Kupenda Maulamuliro Aaudindo

Malamulo a United States amakhazikitsa dongosolo la boma limene limagawa ulamuliro pakati pa boma la dziko ndi maboma a boma. Maulamuliro operekedwa kwa boma la boma amaŵerengedwa mosamalitsa m'Malamulo I, II, ndi III, amene motsatira malamulo, mabwana a boma, ndi nthambi zachiweruzo. Kumvetsetsa maulamuliro ameneŵa nkofunika osati kwa ophunzira a boma lokha komanso kwa nzika iliyonse amene akukhala ndi phande m’moyo wa demokrase. Ulamuliro wa boma wasintha kupyola zaka mazana ambiri pomasulira, malamulo a khoti, ndi kufunika kwake, komabe maziko alamulo akhalabe maziko a ulamuliro wa Amereka.

Mphamvu Zokhalako

Maulamuliro otchulidwa ndi aja ondandalika mwachindunji m'Chigawo I, Chigawo 8 cha Malamulo. Maulamuliro ameneŵa analinganizidwa kupatsa boma zida zofunika kuti lizigwira ntchito bwino pamene akusunga maulamuliro ena onse ku maboma kapena anthu pansi pa Kusintha kwa Khumi. Maulamuliro otchulidwa akuphatikizapo:

  • Misonkho yowonedwa [1] – Congress iri ndi mphamvu ya kukhazikitsa ndi kusonkhanitsa misonkho, ntchito, zikalata, ndi mapepala. Ndalama za boma, chitetezo cha dziko, ndi mautumiki a anthu. Pambuyo pake, Kukonzanso kwa 16 kunavomereza msonkho wa ndalama popanda kugaŵidwa pakati pa mayiko.
  • Kulamulira malonda apakati ndi achilendo [1] -The Commerce Claus [1] -'Act Claus' amapereka ulamuliro wa kuyang'anira malonda pakati pa mayiko, ndi mitundu ina, ndi mafuko a Eni America . Mphamvu imeneyi yatembenuzidwa mokulira kukwaniritsa ntchito zachuma zimene zimayambukira kwambiri malonda a mayiko osiyanasiyana.
  • Kutsutsa nkhondo ndi kusungitsa magulu ankhondo - Nyumba ya Malamulo yokha ingathe kuyambitsa nkhondo, kukweza ndi kuchirikiza magulu ankhondo, kugaŵira ndi kusungitsa gulu lankhondo, ndi kupanga malamulo a asilikali. Pulezidenti, monga mkulu wa asilikali, amatsogolera ntchito zankhondo koma sangathe kulengeza nkhondo popanda chivomerezo cha bungwelo.
  • Kupereka ndalama ndi kuwongolera phindu lake - Boma la boma limalamulira ndalama, limakhazikitsa mtengo wa ndalama ndi ndalama zapepala, ndi kulanga kupeka. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira dongosolo la ndalama la dziko losasintha.
  • Kutumiza maofesi a positi ofesi ndi misewu yapapositi [1] [1] - Mphamvu yapositi ofesi imatheketsa boma la United States kuyendetsa ntchito ya Postal Service ndi kumanga nyumba za zoyendera.
  • Kupereka mphamvu ndi zolembedwa – Kupititsa patsogolo kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ndi luso la zojambula, Nyumba za Malamulo zingapereke ufulu wokha kwa oyambitsa ndi olemba kwa nthaŵi zochepa.
  • Kulengeza makhoti a boma [1] – Mfundo III imapanga Bwalo Lapamwamba ndi kuvomereza Congress kukhazikitsa makhoti a ang’onoang’ono a boma.

Maulamuliro otchulidwawo amaphatikizaponso ulamuliro wa kulongosola ndi kulanga maulamuliro, kulamulira Chigawo cha Columbia, ndi kupanga malamulo onse ofunikira ndi oyenerera kaamba ka kupereka maulamuliro ondandalitsidwa.

Mphamvu Zogwiritsiridwa Ntchito

Maulamuliro ogwiritsiridwa ntchito salembedwa mwachindunji m'Malamulo koma atengedwa kuchokera ku Nassary ndi Seact Claus (Nkhaniyi, Chigawo 8, Claus 18), imene imapatsa Nyumba za Malamulo ulamuliro kukhazikitsa lamulo lirilonse limene liri “lofunika ndi loyenera" kaamba ka kunyamula mphamvu zake zotchulidwa. Nkhani ya Khoti Lapamwamba ] MCulloch v. Maryland . (1819) inakhazikitsa chiphunzitso cha mphamvu zomveka. Woweruza wamkulu John Marshall anagamula kuti malamulo satha kundandalika mphamvu iliyonse imene ingafunikire; chotero, msonkhano ungagwiritsire ntchito moletsedwa kukwaniritsa mfundo zalamulo.

  • [[FLT : 0] Kuphunzitsa banki ya dziko lonse - Ngakhale kuti Malamulo satchula mabanki, Congress adalemba Bank Yoyamba ndi Yachiŵiri ya United States pansi pa mphamvu zake zotchulidwa. Khoti linachirikiza zimenezi mu Mcloch , kutsutsa kuti banki inali chiŵiya chothandiza ndi chothandiza posamalira ndalama za boma.
  • Kukhazikitsa mabungwe a boma – Congress yagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zake zotanthauza kupanga mabungwe monga Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Dipatimenti ya Homeland Security, ndi Federal Reserve. Mabungwe ameneŵa amakhazikitsa malamulo ndi kuyang'anira madera amene saali tsatanetsatane mu Lamulo la Malamulo.
  • Kulamulira mfuti – Pamene Kusintha kwachiŵiri kumatetezera kuyenera kwa kusunga ndi kunyamula zida, boma limalamulira kugulitsa mfuti za boma za boma, kuletsa zida zina, ndi kufuna kupima kwapambuyo pa Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firmars ndi Explosives (ATF).
  • Kutsimikizira malamulo a malipiro ochepa kwambiri – The Fair Labor Standard Act imakhazikitsa malipiro ochepera a boma pansi pa mphamvu ya Congress kulamulira malonda a maiko ndi ulamuliro wake wofuna kupititsa patsogolo ubwino wa onse.

Otsutsa amanena kuti mafotokozedwe ambiri amachirikiza kulinganizika kwa boma, pamene kuli kwakuti ochirikizawo amalola boma kuzoloŵerana ndi mavuto amakono.

Tanthauzo la Maulamuliro Aakulu

Maulamuliro a boma la boma si mawu alamulo ongopeka, ndi oyambukira mwachindunji chisungiko, chuma, ndi zoyenera za nzika zonse za ku Amereka.

Kusunga Chisungiko cha Dziko

Boma la boma lili ndi thayo lalikulu la kutetezera United States ku ziwopsezo zakunja ndi kuyendetsa zinthu za kunja. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo:

  • Maseŵero apadera [1] - Dipatimenti ya Zotetezera imayang'anira gulu lankhondo la United States, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, ndi Space Force . Pulezidenti, monga mkulu wa asilikali, angatumize asilikali, koma Congress ayenera kusungitsa ntchito zowonjezereka zankhondo ndi kuvomereza. Chigamulo cha nkhondo cha 1973 chimafuna kuti pulezidenti adziŵitse Congress mkati mwa maola 48 akuyendetsa magulu ankhondo ndi kutumiza zigamu zankhondo kwa masiku 60 popanda chilolezo cha nkhondo.
  • Kusagwirizana ndi kutsutsa uchigaŵenga --A bungwe longa CIA, NSA, ndi FBI amagwira ntchito kuti apeze luntha, kuletsa zigaŵenga, ndi kuteteza zinsinsi za dziko. USA PATRIOT ALET ALET kaundula mphamvu zoyang’anira zinthu pambuyo pa kuukira 9 / 11, kuyambitsa nkhaŵa zimene makhoti akupitirizabe kuzifotokoza.
  • Ubwino wa Border ndi kusamuka [1] - Department of Homeland Security imakhazikitsa malamulo oloŵera m'dziko, kutetezera malire, ndi kuyang'anira madoko oloŵera. Makhoti a Federal ogwirizana ndi chitetezo afuna kuthamangitsa, kuthamangitsa milandu, ndi kufunsira unzika.
  • Cybersécurity – The Cybersecurity and Infractive Security Agency (CISIA) imagwirizanitsa zoyesayesa za kutetezera madongosolo a boma ndi ziwiya zowopsya zaupandu ku ziwawa za pa Intaneti.

Maulamuliro a chisungiko adziko ali pakati pa njira zazikulu koposa za ulamuliro wa boma.

Kulamulira Malonda

Mabuku a Commerce Claus ndi ena mwa maulamuliro akuluakulu a boma.

  • Gebbons v. Ogden (11824) – Khoti Lapamwamba linamasulira malonda a m'mayiko osiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo njira zoyendera ndi zamalonda za boma. Chigamulo chimenechi chinakhazikitsa ulamuliro wa boma pa malamulo a boma amene amayendera malonda a mayiko.
  • Wickard v. Filburn [[FL:1] (1942) – Khoti linagamula kuti mlimi akulima tirigu kaamba ka kudyedwa kwake angalamuliridwe chifukwa chakuti ntchito yake, yopatulidwa ndi ena, inayambukira kwambiri msika wa tirigu wa dziko lonse. Mlandu umenewu unafutukulidwa kwambiri wa boma.
  • United States v. Lopez (1995] – kwa nthaŵi yoyamba m'zaka pafupifupi 60, Bwalo Lamilandu linachepetsa mphamvu ya Zamalonda Claus, kuswa lamulo limene linaletsa mfuti pafupi ndi sukulu chifukwa silinayambukire kwenikweni malonda a maiko.
  • National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius [1] (20:2) – Khoti linachirikiza lamulo la munthu aliyense la Afford Care Act monga msonkho, koma mphamvu ya zamalonda ya Congress yochepa mwa kutsimikiza kuti sikungakakamize anthu kugula inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo pansi pa Commercias Claus.

Boma la boma limagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yake ya zamalonda kukhazikitsa misika ya kusungitsa zinthu (SEC), kukhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kudalirana (DOJ ndi FTC), kukhazikitsa miyezo ya chisungiko cha chakudya (FDA), ndi kuyang’anira kayendedwe (FA, DOT). Malamulo ameneŵa amapanga mkhalidwe wachuma wofanana umene umatheketsa malonda ndi kutetezera ogula.

Kuchirikiza Kukhazikika kwa Chuma

Maboma a boma ogwirizana ndi misonkho, ndalama, ndi ndalama n’zofunika kuti chuma chitukuke ndiponso kuti zinthu ziyende bwino:

  • Kusintha [1] --Boma la boma limasonkhanitsa misonkho kuti lipereke chitetezo, maprogramu a kakhalidwe ka anthu, maziko, ndi kufufuza. Mwiniornvenue Service (IRS) imayang'anira malamulo a msonkho, amene amagwiritsiridwa ntchito kupangira makhalidwe ena (m., kukhala ndi nyumba, kusunga ndalama zapadesiki) kupyolera mwa ndalama ndi ngongole.
  • Ndalama zowonongedwa zapam'ainjini [[FLT: 1] – Congress imayenerera ndalama kupyolera mwa njira ya bajeti. Zowonongedwa zazikulu zimaphatikizapo Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, kutetezera, ndi chiwongola dzanja pa ngongole ya dzikolo. Congressgational Ballet Office (CBO) imapereka kufufuza kwaumwini kwa lamulo la za ndalama.
  • Malamulo a kampani - system ya Federal Reserve imalamulira kuperekedwa kwa ndalama ndi kuika chiwongola dzanja kuyang'anira kukwera kwa mitengo ndi kupititsa patsogolo ntchito yochuluka. Pamene kuli kwakuti Fad ndi yodziimira, inapangidwa ndi Congress ndi malipoti ake. Malamulo a ndalama za ndalama amayambukira ndalama zobwerekedwa ku nyumba, malonda, ndi kugula.
  • Kupereka mpumulo ndi kusonkhezera kwa chuma ----] [1] m'nthaŵi za mavuto (mzere, vuto la zachuma la 2008, mliri wa CHOVID-19), boma likhazikitsa ndandanda ya chithandizo chimene chimaphatikizapo ndalama zimene anthu amalipira mwachindunji, mapindu a ulova, ngongole ku mabizinesi, ndi chithandizo ku maboma akumeneko.

Kukhoza kwa boma kubwereka ndalama ndi kuwononga ndalama pamlingo wa dziko lonse ndi mwayi wapadera kwambiri wa mgwirizanowo, kukanatheka kuti dziko la United States lichitepo kanthu pa mavuto a zachuma, masoka achilengedwe, kapena miliri.

Kuteteza Ufulu wa Anthu

Pamene kuli kwakuti maboma ndi malo amasamalira lamulo lachiŵeniŵeni ndi laupandu, boma limachita mbali yaikulu m'kutetezera zoyenera za munthu. Constitution’s Reconstruments . Kukonzedwanso kwa Malamulo kwa [Bungwe la Ukapolo], kutetezeredwa kwa khumi ndi atatu (kutetezeredwa kolingana, njira yoyenerera), ndi la 15 (kuchirikiza ufulu wa anthu) . . . Anaperekanso mphamvu ya kusungitsa ufuluwo kupyolera m’lamulo. Maulamuliro a boma a ufulu wachibadwire amaphatikizapo:

  • Kuvomereza zoyenera za kuvota + Chikalata cha ufulu wa kusankha cha 1965 chimaletsa tsankho la fuko povota, kumafuna maulamuliro ena kuti apeze chilolezo cha boma asanasinthe malamulo a chisankho (chigawo 5, anakantha mu Shelby County v. Homer 2013, ndipo amagaŵira oyang'anira ndi milandu a boma.
  • Kulengeza tsankho [1] – Chikalata cha ufulu wa anthu cha 1964 chimaletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, kapena chiyambi cha dziko pantchito, malo ogona anthu onse, ndi maprogramu oyendetsedwa ndi boma. Chikalata cha Autholity Opportunity Commission (EOC) chimakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kugaŵana m’ntchito.
  • Kutetezera kuloŵa m'voti – The National Voter Regavition Act (1993) ndi Help America Vote Act (2002) inakhazikitsa miyezo ya kulembetsa wovota ndi woyang'anira masankho. Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo ingasunge mlandu kuti isungitse malamulo ameneŵa.
  • Malamulo a chidani cha pabanja amada upandu [1] – Malamulo onga Mateyu Shepard ndi James Byrd Jr. Sunder Crimes Prevention Act (2009) imalola boma kugamula mlandu wa upandu wa udani umene umachitika pa katundu wa boma, kapena womwe umaphatikizapo ulendo kapena malonda a dziko lonse.

Nthaŵi zambiri zakhala zikubuka pamene maboma alephera kutetezera anthu ochepa, koma mkangano wokhudza kuloŵerera kwa boma m’madera monga kuvota, kugawa, ndi maphunziro.

Mapeketi ndi Kulinganizika

Mafolomars analinganiza njira imene nthambi iriyonse ya boma la boma ingaletsere inayo, kuletsa nthambi iriyonse kulamulira. Kulekanitsa maulamuliro kumeneku kuli kozikidwa pa demokrase ya Amereka.

  • Mayeso a nthambi apadera pa mkulu wa ntchito – Congress angapose chivoti cha pulezidenti ndi triass m'zipinda ziŵiri; woweruza aliyense ndi kuchotsa pulezidenti, pulezidenti, ndi woweruza waboma; kuyang'anira bajeti ndi mapulogalamu; kutsimikizira kapena kukana kuikidwa kwa pulezidenti; ndi kufufuza zochita zaudindo kupyolera m’makutu ndi mapopena.
  • Mayeso a nthambi a lamulo pa khoti – Congress angaike oweruza a boma, kusintha chiŵerengero cha zigamulo za Bwalo Lapamwamba, kupereka zisinthiro za lamulo kugwetsa zigamulo za khoti, ndi kuchepetsa ulamuliro wa makhoti a a pansi pa boma.
  • Kufufuza kwa nthambi kwa lamulo -Presidenti angapereke ndalama zoperekedwa ndi Congress; angapange magawo a ngozi a Congress; ndipo angapereke malamulo a akuluakulu a boma amene angatsogolere, ngakhale kuti zimenezi zingagwetsedwe ndi malamulo kapena zitokoso za khoti.
  • Oweruza ayang’anira nthambi pachiweruzo – pulezidenti amaweruza oweruza a boma, kuphatikizapo oweruza a Bwalo Lapamwamba, ogonjera ku chitsimikizo cha Khoti Lamilandu; ndipo pulezidenti angakhululukire milandu ya boma, imene ingayambukire zotulukapo zachiweruzo.
  • Mayeso a nthambi ya judicial pa malamulo ndi mabwana + Makhoti ali ndi mphamvu ya kupenda chiweruzo, yokhazikitsidwa mu Marbury v. Madison (1803), kuswa malamulo kapena machitidwe audindo amene amaswa Konsichushoni. Oweruza a Federal amatumikira moyo wawo wonse, kuwatetezera ku chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko.

Macheke ndi malingana ndi zinsinsi zimakhala zogwira ntchito ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri zimatsutsana. Mwachitsanzo, pulezidenti angapereke lamulo, koma kuliwona kukhala losamveka; Nyumba ya Malamulo ingakane kutsimikizira woimira; kapena Bwalo Lapamwamba lingalengeze lamulo lotchuka losakhala lalamulo. Kulimbana kumeneku ndiko kukakamiza mwadala, kulolera, ndi kuganizitsa.

Chiyambukiro pa Mphamvu za Boma

Unansi pakati pa boma ndi maboma umadziŵika ndi zonse ziŵiri kugwirizana ndi mkangano. Supremacy Claus (Article VI) imatsimikizira kuti lamulo la boma liri lamulo lalikulu la dzikolo, kutanthauza kuti malamulo a boma ndi mapangano ovomerezedwa amachotsa malamulo otsutsana a boma.

Kukopa Anthu

Pansi pa chiphunzitso cha kumasulidwa, lamulo la boma lingachotse lamulo la boma m’njira zitatu:

  • Kutsenderezedwa [[FLT :1] – Congress amanena momveka bwino kuti lamulo la boma limatenga malo oyamba pa lamulo la boma, monga ndi Gwedeee Inhome Security Act (ERISA) yomwe imachotsa malamulo ambiri a boma olamulira mapulani akupindula.
  • Kuwomboledwa ] , ngakhale popanda chilankhulo chomvekera bwino, ngati lamulo la boma lili lomveka kwambiri kwakuti silimasiya mpata wa malamulo a boma (mabwalo a kuperekedwa), kapena ngati lamulo la boma likutsutsana ndi lamulo la boma (kuwomboledwa kwa munthu), lamulo la boma nlopanda pake.
  • Kuwomboledwa , – kumasulira kwa khoti kumatsimikizira kuti lamulo la boma limakhala chopinga ku zolinga za boma. Mwachitsanzo, mu Arizona v. United States (202]], Khoti linaswa malamulo angapo osungitsa anthu oloŵa m'dziko la Arizona chifukwa chakuti linadodometsa lamulo la boma la kusamuka.

Kupulupudza kumatsimikizira kufanana m’madera onga ngati kusamukira m’dziko, malonda a m’maiko akunja, ndi chuma cha anthu, koma kungachepetsenso kuyesa njira za boma. Nthaŵi zina boma limaimba mlandu boma la boma kuti litsutse kumasulidwa, likumanena kuti lamulolo limaposa mphamvu zoŵerengedwa za Nyumba ya Malamulo kapena limaswa Lamulo la Khumi Lowonjezera.

Magulu Ogwirizana

Chipani cha United States si masewera a zigawenga. Maprogramu ambiri a boma amakhudza kugwirizana kwa boma ndi maboma:

  • Malo-in-aid – Congress imayenerera ndalama zimene zimafotokoza kuti zingagwiritsiridwe ntchito kaamba ka zifuno zakutizakuti, zonga ngati zoyendera (ndalama zapamwamba), maphunziro (mutu I), kapena chisamaliro cha zaumoyo (Medicaid). Kaŵirikaŵiri zimenezi zimabwera ndi mikhalidwe [1] masipoti ayenera kugwirizana ndi miyezo ya boma kuti alandire ndalama.
  • Kusungitsa ['kugawana [[FLT :1] -'Act' ya meya Special Act imavomereza EPA kukhazikitsa miyezo ya mtundu ya mpweya, koma boma limagwiritsira ntchito miyezo imeneyo mwa mapulani a kukwaniritsa boma (SIP). Ngati boma lilephera kuchitapo kanthu, EPA ingasungitse mwachindunji.
  • Mayanjano a boma [1] [1] -Department of Homeland Security imagwira ntchito ndi boma ndi malamulo akumaloko; FBI anzake ndi apolisi a boma pakufufuza; ndi FEMA imagwirizanitsa chivomerezo cha tsoka ndi mabungwe oyang'anira ngozi a boma.

Chigwirizano cha boma chafutukula chisonkhezero cha boma kukhala madera osungidwira maboma, monga ngati maphunziro ndi thanzi la anthu. Zimenezi zadzutsa mafunso onena za kudzilamulira kwa boma ndi kulemera kwa katundu, makamaka pamene malamulo osavomerezedwa afuna maboma kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma popanda kuchirikiza kokwanira kwa boma.

Kusagwirizana ndi Milandu ya Khoti Lalikulu

Khoti Lalikulu nthaŵi zambiri limathetsa mikangano pakati pa boma ndi boma.

  • United States v. Lopez [FLT :1] (1995) – Kugwetsa Chikalata cha Gun-Free School School Act, kutsimikiziranso kuti maboma ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa upandu wa kumaloko.
  • Kusindikizaz v. United States (1997) – zogaŵira zotsutsidwa za Brady Handgun Police Prevention Act zimene zinafuna kuti apolisi osungitsa malamulo a boma ayendetse, akumasunga kuti Nyumba za Malamulo sizingalamulire akuluakulu a boma kukhazikitsa lamulo la boma.
  • NFIB v. Sebelius (202) [1] Pamene anali kuchirikiza lamulo la Affordal Care Act, Khoti linagamula kuti Khoti silingawopseze kuletsa ndalama zonse za Medicaid zomwe zinalipo kale kuchokera ku maiko amene anakana kufutukula Medicaid; kufutukukako kunali kodzifunira.
  • [[NT.0] Murphy v. NCAA (208) – Kugwetsa Professional and Amateur Sports Providection Act (PASPA) chifukwa chakuti inaletsa malamulo kulola kutchova juga, kuswa chiphunzitso chotsutsa lamulo.

Milandu imeneyi imasonyeza mmene Khoti limapitirizira malire a mphamvu ya boma, kutsimikizira kuti boma la boma silimapitirira malire ake a lamulo pamene likuzindikirabe ukulu wa lamulo lovomerezedwa la boma.

Mikangano Yamakono pa Maulamuliro Aakulu

M’zaka za m’ma 2000 zino, mayiko ambiri akutsutsana za ulamuliro wa boma ndipo mfundo zambiri zikusonyeza kuti mayiko akulimbana ndi ulamuliro wa boma ndi ufulu wodzilamulira.

Kusintha kwa Zaumoyo

Affordble Care Act (ACA) inakhazikitsa malamulo a zaumoyo kutsogolera ku mkangano wa boma. Lamulo linafutukula Medicaid, kupanga misika ya inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo, ndi kukhazikitsa lamulo la munthu aliyense la kugula inshuwalansi. Ngakhale kuti pali mavuto a malamulo ochirikiza thanzi, mafunso akupitirizabe ponena za mbali ya boma m’kusamalira zaumoyo.

  • [[FLT : 0] Kufutukuka kwa Medicaid [1] -Kufikira 2025, maboma 40 ndi Chigawo cha Columbia kwafutukuka Medicaid pansi pa ACA . Mayiko otsalawo sananene kuti kuwonjezera kuli kokwera mtengo kwambiri kapena kuti mapangano a ndalama a boma n’ngosatsimikizirika. Zimenezi zimapangitsa kukwaniritsa kosiyanasiyana kumene kumayambukira anthu achikulire otsika.
  • Kusintha kwa mankhwala – malamulo a Federal onga ngati Medicare Prectical Drug produc, Reconfied, and Modertive Act (2003) ndi Inslation Reduction Act (20022) Act (2002) imapatsa Medica ilo ya ulamuliro kukambitsirana mitengo ya mankhwala a mankhwala ogodomalitsa mankhwala. Maboma aperekanso malamulo awoawo osonyeza kuonekera, nthaŵi zina kuchititsa mikangano.
  • Zovuta za thanzi za anthu --Mliri wa Covid , unakhudzana kwambiri ndi boma kudzera m'CDC, FDA, ndi HHS, kuphatikizapo malamulo a katemera, ziletso za maulendo, ndi malangizo a zaumoyo wa anthu. Olamulira a boma ndi okhazikitsa malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri ankatsutsana ndi malangizo a boma, kutchula CD ndi ulamuliro wa zathanzi ndi zaumoyo ndi chitetezo.

Lamulo la Malo Okhala

Malamulo a malo okhala ndi malo ena amene maboma a boma ndi boma kaŵirikaŵiri amawombana. EPA imakhazikitsa miyezo ya dziko kaamba ka mpweya ndi madzi, koma maboma angatsatire miyezo yolimba. Masitepe aakulu a

  • Pulogalamu Yamphamvu [1] - lamulo la oyang'anira Obama la kuchepetsa kutulutsa mpweya wa carbon kuchokera ku zomera linasungidwa ndi Khoti Lalikulu ndipo pambuyo pake linaloŵedwa mmalo ndi lamulo lochepa kwambiri pansi pa ulamuliro wa Trump. Oyang'anira Biden atsatira malamulo atsopano ophera methane ndi mafuta a galimoto.
  • Miyezo ya galimoto yotulutsa galimoto – Pansi pa Direct ya Desekiyo, California analandira woletsa kukhazikitsa miyezo yakeyake yopimira yolimba ya galimoto, imene maboma ena angaitsatire. Boma la Trump linachotsa chiwiyacho, koma oyang'anira Biden anachibweza. Khoti Lapamwamba linakana kutsutsa ulamuliro wa California mu 2024.
  • Kachitidwe ka mkhalidwe wa dziko ka boma – United States monga New York ndi Massachusetts adazetsa makampani aakulu a mafuta pansi pa lamulo la boma kaamba ka chiwopsezo cha nyengo. Nthaŵi zina boma la boma lanena kuti zonena zotero zimatsutsidwa ndi lamulo la boma kapena kusokoneza malamulo a maiko akunja.

Malamulo Olamulira Mfuti

Chitetezero chachiŵiri cha kuyenera kwa kusunga ndi kunyamula zida, chofotokozedwa mokulira ndi Khoti Lapamwamba mu Diformation of Columbia v. Heller (2008) ndi New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruten [2022]), iri ndi malamulo a boma ndi a boma ovuta kumva.

  • Malamulo a ku Mozambique – The National Firearms Act (1934), Gun Control Act (1968), ndi Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act (1993) amakhazikitsa ziletso pa kugulitsa mfuti, kuletsa magulu ena a anthu a mfuti, ndipo amafuna mayeso a kumbuyo kwa ogulitsa oletsedwa. Bipartisan Saver Communies Act (202) zofufuza za ogula katundu wa pa zaka za 21 ndipo anatseka “mnzake wa aubwenzi.
  • Malamulo adziko - United States amasiyana kwambiri. Ena, monga California ndi New York, ali ndi ziyeneretso zovomerezeka, ziletso za zida zoukira, ndi malamulo ofiira. Ena, monga Texas ndi Arizona, amalola kunyamula ndi kukhala ndi ziletso zochepa. Pamene maboma akhazikitsa malamulo amphamvu kuposa lamulo la boma, kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ololedwa pokhapokha atasemphana ndi malamulo a boma.
  • Zitokoso za Qualituni -A pambuyo Bruen , makhoti agonjetsa ziletso zambiri za boma ndi za mfuti za boma, kuphatikizapo kuletsa kunyamula mfuti poyera, ziletso zozikidwa pa msinkhu, ndi ziletso za mfuti zina. Zotsatira za milandu zimenezi zidzazindikiritsa malire a boma ndi malamulo a boma a mfuti.

Kupititsidwa M’dziko Lina

Lamulo la kusuntha ndilo thayo la boma, koma maboma ayesayesa mowonjezereka kusonkhezera kusungitsa lamulo. Khoti Lalikulu lachirikiza ulamuliro wa boma m’mbali imeneyi pamene likulola chigwirizano cha boma m’zochitika zina.

  • mizinda yosanja vs. ICE mizinda yambiri ndi maboma amachepetsa kugwirizana ndi akuluakulu a boma oimira anthu oloŵa m'dziko. Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo pansi pa ulamuliro wa Trump inawopseza kuti idzaletsa kupereka ndalama ku maulamuliro a kachisi, koma makhoti anatseka lamulo. Malamulo a Biden asintha miyezo yambiri ya Trump-era.
  • Malamulo a kusamuka a kudzikolo – Malamulo onga SB ya Arizona 1070 (2070) anayesa kukhazikitsa apolisi a boma kukhazikitsa malamulo a kusamuka. Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza makonzedwe ofuna kuti apolisi ayang'ane za kusamuka pamene aima mwalamulo koma linagwetsa makonzedwe ena ododometsa lamulo la boma.
  • Machitidwe a boma [[FLT :1] -Texas ndi Florida athandiza anthu osamukira ku mizinda ya kumpoto, kupanga malire, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo ophwanya lamulo lolowa popanda chilolezo. Zochita zimenezi zakhudzana ndi milandu ya boma yokha imene ikunena kuti boma la boma ndilo lokha limene lingalamulire kusamuka kwa anthu.

Kumenya nkhondo yolimbana ndi anthu osamukira m’mayiko ena kumasonyeza kusagwirizana kwakukulu pankhani ya boma, dziko, ndi malire a ulamuliro wa boma m’dera lodziŵika bwino lomwe.

Kumaliza

Maulamuliro a boma la boma ndi aakulu, koma si maulamuliro opanda malire. Opangidwa ndi malamulo, opangidwa ndi zaka mazana ambiri a kumasulira kwa lamulo, amalola boma la dziko kupereka chisungiko, kuyang'anira malonda, kupititsa patsogolo kukhazikika kwa chuma, ndi kutetezera ufulu wa anthu. Dongosolo la macheke ndi kulinganiza limatsimikizira kuti palibe nthambi imodzi imene ikhala yolamulira, pamene kuli kwakuti maziko a bomalo ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu ku maboma. Maulamulirowo adzapitirizabe monga kudalira pa kulinganiza kwa boma kwatsopano. Kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kudalirana kwa maulamuliro a dziko lonse lapansi. Kwa nzika, maulamuliro ameneŵa si kungokhala njira ya maphunziro wamba ya maphunziro apamwamba a demokrase. Kuphatikiza nkhani, kugawana ndi kugawa, anthu, kukhoza kuthandiza kulinganiza ulamuliro wa boma ndi kulongosola ulamuliro wa boma. Kufufuza zaudindo apamwamba: [F1]