawo I, Chigawo 8 cha Malamulo, kuphatikizapo mphamvu yolamulira malonda a mayiko, kukweza gulu lankhondo, ndi kukhazikitsa ofesi ya positi. Nacesary ndi Father Diane Claus [Chigawo cha I, Chigawo 8, Classious 18) imalola Malamulo onse omwe ali "ofunika ndi oyenera" kugawa maulamuliro ake, kupereka kwa [FLT:] mphamvu zogwiritsidwa ntchito [[FLT]. Maulamuliro onse osaperekedwa ku boma kapena ku maboma a boma.

Maudindo Aakulu a Boma la Federal

  • National Defense :[FLT :1] Dipatimenti ya Usilikali imayang'anira magulu ankhondo (Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, Space Force) ndi kutetezera dziko ku ziwopsezo zachilendo. Boma la boma limasunga zipinda zankhondo padziko lonse ndipo limatsogolera maluso kupyolera mwa CIA ndi mabungwe ena.
  • Mgwirizano wa Azindikiro: [[FLT :1] Dipatimenti ya Boma imachita zokambirana, ikambirana mapangano, imayang'anira ntchito ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo, ndi kukhazikitsa mapasipoti. Pulezidenti ndi kazembe wamkulu.
  • Malonda a Interstate : The Commerce Claus imapereka ulamuliro waukulu ku boma la boma kuyang'anira ntchito zachuma zimene zimadutsa mizera ya boma, kuphatikizapo zoyendera, zoyendera, zoyendera, ndi intaneti.
  • [[FLT: 0] Inishuwansi ya Sunice ndi Welfare: Chisungiko cha Mayanjano chimapereka mapindu a kupuma pantchito ndi kulemala; Medicare imabisa chisamaliro cha thanzi kwa okalamba; Medicaid (pambali pa maiko) imapereka thanzi kwa anthu olandira ndalama zochepa. Boma la boma limaperekanso mapindu a akapitawo, chithandizo cha chakudya, ndi nyumba zosungiramo anthu.
  • Chikalata cha ufulu wa anthu: Dipatimenti ya Chiweruzo imakhazikitsa malamulo a boma oletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa fuko, kugonana, chipembedzo, kupunduka, ndi dziko. Lamulo la malo ochitira zinthu limaphatikizapo Chikalata cha ufulu wachibadwidwe cha 1964, Chikalata cha Zounikiritsira ufulu wa 1965, ndi cha Amereka chokhala ndi Chikalata cha kulema kwa 1990.
  • Chitetezero cha Entry : The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) imagwiritsira ntchito ndi kukakamiza malamulo a boma a malo okhala, kuphatikizapo Chrash Air Act, Chrosat Water Act, ndi programu ya Superd.
  • Kusuntha ndi Kusintha: Unziko ndi Mautumiki a U.S. (USCIS) akonza ma visa, makhadi obiriwira, ndi maseŵero a nzika. Mastry ndi Bournet Proviction (CBP) imatetezera malire, ndi Immigration and Customs Enthorcementment (IE) imakhazikitsa malamulo a kusamu.
  • Policy: Komiti ya Federal Reserve imalamulira kuperekedwa kwa ndalama, imakhazikitsa chiwongola dzanja, ndi kuyang'anira mabanki kukhazikitsa chitukuko cha chuma.

Mafuko ndi Kugaŵanika kwa Ulamuliro

Ulamuliro wa boma la boma uli ndi malire. Konsichushoni imaletsa mwachindunji mphamvu ya boma m'madera onga ngati kuimika habeas corpus (kusiyapo m'chipanduko kapena kuukira), kudutsa mapepala a wowapeza, kapena malamulo apamwamba apambuyo. Chisinthiko cha 10 chimalimbikitsa kuti mphamvu zimene sizinapatsidwe ku United States zakhala zosungidwa ku maboma. Kulinganiza kumeneku kwakhala magwero a mkangano wa malamulo wopitirizabe, kuchokera ku New Dectation nyengo ya kufutukulidwa kwa mphamvu ya boma ku chigamulo chaposachedwapa cha Supreme Court choletsa ulamuliro wa boma pa chitetezero cha boma ndi mphamvu ya za za malonda.

Kaamba ka kufunsiridwa kwalamulo kwa kakonzedwe ka boma la boma la boma, chezerani USA.gov, uto wa boma la boma la boma.

Kuloŵana Pakati pa Maboma a M’malo, Boma, ndi Maboma Olamulira

Ngakhale kuti boma lililonse lili ndi udindo wosiyana, silichita zinthu modzipatula. Chipani cha America chimadziwika ndi kugwirizana kocholoŵana kwa anthu. Nthaŵi zina kumagwirizana, nthaŵi zina kumayambitsa malamulo a boma ndi ntchito yopereka utumiki.

Kugwirizana

Kuyambira m'ma 1930, boma la boma linawonjezera kuloŵerera mu university , kumene dziko, boma, ndi maboma akuno amagwirira ntchito pamodzi kukambirana mavuto. Zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimaphatikizapo ndalama zoperekedwa ndi boma, zimene zimathandizira ku magawo ndi malo apadera, komanso zimabweretsa mikhalidwe ndi zifuno. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo:

  • [[FLT: 0] Ufulu wapamwamba wa Kupereka: Boma la boma limapereka ndalama zothandizira kumanga ndi kukonza m'misewu yaikulu kudzera ku Highway Trust Fund, yochirikizidwa ndi misonkho ya boma yopereka mafuta. Maboma ayenera kugwirizana ndi miyezo ya boma (m., malire a liŵiro, kusaina, zifunitso za chisungiko) kulandira ndalama zimenezi.
  • . . . . . Boma la boma limayerekezera ndalama zowonongedwa pa Medicaid pamiyeso yosiyanasiyana (kuyambira 50% mpaka 83% kudalira pa chigawo cha boma ndi programu). Maboma amayendetsa programuyo pakati pa zitsogozo za boma.
  • Kuphunzitsa : Boma la boma limathandizira pafupifupi 8-10% ya ndalama za sukulu za boma kupyolera mwa maprogramu onga ngati Thit I (Chichilikizo cha ophunzira olandira ochepa) ndi Associal On Personal Act Education Act (IDEA). United States ndi madera amapereka zonse.
  • Displace :[FL Emergency Management Agency [1] Komiti ya Federal Emergency (FEMA) imagwirizanitsa ndi mabungwe a boma ndi a kumaloko oyang’anira ngozi kuti achitirepo kanthu ku masoka achilengedwe monga mphepo zamkuntho, zivomezi, ndi moto wa mlengalenga.

Kulimbana ndi Opereka Malo

Kuyenda kwa ndalama pakati pa milingo ya boma kuli mbali yodziŵika ya maunansi a boma.

  • Malo ogwirizana: Ndalama zoikidwa kaamba ka chifuno chapadera, zonga ngati kupangidwa kwa nyumba za anthu kapena zipata za chisungiko cha dziko. Izi kaŵirikaŵiri zimafunikira ndalama za boma kapena za kumaloko zogwirizana ndi kugwirizana ndi malamulo a boma atsatanetsatane.
  • Mapepala otetezera: Mabanki operekedwa kaamba ka mbali zazikulu za malamulo (mt., thanzi la maganizo, mautumiki a kakhalidwe) opanda zitsulo zambiri zomangiritsa, kulola maboma ndi malo kukhala ochenjera kwambiri ponena za mmene amagwiritsira ntchito ndalamazo.

Maboma amaperekanso ndalama zothandizira maboma a m’dzikolo, makamaka kuti apereke ndalama zothandizira pa ntchito yamaphunziro ndi kupereka ndalama za msonkho.

Kuyesedwa ndi Kubadwa

Boma la boma lingawombole boma kapena malamulo a kumalo kumene kuli ulamuliro walamulo, monga kusamuka, nkhani zachilendo, ndi malonda apakati pa dziko. Supremacy Claus (Article VI) imapangitsa lamulo la boma kukhala lamulo lalikulu la dzikolo. Maboma ndi malo ayenera kugwirizana, ngakhale kuti nthaŵi zina angatokose kumasulidwa m’khoti kapena kufunafuna olakwira.

Federal masiku a moyo afuna maboma ndi madera ena kuchitapo kanthu, kaŵirikaŵiri popanda kupereka ndalama zokwanira. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo zofunika kuti anthu opunduka pansi pa ADA apezedwe, kapena kugwirizana ndi miyezo ya boma yokhudza malo okhala. The Unlidated Mandates Reformation Act ya 1995 inafuna kuchepetsa malamulowo, koma imakhalabe magwero a kutsutsana.

Mavuto a Maulamuliro Osiyanasiyana

Kugwirizana kwa maboma a m’dzikolo, a boma, ndi a boma si kosavuta nthaŵi zonse.

Kulimbana

Kutsutsa mlingo wa boma umene uli ndi ulamuliro pa nkhani ina n’kofala. Zitsanzo zaposachedwapa zimaphatikizapo mikangano m’mizinda yopatulika (kumene maboma akumalo akuletsa kugwirizana ndi kutsata anthu ku boma), kukhazikitsa lamulo la chamba (kumene lamulo la boma likuletsa kachipangizo kalamulo,) ndi malamulo a malo okhala (malamulo a boma a boma a Sectec Power Plan ndi Waters of the United States). Zigamu za khoti lalikulu monga [FLT: 0] kutsegulira zikalata. [United States] (1997]) ndi [FLT:] MY. NAC.[FLT] . [FLT] .[FLT]

Kusiyana kwa Ndalama ndi Udindo

Maboma achuma ndi madera achuma angathandize kwambiri kuposa osauka. Zimenezi zimapangitsa kuti ndalama zoyendetsera maphunziro, zothandizira kudwala ndiponso kupeza ndalama. Maprogramu a Federal angathandize kulinganiza chuma, koma kaŵirikaŵiri amabwera ndi mikhalidwe imene siingagwirizane ndi mikhalidwe yakwawo. Mofananamo, matauni aang'ono a kumidzi sangakhale ndi mphamvu zochitira mpikisano wa boma kapena kugwirizana ndi malamulo ovuta.

Kusintha kwa Ndale zadziko

M’zaka makumi aposachedwapa, kuwonjezereka kwa maunansi andale zadziko kwasokoneza mayanjano a boma. Maboma angakane kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a boma (m’chitsanzo, mainshuwalansi a zaumoyo pansi pa ACA), pamene kuli kwakuti boma lingasiye kupereka ndalama kapena kuchitapo kanthu mwalamulo molimbana ndi maboma osagwirizana. Nthaŵi zina maboma a m’dzikolo apeza kuti agwidwa pakati pa malamulo otsutsana ndi boma ndi boma.

Kulephera ndi Kusagwira Bwino Ntchito

Boma lingayang’anire ntchito yofananayo, zimene zingapangitse kutengerapo kusokonezeka. Mwachitsanzo, kusungitsa malamulo kumakhala ndi udindo pakati pa apolisi a m’deralo, apolisi a boma, ndi mabungwe a boma monga FBI ndi DEA. Ngakhale kuti kugwirizana kungawongolere zotulukapo, kungayambitsenso makaseti ofiira ndi mikangano ya madera osiyanasiyana.

Kumaliza: Kufunika Kosatha kwa Kumvetsetsa Mafuko

Kugaŵana kwa mphamvu pakati pa maboma a kumaloko, boma, ndi boma ndi maziko a moyo wa ndale zadziko za America. Si dongosolo lapamwamba limene lasintha mwa kusintha kwa malamulo, kumasulira kwa chiweruzo, ntchito ya malamulo, ndi zokumana nazo zothandiza. Kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi, kumvetsetsa mbali zimenezi nkofunika kuti akhale nzika yodziŵa. Kuzindikira amene ali ndi thayo la zimene mlingo umenewu umachita . Ndi mmene umagwirira ntchito . Ndi mmene umagwirira ntchito kwa anthu omwe amagwirizana ndi boma lawo, kuchirikiza kusintha, ndi kuyamikira kuvuta kwa dongosolo lolinganizidwa kugwirizanitsa umodzi ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Mfundo za boma zidakali zothandiza masiku ano pamene dzikolo likuyang’anizana ndi mavuto atsopano: miliri imene imadutsa malire a boma, kusalingana kwa zachuma kumene kumasiyana ndi madera, njira zamakono zimene zimaposa malamulo, ndi kusintha kwa nyengo kumene kumafuna kuchita zinthu mogwirizana m’mbali zonse. Mwa kuphunzira mbali za maboma a boma, boma, ndi boma, timakonzekeretsa mbadwo wotsatira kuyendetsa zinthu zovuta zimenezi ndi kuthandizira kukhazikitsa dongosolo la democracy lolimba ndi lovomereza.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, [[FLT: 0] Service yofufuza ya Chikonyunizimu [[FLT :1] imafalitsa malipoti a university ndi maunansi a boma, ndi Brookings Institution [ imapereka kusanthula kwa nkhani zamakono za unistism.