Table of Contents
Ntchito ya Macheke ndi Kulinganizika kwa Malamulo
Dongosolo la macheke ndi mayeso ku United States siliri lingaliro losatsimikizirika [1] iyo ndi nyumba yomangidwa mosamalitsa yosungidwa mu Nkhani I, II, ndi II ya Malamulo. Nthambi iriyonse imalandira mphamvu zoŵerengedwa, komanso imakhala ndi ziŵiya zapadera zopimira zina. Mkati mwa mavuto, dongosolo limeneli limayesedwa ku malire ake chifukwa chakuti kufulumira kungayese nthambi kupitirira, pamene kuli kwakuti aŵiriwo ayenera kusankha kaya kusuntha kapena kuimirira. Kumvetsetsa lamulo la maziko kumathandizira kumveketsa chifukwa chake mavuto ochititsa nkhondo zamphamvu zonga za m'mibadwo wambiri.
Nthambi yalamulo ([[FLT: 0]] Article I [[FLT :1]]) imaika mphamvu ya chikwama, ulamuliro wa kulengeza nkhondo, ndi kukhoza kukhazikitsa akuluakulu a boma ndi a judge. nthambi ya akulu ([[FLT:]]] Article II [[FLT:]]] [[FLT]]]]) yaikidwa ndi udindo wokakamiza malamulo, kulamula asilikali, ndi kuyendetsa malamulo akunja. nthambi ya chiweruzo ([[FLT: 4.] Artle III [[FL:]]) imamasulira malamulo ndi kupenda mphamvu yawo ya malamulo kupyolera pa [FLT:] kukhazikitsidwa [FM.B] v.[5]
Nthambi Yopereka Malamulo: Kugamula Ufulu Kumakumana ndi Vuto Lofulumira
Nyumba ya Malamulo inapangidwa kukhala nthambi yosafuna kugamulapo, yokhala ndi zipinda ziŵiri, makomiti oweruza, ndi njira ya malamulo yochedwa. Komabe, Criss amafuna kufulumira. Pamene tsoka kapena chiwopsezo cha dziko chibuka, Nyumba ya Malamulo iyenera kusankha kuti ingachite mofulumira motani popanda kuyang'anira. Zida zake zazikulu zokantha zimaphatikizapo malamulo angozi, kuyang'anira, kuvomereza mphamvu, ndi kukhazikitsa ndalama.
Malamulo a M’nthaŵi Yatsoka ndi Kupereka Ndalama
Chivomerezo chachindunji cha lamulo nchakuti apereke ndalama kapena kupereka ulamuliro kwa mkulu wa boma. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo CARES Act (2020]), imene inapereka $2,000,000,000 m'chipumulo cha zachuma panthaŵi ya mavuto a zachuma. Malamulo ameneŵa amakambirana m’masiku kapena miyezi, kuwonjezera nthaŵi ya malamulo.
Malamulo panthaŵi ya mavuto angapatsirenso maulamuliro a kanthaŵi kwa pulezidenti. Act [FLT:] [197] imapereka dongosolo la malamulo lolengezera zamwadzidzidzi, koma Congress ingathetse zilengezo zoterozo mwa chigamulo chimodzi. Komabe, kuyesayesa, kaŵirikaŵiri ndale zadziko zimaletsa kutha, monga momwe zimawonera pamene Nyumba za Malamulo zinalephera kugonjetsa Pulezidenti Trump chilengezo chamwadzidzidzi cha dziko lonse cha kukhazikitsa ndalama zamalire m'chaka cha 2019.
Kuyang’anira ndi Kufufuza
Uyang'aniro wa Congress umakhala wovuta kwambiri m'mavuto. Makomiti amachititsa kuweruza, zikalata zapansipale, ndi kupempha umboni kwa akuluakulu a boma. Mkati mwa mliri wa [FLT: 0]COVID-19, Nyumba Yosankha Coutee Computee pa Coronavirus Crisis. Pambuyo pa kuyankha kwa boma. Pambuyo pa Watergate boma [, Komiti ya Catelve ya Samagee inavumbula kulakwa kwa mphamvu kumene kunatsogolera Pulezidenti Nixon'. Kuposa kufufuza kumene kungavumbule kuukira, malingaliro apo, ndi kachitidwe kaundula, ndi kazembe wa zandale.
Mphamvu za Nkhondo ndi Mphamvu Zovomereza
Pansi pa Mfundo I, Nyumba ya Malamulo yokha ndiyo ingalengeze nkhondo. Komabe mavuto amakono kaŵirikaŵiri amaphatikizapo kachitidwe kankhondo kopereŵera pa chilengezo chalamulo. Chigamulo cha Nkhondo (1973]) chinaperekedwa kuti chikhazikitsidwenso ulamuliro wa bungwe la Reformation pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Vietnam. Chikufuna kuti pulezidenti adziŵitse Congress mkati mwa maola 48 a kutumiza zida ndi malamulo kumapeto kwa masiku 60 pokhapokha ngati Khoti lalola. Chigamucho chakhala magwero a mkangano, ndi pulezidenti aliyense chiyambire Nixon kutsutsa lamulo lake. Maupandu onga 2011 kuloŵerera kwa Obama kunatsutsa kuti palibe chilolezo chalamulo chankhondo chinafunikira kugawa kwa mayeza, kuyesa mamalire a nkhondo.
Nthambi Yotsogolera: Mwamsanga ndi Mwamsanga
Nthambi ya mkulu yapangidwa kuti ichitepo kanthu mofulumira. Pulezidenti ndi mmodzi amene angapereke malamulo, kutumiza asilikali, ndi kutumiza mabungwe a boma popanda kudikira kuti avote. Kuthamanga kumeneku n’kofunika kwambiri pa ngozi, komanso kumayambitsa ngozi yaikulu kwambiri ya kuchenjerera. Malamulo amapereka mphamvu zachibadwa monga mkulu wa nthambi, koma mphamvu zimenezi zilibe malire.
Zilengezo Zamwadzidzidzi ndi Madongosolo a Olamulira
Pulezidenti George W. Bush angalengeze ngozi ya dziko lonse pansi pa Act ya National Emertical Expitations , akutsegula maulamuliro a malamulo akuti Congress yalola. Mwachitsanzo, Pulezidenti George W. Bush analengeza za ngozi ya dziko lonse pambuyo pa kuukira 9 / 11. Kutheketsa nkhondo ku Afghanistan. Pulezidenti Trump analengeza mwamsanga mu 2019 kuti apereke ndalama zomanga asilikali kumalire malire. Pulezidenti Biden anagwiritsira ntchito zikalata zamwayikizo panthaŵi ya CHOVID ndi mliri wa Nazi kupitirizabe kuchepetsakongo ya ophunzira ndi kulipira ndalama zina.
Malamulo a akuluakulu ndi chida china champhamvu. Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt anagwiritsira ntchito Exective Order 906 kuvomereza kugwirizana kwa Ajapani pa nkhondo yachiŵiri ya dziko lapansi. Pangano, malamulo a akuluakulu angasunge pulogalamu ya pulogalamu ya boma, koma akhoza kuyang'anizira pulogalamu ya komiti ndipo angagwedere ndi malamulo.
Kugwirizana kwa Maboma Osonkhezera
Nthambi yaikulu imayang'anira mavuto kudzera mwa mabungwe onga FAMA , CDC [1] CD , ndi , ndi Kuchotsedwa kwa Homeland Security . Pakachitika masoka achilengedwe, pulezidenti angapereke chithandizo cha boma kuti chipereke. M’nthaŵi ya mavuto a zaumoyo, mabungwe amapereka malangizo ndi kugaŵira zinthu. Kachitidwe ka] kothandiza kathandiza anthu, ndi [FLT] kuyang'anira ntchito zofunika kwambiri zaumoyo.
Lamulo la Kunja ndi Kachitidwe ka Nkhondo
Monga mkulu wa bungwe, pulezidenti angalamulire gulu lankhondo popanda chilolezo cha gulu lisanachitike m’mikhalidwe ina . Monga ngati kutetezera miyoyo ya Amereka kapena kuchitapo kanthu. Mapresidenti atchula United Security Council kapena [[FLT:] mapangano] a ANATO [mapangano] monga kulungamitsidwa kwa lamulo. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa Gulu la zankhondo [AMF] [AFF:5] kunapitirira pambuyo pa 9 /11] pulezidenti ya gulu la zigawero, ulamuliro umene wagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi maulamuliro atatu m’maiko ambiri. Khoti lachita kwakukulukulu la mphamvu za m'maukulu makamaka m'maungwe ankhondo a .
Nthambi Yoweruza: Kuchinjiriza Kolamulira ndi Ufulu
Oweruza samakhala okonzeka kwambiri kuthandiza mwamsanga pamavuto. Ntchito yawo ndi kumasulira lamulo, osati kusamalira zamwadzidzidzi. Komabe makhoti amachita mbali yofunika kwambiri poyang’ana nthambi zina panthaŵi ya mavuto. Mwa kupendanso, angawononge malamulo a akuluakulu a boma ndi malamulo amene amaphwanya malamulo, ngakhale panthaŵi ya ngozi. Vutolo likuchepetsa kufunika kwa kuchitapo kanthu mofulumira kwa boma ndi kuteteza ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha.
Kupenda Chiweruzo m’Mavuto
Khoti Lapamwamba lapereka chigamulo chowonjezereka chotsutsa boma m'nthaŵi ya nkhondo ndi yauchigamulo. Korendatsu v. United States (1944), Khoti linachirikiza kuloŵerera kwa Ajapani a Amereka, chigamulo choletsedwa kwambiri lerolino. [m'kachitidwe ka maseche ounding Comment & Tube Co. v. Sawyer [1952], Khoti linatsekapo Pulezidenti Truman kutseka kutsekera kwa zitsulo zachitsulo mkati mwa Nkhondo ya Korea, kukhazikitsa maziko a kuyang'anira ulamuliro: pamene pulezi wa bungwe lolamulira lokhazikitsa chilo, mphamvu zake nzapamwamba kwambiri; pamene kutsutsa ulamuliro wa Congresssionssss, ndi mbali yaikulu ya mlandu wake.
Mliri wa .CHOVAD . . . . . makhoti anamva zitokoso zambiri ku malamulo a akuluakulu ndi ziletso za boma, kuphatikizapo milandu ya malamulo a kubisa, kuchotsa zigaŵenga, ndi zofunika za katemera. NFIB v. Dipatimenti ya Ntchito [202] [22]), Khoti linakantha OSHA'katemera kapena katemera wangozi, likumasunga kuti bungwelo lipambanitse ulamuliro wake wa statory. [[FLT:] Mu . [FLT: 4.] Alabama Association of Realtars v. HH[FLT.] [FLD5] [20], Khoti la Blati la BMP], linatsendema, kutsendereza CDC, lomwe linalo linalomedwa ndi lamulo loletsa kuti lisonyeze kuti lisonyeze kuti pakhale chigamu chaungwe chaungwe chaungwe.
Chitetezo cha Kumasulidwa kwa Anthu Achiŵeniŵeni
Makhoti amachititsa machitidwe a boma amene amaswa ufulu walamulo: kuyang'anira kosaloledwa, kutsekeredwa popanda kuzengedwa, kufufuzidwa kwa mawu, kapena ziletso pa msonkhano. Makhoti amatumikira monga kuimitsa. Pambuyo pa 9/11, Bwalo Lapamwamba linalamulira mu Hamdi v. Rumsfeld [200]] [200]. Nzika za U.S. Zilizo zimene zinamangidwa monga adani ziyenera kukhala ndi ufulu woyenerera woyenerera. Mu Bucemette v. Bush [FLD:3] (2003]), Khoti yofutukulidwa kwa ogwidwa pa Guantmo. Kugamula kumeneku kunatsimikizira kwa ulamuliro wa pankhondo.
Mkati mwa zitsutso 2020 pambuyo pa kupha George Floyd, kusungitsa lamulo kwa boma anagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu kuchotsa Lafayette Square kaamba ka chithunzi chojambulidwa ndi Pulezidenti Trump. Makhoti pambuyo pake anapenda kulakwa kwa machitidwe ameneŵa. Milife Yopanda Magazi Make D.C. v. Trump [20], woweruza wa boma anakana kunena kwa pulezidenti kuti atetezedwe kotheratu, kulola mlanduwo kuchitika. Kufunitsitsa kwa ntchito ya kayendetsedwe ka ka ka ka kayendetsedwe ka ntchito ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka kazembedwe nkofunika kuti asungenso ufulu panthaŵi ya mavuto.
Kufufuza Nkhani Zakale: Kupenda ndi Kulinganiza Zochitidwa
Kuona bwinobwino mavuto amene akukumana nawo kumasonyeza mmene nthambi zitatuzi zinagwirira ntchito pamodzi, kugwirizanirana, ndipo nthaŵi zina kukangana.
Kutsika kwa Zinthu Kwakukulu ndi Njira Yatsopano
Pamene Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt anakhazikitsa New Deal, Congress inakhazikitsa lamulo lalikulu monga National Industrial Revelop Revice Act ndi Kukonzanso kwa Kachitidwe ka za Agriculture]. Khoti Lapamwamba linawononga makonzedwe aakulu angapo, kutsogolera ku chimene otsutsa anatcha " Court-packing" pulani yochitidwa ndi FDR kuwonjezera zigamulo zambiri ku Khotilo. Ngakhale kuti cholingacho chinalephera pa ndale, chinakakamiza Khoti kuchotsa jurisprudefini, ndipo chinachirikiza lamulolo pambuyo pake. Nkhaniyi imasonyeza kuti wotsutsa wotsutsa judiary, pamene Congresssion inatsutsa khotilo, lodzikulu la ufulu.
Gulu la Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni
Kulimbana kwa ufulu wa anthu kunaloŵetsamo nthambi zonse zitatu. Nyumba ya Malamulo inapereka Chikalata cha Ufulu wa Anthu cha 1964 ndi [[FLT:] Courting Rights Act ya 1965. Khoti Lapamwamba linapereka malamulo osonyeza zinthu monga [[FLT:] Brown v. Bood of East [1954] [[FLT] )] ndi [[FLT] Loving v. Virginia (197]) inakhazikitsa malamulo ameneŵa, ndi Pulezidenti Eiston [ayen] kutumiza asilikali ku Rock ku sukulu za Askayastrenlands ndi Pulezidenti Johnny kuletsa tsankho loyang'. [[Flv:] Omalamulo adakhazikitsa chigawalo champhamvu champhamvu kwa gulu la Gronso.
Kusefukira kwa Madzi ndi Malire a Mphamvu
Kugwiritsira ntchito molakwa kwa PBIBI ndi CIA kubisa kusweka kwa maupandu a lamulo. Congress anachita kufufuza ndi kusanthula nkhani za kulephera. Khoti Lapamwamba, mu [FLT: 0] United States v. Nixon, analamula pulezidenti kutulutsa matepi a White House , kukana kupatsidwa mwaŵi wapamwamba. Kuyang'anizana ndi kusavomerezedwa ndi kutayikiridwa kwa chichirikizo cha anthu onse, Nixon . Mlandulowu umasonyeza mmene nthambi zonse zitatu zingagwiritsirire pamodzi kuyang'anira kuzunza akuluakulu: Congress, judia jpea, ndi akuluakulu a bungwe lotsogolera.
9 / 11 Nkhondo ya Chiwopsezo
Pambuyo pa kuukira kwa September 11, Congress inapereka [[FLT: 0] mphamvu ya kugwiritsira ntchito Gulu la Nkhondo (AMF) ndi PUTURATT AUTT [[FLT:], kupatsa nduna zoyang'anira ndi mphamvu za kutsekera. Maulamuliro a Bush anapanga mabwalo ankhondo ndi kusungidwa ku Guantana Bay popanda kuzengedwa. Khoti Lapamwamba linabwereranso kuweruza [[FLT:] Riul v. [FLT:] [FFFF:] .FT]
Vuto la Zachuma la 2008
Kusintha kwa zachuma kwa 2008 kunasonkhezera kachitidwe kapadera ka akuluakulu a boma. Mlembi wa Treasurer Henry Paulson ndi Federal Reserve Ben Bernanke anagwira ntchito ndi Congress kukonza [[FLT: 0] Astut programa ya Phela (PARP) , kupatsa Ndalama $700,000,000 kugula zinthu zovutitsidwa. Programudiyi inachititsa kuyang'anira kwambiri. Makhoti adachitanso ntchito: mu International Co. United States . v (2010, Country, Countrasty ya boma inagamula kuti kunyamuka kwa Manie ndi Fred Distion kuyendetsa za mabanki kunali kosemphana ndi lamulo la boma. Makhoti a kuyang'anira milandu yokhudzana ndi kuyang'anira za zachuma.
Mavuto Amakono Ofuna Kudzitetezera ndi Kusamala
Kumvetsa mavuto ameneŵa kumathandiza kuona ngati mphamvu ya munthu idakali yolimba.
Masewera othamanga kwambiri. Kungofuna kugwiritsa ntchito njira yothandiza
Criss amafuna liŵiro, koma kulinganiza ndiko mbali ya macheke ndi malinganizidwe. Pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo ichedwa kapena ifafanizidwa, mapresidenti amayesedwa kuchita zinthu popanda kugaŵiridwa. Malamulo a akuluakulu, zilengezo zangozi, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo angaloŵe mmalo mwa lamulo. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, zimenezi zingapangitse mphamvu kwamuyaya kwa mkulu. Ofesi ya Undunako ndi [FLT] Service Auchiganichauchikulu Yaona kuwonjezereka kwa ntchito ya kayendetsedwe ndi nambala ya malamulo otsika chaka chilichonse.
Kusintha kwa Ndale zadziko
Magawano a m'mabungwe amapangitsa kuti chipani chimodzi chikhale chovuta kuyang'anira kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo a mavuto. . [FLT] . M'nyumba ya malamulo imafunikira mavoti 60 pa mapepala aakulu, chitsulo chachikulu pa nthaŵi ya ngozi. Pamene chipani chimodzi chiyang'anira kagulu ka ka kachiwiri ka boma ndi maulamuliro ena pa mbali imodzi, kuyang'anira kumakhala chida chandale m’malo mwa kuyang'anira. Kusintha kumayambukiranso zitsimikizo zachiweruzo, ndi mapresidenti kuwonjezera kugamula kogwirizana kwa lamulo, kuchepetsa ufulu wa khoti.
Kutsutsa Kwachiweruzo ndi "Funso Laumboni"
M'milandu yambiri yokhudzana ndi mavuto, makhoti amatchula ziphunzitso zimene zimachepetsa ntchito yawo. chiphunzitso cha ndale zadziko chimavomereza kuti nkhani zina monga malamulo achilendo kapena njira zoperekera zinthu , zimasiyidwa bwino ku nthambi za ndale zadziko. Khoti Lapamwamba linagwiritsa ntchito chiphunzitso chimenechi kuletsa kutsutsa kuukira nkhondo ya Vietnam. Pakati pa nkhondo ya Vietnam. Makhoti ena ogonjera boma ndi akuluakulu a zaumoyo pansi pa "ngozi yachisawawa". Pamene kuli kwakuti nthaŵi zina kulolera kuli koyenera, ikhozanso kulola kutsutsa kutsutsa.
Maulamuliro a Zamsanga
Pamene ngozi yachitika, mphamvu zoperekedwa kwa mkulu wa ntchito zingapitirizebe kwa nthaŵi yaitali pambuyo pa mavutowo. zamwambo wadziko lonse zolengeza pambuyo pa 9/11] zakhala zokonzedwanso ndi pulezidenti aliyense kuyambira nthaŵi imeneyo. Ulamuliro wa kupereka zilolezo, chuma chozizira, ndi kulanda katundu wotsala m’mabuku. Nationalal Emerdiotion Act [ Pachaka, koma Nyumba za Malamulo sizimasankha kutha. Zimenezi " Mphamvu zamakono zimatha kutsekanthauzira" zimatanthauza kuti mayankhidwe a kanthaŵi kanthaŵi kamodzi a ulamuliro.
Tsogolo la Mavuto ndi Kulinganiza Zinthu
Dongosolo la ku America la mayeso ndi kulinganizika linakonzedwa ndi oyambitsa amene sanakhulupirire mphamvu zamphamvu. Iwo anayembekezera mavuto dala , kuchepetsa ntchito yapasadakhale. Kukangana kumeneko kungakhale kokhumudwitsa pamene mayankho a mwamsanga akufunika, komanso kumatetezeranso ku nkhanza. Pamene dzikolo likuyang'anizana ndi mavuto amtsogolo. Matsoka a nyengo, kuukira kwa pa Intaneti, kapena kusamvana kwa m'mantha atatuwo kudzatsimikizira ngati boma lichitapo kanthu mogwira ntchito pamene likusunga malamulo a demokrase.
Masinthidwe angapo apangidwa kulimbitsa mayeso ndi kulinganiza: kuchepetsa ukulu wa zilengezo zamwadzidzidzi, kufuna chivomerezo cha bungwe lankhondo lowonjezereka, kukhazikitsa mabungwe auyang'aniro, ndi kupeputsa njira ya malamulo ya ndalama zamwamsanga. Ngati kusintha kumeneku kumadalira pa kuzindikira kwapoyera za mawongo [1] ndi pa kufunitsitsa kwa nthambi iliyonse kutetezera mbali yakeyake ya lamulo.
Cholembedwa cha mbiri ya ku America chimasonyeza kuti dongosolo limagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri pamene nthambi zonse zitatu zili zamphamvu ndi zaufulu. Pamene nthambi imodzi ilamulira, kusalinganiza kubuka. Pamene zonsezi zitatu ziloŵetsedwamo . "Conren sistrass, pulezidenti akupha, makhoti akupenda / lonjezo la boma lolinganizika bwino limakwaniritsidwa, ngakhale m’nthaŵi zovuta kwambiri.