Maziko a Malamulo a Mlonda wa Dzikolo

National Guard ili ndi malo apadera m'dongosolo la lamulo la America, akutumikira panthaŵi imodzi monga gulu la boma pansi pa lamulo la akazembe ndipo monga gulu la boma pansi pa pulezidenti. Malamulo aŵiri ameneŵa amachokera ku Militias ya U.S. Constitution (Chigawo 8, Classios 15 ndi 16), chimene chimapatsa Nyumba za malamulo kuti zilinganizike, mkono, ndi chilango, pamene kumaikizira kuikidwa kwa adindo ndi ulamuliro kulangiza gulu lankhondo mogwirizana ndi miyezo ya bungwe la U. ] [MALIAct of 1903 :3] (idziŵikanso monga Dick Acts Actsssss, ndi Gwirvicesssssssss (ikusinthasinthani a Gwiritime) ku chigawo chamakono, monga ngati kukhazikitsa kwa bungwe lankhondo la United States.

Malamulo owonjezereka aperekedwa ndi U.S. Ilogalamu ya 10 ndi [FLT] mutu 32 . Mutu 10 umalamulira Alonda pamene aitanidwa ku utumiki wa boma, kupanga ziŵalo zawo mbali ya magulu onyamula zida. Ziwalo 32 zimavomereza malo ogwirizana amene asunge adakali pansi pa lamulo la boma koma amalipira ndi kukonzeka ndi ndalama za boma za ntchito zapanyumba monga kuchepetsa tsoka kapena kutetezera. Chikalata cha National Desecism cha Desert cha [1916:5] chinayeretsa unansi wa boma, chikumasungirira chikole cha anthu aŵiriwo (a) ndi kuyang'anira zigamu zachigamu zachi (awenga) ndi kuphatikizapo magawa ankhondo ankhondo aungwe a boma. [FLD] Chikalata chovomerezerala cha lamulo cha chiwo.

Boma: Dual naa Status Framework

Ntchito Yaunyinji ya Boma

Pansi pa ntchito ya boma, kazembe amalamula Alonda onse ndi chuma cha boma ndi zolinga za boma. Mkhalidwe umenewu umagwiritsiridwa ntchito kwambiri poyankha mwachibadwa, monga kutsendereza kwamoto, kutsekereza madzi, ndi kufunafuna . Chifukwa chakuti Alonda sali mu utumiki wa boma, Posse Comitatus Act [FL:1] Siigwira ntchito, kulola alonda kuloŵa mwachindunji m'ntchito zosungitsa lamulo [1] kutseka, kusecha, ndi kusunga dongosolo laponse pamene lamulo likulola. Kazembeyo amanyamula mtengo wonse wa ntchito yotumiza katundu, ngakhale kuti Stafford Act imalola kuperekedwa ndi bungwe la Emergean (FMA) chifukwa cha maso.

Mutu 32 (Nthaŵi Yanthaŵi Yokwanira Yachisungiko)

Sitepe 32 ndi malo ofala kwambiri kwa alonda ochita ntchito zapanyumba, makamaka aja ochirikizidwa ndi boma koma olamulidwa ndi boma. Oyang'anira akhalabe pansi pa lamulo ndi ulamuliro, koma ndalama za boma zolipiridwa kulipiridwa, malolezo, ndi ziwiya za magetsi. Kusintha kumeneku kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pa magawo a [1] Kulimbana, kuletsa ntchito zausilikali, ndi kuchirikiza mabungwe osungitsa malamulo. Chifukwa chakuti asilikali sachita utumiki wa boma, Posse Comitatus Act sakugwiranso ntchito, komabe amagwira ntchito pansi pa malamulo a boma a pangano ndi maphunziro a Zihloti 32. Kusinthasintha kwa malamulo kwa milandu ya . Kusinthasintha kwa malamulo kwa Zidindo 32 kwa boma kwakhala kotsutsana ndi kwa ulamuliro wa asilikali, makamaka mkati mwa ntchito zazikulu za boma.

Mutu 10 (Kutumikira pa Nyumba)

Pamene pulezidenti alamula National Guard kuti ikhale mbali ya ntchito ya boma pansi pa mutu 10, Olondera amakhala mbali ya gulu lankhondo lokangalika. Iwo sakhalanso pansi pa lamulo la boma; iwo akukanena kwa mkulu wa asilikali oyenerera. Mkhalidwe umenewu umagwiritsiridwa ntchito ku madera akunja, ntchito zazikulu za kumenyana, ndi [1] Controversily . Pantchito zina zapanyumba zovomerezedwa ndi Indurrection Act . Pamene kuli kwakuti muutumiki wa boma, Alonda akakhala omvera malamulo a Unija wa Usilikali (UCMJ) ndi kuchuluka kwa Posse Comitus Act , iwo sangaloŵetse ntchito yosungitsa lamulo ngati lamulo lina silinagwira ntchito.

M’chigwa cha Dualîoat ndi Nkhani za Malamulo Zapadera

Msilikali aliyense alumbira kuti amagwirizana ndi malamulo a boma ndi malamulo a U.S. Lumbiro laŵiri limeneli lingayambitse mikangano yalamulo panthaŵi ya kugwira ntchito kwa boma popanda chilolezo cha kazembe. Mwachitsanzo, mkati mwa 2020 pulvastations kukhazikitsa zigaŵenga za alonda pa ntchito zimene anakhulupirira kuti zinachitidwa bwinopo. National Guard Bureaunt [ ndi [FLT:] Counil ya Kazember imakhalako mbali ina ya kufalitsa mikangano imeneyi, koma chidani pakati pa boma ndi lamulo chimakhalabe chokhalapobe.

Chikalata cha Posse Comitatus: Kulephera ndi Zosiyana

Act ya 1878 [FFLT:1] (18 U.S.C. . . 1385) imaletsa kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa Army ndi Air Force (ndiponso, Navy ndi Marine Comit Act) kuchita ntchito za lamulo mu United States. Cholinga chake nchakuti pakhale kusiyanitsa kwa mwambo pakati pa asilikali ndi anthu wamba (chitsogozo chozikidwa kwambiri m’malamulo a ku England ndi kusakhulupirira kwa asilikali oima. Crucily, Possetit Act sikugwira ntchito kwa National Act pamene ikutumikira pansi pa ulamuliro wa boma (kulamulira kapena kuti thama 32). Kuleka kumeneku kumalola kuti gulu la asilikali asunge mpata umene uli wogwira ntchito yosagwirizana ndi lamulo: kuchirikiza lamulo lolamulira ndi lolamulira logwirizana ndi lolamulira lolamulira lolamulira lokhudza dziko.

Kuchokera ku Posse Comitatus

Nyumba ya Malamulo yapanga malamulo angapo oimira Posse Comitatus Act:

  • Act yopereka ufulu wa anthu (10 U.S.C. qha 251-255): imapanga pulezidenti kugwiritsira ntchito asilikali a boma, kuphatikizapo Alonda olamulidwa ndi boma, kutsendereza zigaŵenga, kusungitsa lamulo la boma, kapena kutetezera ufulu wa boma pamene boma lili losakhoza kapena losafuna kuchita zimenezo.
  • Act ya Economy : Ilola mabungwe a boma, kuphatikizapo Dipatimenti ya Kutetezera, kupereka kuchirikiza lamulo ku mabungwe ena pa maziko okhoza kubwezedwa, ngakhale kuti pali malire a ntchito.
  • Act Stafford : Pamene kuli kwakuti kwakukulukulu ndi tsoka la lamulo, limalola kuchirikiza kwa nkhondo kwa lamulo la anthu wamba pamapeto a tsoka lamwadzidzidzi kupyolera m'makonzedwe a Defense Service of Civil Magunya a Chivomezi (DSCA).
  • Zilolezo za aphunzitsi a ntchito zina: Kuphatikiza ntchito zoletsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, chitetezo cha m'malire, ndi zida za nyukiliya . . . . . .

Mosasamala kanthu za kupatulapo zimenezi, lamulo lachisawawa likutsala: Alonda olamulidwa ndi boma sangaloŵetsemo ntchito yapolisi wamba. Kulephera kumeneku kwayesedwa kwambiri m’zaka zaposachedwapa, makamaka mkati mwa zionetsero 2020 mu Washington, D.C., pamene magulu ankhondo okangalika anatumizidwa kumbali kwa magulu a Alonda ogwirira ntchito pansi pa mutu 32, kupangitsa malo osokoneza kugwira ntchito.

Lamulo Lotsutsa: Kutsutsa Kochititsa Mkangano ndi Kutsutsana za Kusintha Zinthu

Act yotembenuza ndi chiŵiya champhamvu koposa chalamulo chogwiritsira ntchito asilikali a boma mkati mwa United States. Kuyambirira kunapita mu 1792 ndi kukonzedwanso nthaŵi zingapo, ilo limalola pulezidenti kuitana magulu ankhondo ankhondo a boma pamene:

  • Pamakhala chipanduko motsutsana ndi boma, ndipo boma lokhazikitsa malamulo kapena bwanamkubwa limapempha thandizo la boma.
  • Kuukira kumachititsa kulephera kukakamiza lamulo la boma.
  • Pali kupandukira ulamuliro wa United States, kapena chiwawa chimene chimalanda nzika ufulu walamulo ndi maulamuliro a boma sichingawatetezere kapena sichidzawatetezera.

Kachitidweko kakhala kakugwiritsiridwa ntchito nthaŵi zambiri m'mbiri ya ku America . makamaka mkati mwa Nkhondo ya Chiweniweni, nyuzipepala ya Little Rock Central High School dese Convation ya 1957 (Presidenti Eisenhower adalamulira Arkansas National Guard), 1960s jriorders jriptions, ndipo zipwirikiti za Los Angeles. Posachedwapa, Pulezidenti Trump anawopseza kupempha kuti pakhale Chikalata cha Insurrection mu June 2020 pa nthaŵi ya kutsutsa kwawo pambuyo pa kupha kwa George Floyd, ngakhale kuti sanatero. Chochitikachocho chinayambitsa chiitanitsa chiwonjeze chisinthiko, ndi otsutsa ntchitoyo n’ngochuluka ndipo alibe mayeso okwanira pa mphamvu yaudindo audindo.

Malire a Malamulo ndi Andale

Chikalata cha Indurrection Act sichimafuna kuti pulezidenti apeze chilolezo kumbuyo kwa Congress, ngakhale kuti pali makonzedwe a chidziŵitso. Pambuyo poikidwa pansi pa Chikalata cha Indurrection, Alonda ali pansi pa Chikalata cha Pose Comitatus Act ndi Chiletso cha Maudindo a Nkhondo, Kuletsa kwakukulu pakhalidwe lawo. Kachitidweko kalinso ndi njira yothetsera: pulezidenti ayenera kupereka lamulo loti adziwitse kuti athamasule, ndipo mphamvuzo sizingakhalebe masiku 30 pokhapokha popanda kuvomerezana ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Mosasamala kanthu zachi, kachitidweko kake kamatsutsana kwambiri, ndipo akatswiri ena alamulo ayenera kuvomereza kuti chikhale chilo chochepa kapena chilolezo cha boma kapena chilolezo cha malamulo cha boma cha boma.

Zochitika Zosaiŵalika m’Nthaŵi ya Kusunga Malamulo a Chisinthiko cha Boma

Mabungwe ndi Malamulo

Maziko a lamulo anamangidwa pa kuwopa gulu lankhondo loima lolinganizidwira ku kufunika kwa mphamvu yophunzitsidwa. Nyumba Yoyamba ya Malamulo inapatula Machitidwe Militia a 1792, amene anafuna mwamuna aliyense wokhoza [1] kukhala woyera kuti alembetse m'gulu la asilikali ndi kupereka chida chake. Zimenezi zinalamulanso pulezidenti kuitana gulu la asilikali kuti atsende kuukira ndi kuchotsa zigaŵenga [1]

Chigaŵenga cha Dick Chochitidwa mu 1903 ndi Kubadwa kwa Alonda Amakono

Act ya 1903 (Chilamulo cha Dick)) inagaŵidwa gulu la asilikali kukhala (Alonda a Dziko) ndi gulu losalinganizidwa. Inafuna kuti magulu a alonda afikire miyezo ya boma, kuphatikizapo kuyeseza ndi kuphunzitsa, posinthanitsa ndi ndalama ndi zida za boma. Zimenezi zimachita mokhutiritsa dongosolo lakale la asilikali a boma odziimira paokha ndi kukhazikitsa malo ogwirizanitsa a a a alonda onse.

Lamulo la National Deutism Act la 1916

Pambuyo pa kusachita bwino kwa National Guard pa 1916 Panto Villa Expedition, Congress inapereka lamulo la National Defense la 1916 , limene linawonjezera kwambiri ulamuliro wa boma. Linafuna kuti alonda adziŵike mwalamulo, akhazikitse miyezo ya boma yokwezedwa, ndi kulamula kuti gawo la Alonda lilinganizidwe m’mbali za Nkhondo. Linayambitsanso malamulo a National ~service: Alonda akatenga zonse ziŵiri boma ndi zifuno za boma. Zimenezi zidakalibe maziko a mgwirizano wa United States.

Chiponde cha mu 1947

Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti gulu la asilikali a m’mlengalenga likhale mbali ina ya chigawo cha dziko la Air National Guard.

Chikalata cha 2010 cha National Defense Revoinsence Act ndi “Kubwezera”

Nkhondo ya mphepo ya mkuntho ya Katrina ndi Iraq / Afghansan, m’chaka cha 2010, bungwe la NDAA linafuna kuti bungwe loteteza asilikali lione ngati malo osungirako asilikali m’malo mowateteza.

Kuyang’anira Kwachiweruzo ndi Milandu Yaikulu ya Bwalo Lamilandu

Makhoti achita mbali yochepa koma yofunika kwambiri pofotokoza malamulo a boma oteteza asilikali.

  • Perpich v. Department of Defense (1990): Khoti Lalikulu linachirikiza ulamuliro wa boma la boma kulamula magulu a alonda kuti aphunzitse kutsidya lina popanda chilolezo cha bwanamkubwa, kutsimikizira kuti Alonda ali mphamvu ya kagulu kaŵiri ndi kuti mphamvu ya Congress pansi pa Mfundo I, Gawo 8 “kulinganiza, dzanja, ndi chilango” asilikali ndiwo ogwirizana.
  • United States v. Lopez (1995): Ngakhale kuti si mwachindunji za Alonda, mlanduwu uli ndi mphamvu zochepa za malonda a Congress, zimene zikuyambukira mwa njira ina ulamuliro wa boma pa ntchito zankhondo zapanyumba.
  • Gill v. United States (20): Khoti Lapamwamba linakana kumva mlandu wotokosa ulamuliro wa pulezidenti wa kuitanitsa magulu a a alonda muutumiki wa boma pansi pa Chikalata cha Insurrection popanda chilolezo cha boma, kusiya mkangano walamulo wosayankhidwa.
  • Zigamulo za khoti ladziko: Makhoti aakulu angapo alankhula kwa olamulira okha pa mamembala a boma, makamaka m'mikangano ya malipiro anthaŵi yaitali, ya antchito, ndi lair ʽandāprul pa chigamulo. Guitard v. Boma la New York [1] (2023]), Bwalo la New York la Appendizo linalamulira kuti alonda a boma ali antchito a boma kaamba ka chifuno cha kuyankha, kumveketsa malire a boma.

Mosasamala kanthu za zosankha zimenezi, mafunso ambiri sayankhidwa, kuphatikizapo ukulu wa mphamvu ya pulezidenti yolamulira Alonda popanda kulengeza kuti pali ngozi ndi ufulu wa lamulo wa alonda amene amakana lamulo la kukhazikitsa boma limene amakhulupirira kuti nloletsedwa.

Zoona Zogwira Mtima: Kulephera Kugwira Ntchito Zaposachedwapa Ndiponso Mavuto a Malamulo

Mphepo ya Katrina (2005)

Kuyankha kwa boma ku mphepo ya mkuntho Katrina kunavumbula mipata yalamulo ndi ntchito m'mabungwe awiri. Kuchedwa pokhazikitsa asilikali a Louisiana National Guard kunayambitsa mikangano pakati pa boma ndi akuluakulu a boma. Pambuyo pa tsokalo, Congress anasintha lamulo la Stafford Act kuti apereke thandizo la asilikali a boma ndipo analongosola malamulo a kugwiritsa ntchito polisi m’nthaŵi ya ngozi.

COVID 16) PANDEMIC (2020-2021)

M’mliriwu, National Guard inaikidwa m'ziwerengero zosayerekezereka pansi pa ntchito ya boma ndi mutu 32 kuchirikiza kupima, katemera, ndi ntchito za m’chipatala. Nkhani za lamulo zinaphatikizapo funso la ngati Alonda angatenge katemera wa UCID-19 pansi pa UCMJ. Dipatimenti ya Defense inatulutsa kalata yonena kuti Alonda 32 anali ogonjera ku ziyeneretso zofanana ndi za antchito ogwira ntchito monga antchito, udindo umene unayambitsa milandu yambiri. Navyl 1. [FLFL:] [20] [20], khoti la boma linalamula kuti Alonda 32 a m'malamulo a m'chigamu wa za kugamulo, chigamu cha boma cha kugamu.

January 6 Capitol Aukira (2021)

Chivomerezo cha kuukira kwa U.S. Capitol chinagogomezera kuvuta kwa lamulo ndi ulamuliro pamene magulu a Alonda ochokera m'maiko ambiri akuphatikizidwa. Alonda a National akugwira ntchito pansi pa malamulo apadera: m'mikhalidwe yambiri, pulezidenti akuilamulira, koma D.C. meya angapemphe kaamba ka ngozi za kumaloko. Kuzengereza m'kuchirikiza Alonda pa January 6 adatsogolera ku kufufuza kochuluka ndi kutetezera National Device Coucissition Act kaamba ka Chaka 2024 , chimene chimapereka njira ya kuthandizira lamulo la boma panthaŵi ya chipwirikiti. Chochitikacho chinayambitsanso mkangano pa Actusriction ndi kaya chikasintha nthaŵi ya kuchitika.

Kuthandiza Ofesi ya Mphepo (208-Presente)

Zipangizo 32 zoikidwa ku malire a United States Mexico zadzutsa nkhaŵa za kukhazikitsidwa kwa gulu la osungitsa kusamuka. Oyang'anira pansi pa Foot 32 angathandize Bovern Patrol ndi kuyang'anira, ndi ntchito za boma koma sangathe kumanga kapena kutsekera anthu. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa kutumiza kumeneku kwa asilikali kwa zaka zambiri. Apolisiwa achititsa kuti afufuzidwe mwalamulo pa Posse Comitatus Act ndi Development ya Four. Boma Auntacy Office (GAO) yatulutsa malipoti ambiri ofunsa ngati malamulo a pangano ali omveka bwino.

Zitetezero za Malamulo za Alonda ndi Maufulu a Chiŵeniŵeni

Malamulo akuperekanso chitetezo chofunika kwa anthu autumiki ndi anthu. Oyang'anira amatetezedwa ndi Chikalata cha Chithandizo cha Chiŵeniŵero cha Chiŵeniŵeni (SCRA) , chimene chimapereka chitetezo chalamulo ndi cha ndalama, monga ngati ndalama zochepetsedwa, kutetezeredwa ku kuchotsedwa, ndi kusungidwa kwa mabwalo amilandu a boma / pamene ali pantchito. Komabe, SCRA imagwira ntchito yauchigwirizano (Tit 10), osati kukhazikitsa ntchito yokangalika kapena Woyang'anira milandu 32, osawateteza kuntchito zapakhomo. Maboma angapo apanga zitetezero zofanana ndi SCRAPARROS.

Kwa anthu wamba, Demendment yachisanu ndi chimodzi imaletsa maluso a alonda a kusanthula ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri. Pansi pa ntchito ya boma, Oyang’anira angachite ntchito yosungitsa lamulo, koma ayenerabe kugwirizana ndi miyezo ya boma, imene kaŵirikaŵiri imasonyeza chitetezo cha boma. Pamachitidwe a panyumba, magulu a a alonda amafunika nthaŵi zambiri kupeza zilolezo za kufufuza ndi kulemekeza zoyenera zoikidwiratu. Privitacy Act ndi [FLT:] Kachitidwe ka Kachitidwe ka Kometisiti [1] Kusonkhanitsa kowonjezereka kwa zinthu ndi malamulo, pamenenso Chikalata cha Oweruza chikugwiritsidwa ntchito pansi pa Zidindo 32.

Kuledzeretsedwa kwa Dziko Lonse ndi Mkhalidwe Walamulo wa Olondera M’dziko Lakutali

Pamene National Guard ifunsidwa kumaiko akunja, ziŵalo zake zimagonjera ku ulamuliro walamulo umodzi monga magulu okangalika: FUDIO COUDIN Code of Military Justice, Geneva Conset , ndi malamulo a nkhondo. Zimagwirizanitsidwanso ndi Military Perterritorial Actritial Act (MZINGALAWUNI) ALEM) [[FULT]], imene imachitidwa ndi ziŵalo zautumiki kunja kwa United States. Malamulo aŵiriwo angayambitse mavuto a Oyang'anira otumikira m'malire a malo a nkhondo; chitsanzo, makomiti a asilikali ophunzitsa ndi ANO zigwirizano angakhale mumkhalidwe wapamwamba wa Abungwe 10 koma kuti akhale malo apadera a Magulu ankhondo (ASSS) osiyana ndi dziko la United States. [IF] Lamulo:[3]

Mavuto Amene Adzabwere M’tsogolo

Mbali zingapo za bungwe la National Guard zikhoza kuona kutsutsana kopitirizabe ndi kusintha kothekera:

  • Kusintha kwa Act yokonza: malingaliro a Bipartisan mu Congress akafuna prezidenti kufunsa kwa akazembe a boma ndi National Guaunt Bureau asanayambe kukhazikitsa Alonda kaamba ka kusungitsa lamulo lapanyumba, ndipo akachepetsa utali wa kutumizako popanda chivomerezo cha bungwe.
  • [[FLT :0] Kuwonekera kwa [1] Kuwoneka kwamakono kwa mutu 10, mutu 32, ndi ntchito ya boma yokangalika ingasokoneze olamulira ndi ziŵalo zautumiki, makamaka mkati mwa ntchito zovuta monga yankho la Capitol kapena mliri. Kukonzanso kochuluka [1] “National Guard Reformation Act [1] Kwalingaliridwa koma sikunapitirire.
  • Kugaŵana ndi kuyang’anira: Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kowonjezereka kwa Alonda kaamba ka kusonkhanitsa kwa m'nyumba (mt., kuyang'anira kokhala ndi chitetezo) kumakweza Demendment Yachinayi ndi Ascrect yomwe ingafune malamulo atsopano.
  • Ulamuliro wa Governors: Kutsutsana pakati pa akazembe a boma ndi boma la boma pa lamulo ndi kulamulira magulu a Alonda kukupitirizabe, makamaka m'maboma okhala ndi dongosolo losiyana la ndale zadziko. Bungwe la Bwana la kachitidwe lingafunikire kulimbikitsidwa kuletsa mikangano yamtsogolo.
  • Mapaipi opanga: Pamene Gulu lankhondo lokangalika likuchepa, Alonda amatenga mbali yaikulu m'makonzedwe a ntchito. Kusintha kumeneku kumafuna malo alamulo amene amapatsa alonda ufulu ndi chitetezo chofanana monga asilikali okangalika, kuphatikizapo kuulutsa SCRA ndi kugwirizana kwa mayanjano pakati pa boma ndi mapindu a boma.

Chikalata chalamulo cholamulira National Guard ndi cholembedwa chamoyo, chopangidwa ndi zaka zoposa mazana aŵiri cha kumasulira kwa lamulo, kukonza malamulo, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito. Kumvetsetsa masinthidwe ake nkofunika osati kokha kwa maloya a asilikali ndi opanga malamulo komanso kwa nzika zimene zimafuna kutsimikizira kuti Alonda akhalabe mtumiki wokhulupirika wa maboma ndi mtunduwo, wokhoza kutetezera ufulu ndi chisungiko mofananamo.