Kusintha Zinthu Kunakhala Kukopa Anthu

Nkhani za Confederation, zimene zinavomerezedwa mu 1781, zinakhala maziko oyamba a malamulo a boma la United States latsopano. Chikalatachi chinakhazikitsa mgwirizano wa maboma achifumu ndi boma lalikulu lokhala ndi mphamvu zochepa kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti chikalatachi chinathandiza kugwirizanitsa mayiko khumi ndi atatu olamulidwa ndi mayiko osiyanasiyana pa zaka zomaliza za chipanduko cha America, kulephera kwake kumanga nyumbazo kunakhala koonekeratu. Pa zaka khumi, kukangana kwa zachuma, kulephera kwa mayiko kukhazikitsa malamulo a dzikolo, zinapangitsa kuti mfundozo zikhale zomveka kuti nkhanizi sizingakwanire kulamulira dziko. Kumvetsa chifukwa chake mfundo za Confeder zinalowetsedwa m’malo ndi kofunika kumvetsa mfundo za maziko a U.S.

Mbiri Yakale: Chifukwa Chake Nkhanizi Zinalengedwa

Pa nthawi ya nkhondo ya Reivolution, bungwe la Continental Congress linazindikira kuti pakufunika chikalata chalamulo chimene chinkathandiza kuti mayiko onse atetezedwe komanso agwirizane. Bungwe lachiwiri la Continental Congress linayamba kulemba nkhani za m'nkhanizo mu 1776, ndipo patatha zaka zambiri, nkhani monga kuimira boma ndi mayiko akumadzulo, chikalatachi chinatumizidwa ku mayiko a ku madera omenyera nkhondo mu 1777. Maryland ndilo linali boma lomaliza kuvomereza kuti chikhale chomaliza, ndipo chinatha kukhazikitsa chikalatacho mu March 1781.

Nkhanizo zinakonzedwa mwadala kupanga boma lapakati lofooka. Pokhala atangomenya nkhondo ndi zimene analingalira kukhala ulamuliro wa Briteni, atsogoleri a America anakayikira kwambiri za mphamvu yapadera. Boma lapakati pansi pa Nkhanizo linali loposa ngakhale bungwe la boma la munthu mmodzi, kaya ndi laukulu kapena anthu, limene linachita voti imodzi. Panalibe nthambi ya boma yokha yokha yokha yokhazikitsa malamulo ndi yosafuna kuthetsera mikangano. Ulamuliro weniweni unakhala ndi malamulo a boma.

Makonzedwe Ofunika a Nkhanizo

Nyumba za Malamulo zinatha kulengeza nkhondo, kuchita zinthu zokhudzana ndi mayiko ena, kupanga mapangano, kugwirizanitsa mafuko a ku America, ndi mikangano pakati pa mayiko.

Kusintha nkhani zimenezi kunafunikila civomerezo cogwilizana ku maiko onse khumi ndi atatu, colinga cimene cinacititsa zoyesayesa zokonzanso kukhala zachabe.

Cholinga cha Nkhani za Kukambirana

Cholinga chachikulu cha Nkhanizi chinali choti mayiko azigwirizana pa nthawi ya nkhondo komanso kuti anthu azithetsa nkhawa zawo.

  • Kuchirikiza zoyesayesa za nkhondo: Congress adayang'anira Army Commission, adakambitsirana mapangano achilendo (mosakayikitsa ndi France), ndi kuyang'anira zoperekedwa zankhondo ndi njira.
  • Kugwirizanitsa: Congress Confederation Congress inayambitsa pangano la Paris mu 1783, limene linathetsa motsimikizirika Nkhondo ya Chisinthiko ndi kupezera ufulu Amereka.
  • Kufutukuka kwa magawo akumadzulo: The Land Ordinance ya 1785 ndi Northwest Ordinance ya 1787 yokhazikitsidwa njira zadongosolo zofufuzira, kukhazikitsa, ndi kulamulira maiko aakulu a kumadzulo. Malamulo ameneŵa adapanga chitsanzo cha kukula kwa malo ndi kutha kwa boma.
  • Kuthetsa mikangano ya chigawo: Msonkhano ungakhale mkhalapakati pamene maboma anatsutsana pa malire, malonda, kapena nkhani zina, ngakhale kuti analibe ulamuliro wa kuumiriza malamulo ake.

Nkhanizi zinathandiza kwambiri. Makamaka, Northwest Ordinance, imaonedwa kwambiri monga chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zimene boma lakhazikitsa. Inachititsa kuti pakhale dongosolo looneka bwino lopangira mayiko atsopano omwe anali ofanana ndi maufumu khumi ndi atatu oyambirira ndipo anaphatikizapo lamulo loletsa ukapolo m’gawolo, ndipo ilo linakhazikitsa chitsanzo chofunika kwambiri.

Zofooka Zoopsa za Nkhani za Kukambirana

Ngakhale kuti nkhani za m’magaziniwa zinathandiza kwambiri, nkhani za m’magaziniyi zinayamba kuvuta kwambiri chifukwa zinapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kulamulira bwinobwino.

Sanali ndi Mphamvu ya Msonkho

Nyumba ya boma inangopempha ndalama kuchokera ku maboma; inalibe ulamuliro wa kukhazikitsa msonkho kapena kutumiza apolisi. Maboma nthaŵi zonse anali kupereka kachigawo kochepa chabe ka zimene anazipempha, ndipo ambiri analephera. Izi zinasiya boma la dzikolo litalephera kulipira ndalama zake. Silikanalipira ngongole zake, ndalama za asilikali, kapena ngakhale kulipirira ndalama zofunika kwambiri zothandizira. Pofika mu 1786, ngongole ya dzikolo inaposa $40 miliyoni, ndipo boma linali ndi ndalama zolipirira.

Palibe Nthambi Yotsogolera

Panalibe njira yokakamiza anthu kuti asankhe zochita pa nkhani zaupanipani, kusonkhanitsa ndalama, kapena kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga pa mavuto. Malamulo amene anaperekedwa ndi bungwe la Congress kwenikweni anali oletsa; maboma akanangowanyalanyaza popanda chifukwa.

Palibe M’bungwe la Malo Olamulidwa ndi Dzikolo

Kusakhala ndi khoti kunachititsa kuti pasakhale kutsutsana pakati pa mayiko kapena pakati pa maboma.

Lamulo Loperekedwa Mosasintha

Kusintha kulikonse kwa Nkhanizo kunafuna chivomerezo cha mabungwe onse khumi ndi atatu a boma. Zimenezi zinaletsa kusintha kulikonse kwatanthauzo. Ngakhale zigamulo zochepetsetsa zopatsa Nyumba ya Malamulo mphamvu ya kusonkhanitsa ntchito pa kutsatsa malonda zinatsekedwa mobwerezabwereza ndi maboma omwe anatsutsa.

Ulamuliro wa Boma ndi Kusoŵeka kwa Umodzi

Nkhanizo zinafotokoza kuti mayikowo anali mabungwe apadera. Bungwe la akulu a boma limene linkatumikira mokondwera ndi mabungwe awo a boma ndipo linkakumbukira nthaŵi iliyonse. Maboma anasindikiza malamulo awo, anakhazikitsa malamulo a zinthu kuchokera ku mayiko oyandikana nawo, ndipo anatsatira malamulo achilendo. Kupanda mgwirizano kumeneku kunasokoneza, kulephera kwa zachuma, ndiponso kukangana kwa mayiko ena.

Kusakhoza Kutembenuza Malonda

Nyumba ya malamulo sinathe kukhazikitsa malonda pakati pa mayiko kapena mayiko ena. Maboma anakhazikitsa malamulo opikisana ndi malonda, kupangitsa mkhalidwe wachuma kukhala wosokonezeka. Amalonda a ku Britain, akumagwiritsira ntchito molakwika kulephera kumeneku, anadzaza misika ya ku America ndi katundu pamene anali kuletsa kugulitsa mayiko ena ku America. Boma la dzikolo linalibe mphamvu yobwezera kapena kukambirana ndi mapangano a malonda abwino.

Vuto Lazachuma ndi Kupanduka

Kulephera kwa Nkhanizo kunali ndi zotsatirapo zenizeni ndi zopweteka. Chuma cha pambuyo pa nkhondo chinali pamavuto aakulu. Boma la dzikolo silinathe kubweza ngongole zankhondo, ndipo mayiko ambiri analimbana ndi mavuto awo a zachuma. Kuti akwaniritse udindo wawo, boma linaika misonkho yaikulu pa nzika zawo, kaŵirikaŵiri likufuna malipiro a ndalama zamphamvu zimene zinali zosoŵa.

Mkhalidwewo unasintha kwambiri kumadzulo kwa Massachusetts mu 1786. Alimi, amene ambiri anali ozoloŵera Nkhondo ya Chisinthiko, anayang'anizana ndi ngongole ndi kulephera. Iwo anachonderera boma kaamba ka chithandizo, koma mapempho awo ananyalanyazidwa.

Massachusetts anafunikira kudalira asilikali ake, ochirikizidwa ndi amalonda olemera, kuti abwezeretse mtendere. Shays ’ Chipanduko chinaikidwa, koma chinatumiza kutsogolo kwa boma. Atsogoleri onga George Washington, James Madison, ndi Alexander Hamilton anaona kuti zimenezi zinali umboni woonekeratu wakuti nkhanizo zinali zosatheka.

Njira Yopita Kukusintha: Kuchokera ku Annapolis Kupita ku Filadelphia

Kuyesa kwakukulu koyamba kutchula nkhani za Zigawo ’ zolakwa zinabwera pa Convention ya Annapolis mu September 1786. Maboma asanu okha amene anatumizidwa nthumwi, ndipo msonkhanowo sunapezeke bwino. Komabe, Alexander Hamilton ndi James Madison anagwiritsira ntchito nthaŵiyi kuitanira msonkhano waukulu kukumana ku Philadelphia chaka chotsatira ku “ masulirani malamulo a boma la boma loyenerera ku mabungwe a Union.”

Pambuyo pake, zinaonekeratu kuti kusintha zinthu m’nkhanizo sikunali kokwanira. Madison ndi Hamilton, nthumwizo zinapanga chosankha molimba mtima cha kuchotsatu Nkhanizo zonse ndi kupanga malamulo atsopano.

Dongosolo la Virginia ndi New Jersey Plan

Msonkhanowo unadziŵika ndi mkangano waukulu pakati pa maiko aakulu ndi aang'ono oimira. Virginia Plan, yolembedwa ndi James Madison, inalingalira za nyumba ya malamulo ya bameral yokhala ndi ziimiro zozikidwa pa anthu, zimene zikapatsa maboma aakulu onga Virginia ndi Pennsylvania chiyambukiro. Maboma aang'ono anatsutsana ndi New Jersey Plan, imene inafuna kuti pakhale nyumba ya malamulo ya munthu mmodzi ndi mmodzi yokhala ndi chizindikiro chofanana pa boma lirilonse, kusungitsa lamulo la nkhanizo.

Kulolerana Kwakukulu kunathetsa kusweka kwa malowo mwa kupanga Nyumba ya Oimira ya Oimira ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo yoimira boma lililonse.

Zimene Tikukambirana M’nkhanizi

Lamulolo linafotokoza mwachindunji kufooka kulikonse kwakukulu kwa Nkhanizi:

  • mphamvu ya kukhoma msonkho: Congress anapatsidwa ulamuliro wa misonkho, ntchito, zikalata, ndi madesiti.
  • Nthambi yotsatizana: Pulezidenti mmodzi anakhazikitsidwa kuti asungitse malamulo, alamulire asilikali, ndi kuchita malamulo achilendo.
  • . . . [[FL:1] Khoti Lalikulu ndi makhoti aung’ono a boma adapangidwa kukhazikitsa mikangano yophatikizapo malamulo a boma, mapangano, ndi nkhani za dziko.
  • Chiganizo cha CD: Congress inapatsidwa mphamvu yolamulira malonda apakati pa mayiko ndi mayiko, kuchotsa zopinga za malonda pakati pa mayiko.
  • Kusintha: A mavoti aŵiri chitatu m'nyumba zonse ziŵiri za Congress ndi kugonja ndi magawo atatu a maiko anakhazikitsidwa kuti akonze, kupanga kusintha.
  • Chiganizo cha kusindikiridwa kwa lamulo: Malamulo a boma, ndi mapangano analengezedwa kukhala lamulo la dziko, ” kukhazikitsa oweruza a boma ndi malamulo a boma otsutsana.

Kutsutsana kwa Ratification: Ofufuza za Federal v. Otsutsa

Malamulo olingaliridwawo anayambitsa mkangano waukali wa dziko. Ofufuza, otsogozedwa ndi Hamilton, Madison, ndi John Jay, anatsutsana kaamba ka kugonja. Anafalitsa [[FL:0] Faceralist Pappos [, mpambo wa nkhani zolongosola mmene dongosolo latsopano lidzathetsera kulephera kwa Maseŵerawo pamene likutetezera ufulu. Anti-Fedalist, kuphatikizapo Patrick Henry ndi George Mason, anachenjeza kuti malamulo a m'Chilamulo anapanga boma lalikulu lomwe likanapondereza ulamuliro ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense.

A Anti-Federalist anaumirira kuti lamulo la ufulu linali lofunikira kutetezera nzika ku zipambano za boma. Kufuna kumeneku kunatsogolera ku lonjezo la kukonzanso zinthu, limene linatsegula njira yokometsera. Malamulo anavomerezedwa mwalamulo mu 1788 pambuyo pa New Hampshire itakhala boma lachisanu ndi chinayi la ku Raimen. Bill of Rights, lopanga mamenti khumi oyambirira, linawonjezeredwa mu 1791.

Kuyerekezera: Nkhani za Confederation v.

Kusintha kwa nkhanizo n’kuloŵa m’Bungwe Lolamulira kunaimira kusintha kwakukulu kwa kapangidwe ka boma la America.

Malo a Boma

Mfundozo zinakhazikitsa nthambi zitatu za boma zolingana ndi boma lokhala ndi njira yoyendera ndi kulinganiza kuti nthambi iliyonse isakhale yamphamvu kwambiri.

Ulamuliro wa Gulu

Pansi pa Nkhanizo, boma lalikulu linali pansi pa maboma ndipo linachita mogwirizana ndi kuvomereza kwawo.

Chithunzi

Mfundozo zinapereka chivoti chimodzi chilichonse mosasamala kanthu za anthu.

Mphamvu za Chuma

Mfundo za m’Malamulo zinapereka malamulo a zachuma kwa mayiko onse, ndipo izi zinachititsa kuti boma likhale logwirizana pa nkhani ya msonkho, kubwereka ndalama, kuyendetsa malonda, ndi kuyendetsa ndalama.

Kusintha Zinthu ndi Kulolera

Zikalata za Apponsquo; kukonzanso mogwirizana kunapangitsa kuti pakhale kusatheka. Constitution ’ inde kusinthika kwambiri kulola chikalatacho kusintha m’kupita kwa nthaŵi mwa kusintha ndi kumasulira kwa chiweruzo.

Nkhani Zokhudza Kugwirizanitsa

Ngakhale kuti nkhani za m’magazini a Confederation zinalephera monga chikalata cholamulira, zinali ndi phindu.

Chofunika kwambiri n’chakuti, kulephera kwa nkhanizi kunaphunzitsa anthu amene anayambirira kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma. Mavuto amene anabuka pansi pa mfundozo anakhudza mwachindunji kapangidwe ka malamulo.

James Madison, yemwe nthaŵi zambiri amatchedwa Atate wa Malamulo, anagwiritsira ntchito zokumana nazo zake ndi Nkhanizo kupanga dongosolo lolinganizika lokhala ndi ulamuliro wa dziko ndi ulamuliro wa boma. Lamulo la Malamulo limene iye anathandiza kupanga lapirira kwa zaka zoposa mazana aŵiri, chipangano cha kulingalira kosamalitsa kumene kunaonekera kuchokera ku kulephera kosakaza kwa nyengo ya Kuyanjana.

Nkhani za Confederation zikutikumbutsanso kuti malamulo angokhala zikalata zamoyo. Ayenera kukhala okhoza kusintha zinthu pamene akusunga malamulo amakhalidwe abwino. Oyambitsa A ’ ofunitsitsa kulowa m’malo mwa Maganizowo m’malo momamatira ku dongosolo losakwanira limene linakhazikitsa njira yosinthira malamulo a boma ngati n’koyenera.

Kumaliza

Nkhani za Confederation zinathandiza kwambiri m'mbiri ya America mwa kugwirizanitsa maiko a m'dzikolo mkati mwa Nkhondo ya Chisinthiko ndi kukhazikitsa maziko a ulamuliro wa dziko. Komabe, kulephera kwawo kukhazikitsa kulephera kuyendetsa bwino boma. Kusoŵa kwa ulamuliro wa misonkho, kusoŵa kwa nthambi ya akuluakulu, ndi kuvomereza kuti onse agwirizane kuti asinthe zinapangitsa mtunduwo kukhala wopanda mphamvu zothetsera mavuto a zachuma, kukangana kwa mayiko, ndi zipanduko za m’dziko.

Kuloŵa m'malo kwa Nkhanizo ndi Malamulo a United States sikunali kukana kwadzidzidzi zolinga za Kusintha koma kuvomereza kothandiza kwambiri pa zophophonya za dongosolo loyamba. Malamulo anasunga malamulo a republic amene Atsatiridwa pamene anali kupanga maziko amphamvu ndi osinthika kwambiri okhoza kukumana ndi mtundu wa A’ afunikira. Nkhani ya Nkhani za Nkhani za Kukonzanso ndi kulowedwa kwake ndi phunziro lamphamvu pa malamulo, kufunika kwa mabungwe osinthasintha zinthu, ndi chitokoso kukhalitsa cha kulinganiza ufulu ndi ulamuliro wogwira ntchito.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa Nkhani za Chigwirizano ndi nyengo yokhazikitsidwa, fufuzani zinthu kuchokera ku National Archives , [[FLT :2] Libritary of Congress [, ndi [FLT:] Mbiri ya U.S. Nyumba ya Oimira . [[FLT:]] Libriary of Congress congress for a froific.