Kupatukana kwa Mphamvu: Chinthu Chotsimikizirika kwa Mmereka Aliyense

Aamereka ambiri samalingalira za kapangidwe ka boma lawo pamene akugwira ntchito. Komabe kulekana kwa maulamuliro . Chiphunzitso cha malamulo chimene chimagawa ulamuliro pakati pa nthambi zitatu za anthu ofanana ndi [1] chimagawanitsa pafupifupi mbali iliyonse ya moyo wamakono. Kutetezereka kwa chakudya chimene mumadya kufikira ku malo anu achinsinsi a kulankhulana pa Intaneti, kuchokera ku misonkho imene mumalipira ku liŵiro la kuyankha tsoka, lamulo la maziko limeneli limalamulira malamulo amene mumakhala nawo. Kuzindikira mmene kupatulidwa kwa mphamvu kumagwira ntchito sikuli chabe phunziro la lamulo la boma; kuli chiŵiro cha ufulu woyendetsa, mathayo, ndi malo a ndale zadziko.

Kupangidwa kwa Lamulo

Malamulo a U.S., ovomerezedwa mu 1788, adakhazikitsa njira imene mphamvu imagaŵidwa mwadala. Mafream, ochenjera ndi ulamuliro wankhanza pambuyo poswa Mfumu George III, adapanga nthambi zitatu zosiyana: Congress (legislatitive) imapanga malamulo, Pulezidenti (wodula) amakakamiza malamulo, ndipo makhoti (ausilikali) amamasulira malamulo. Nthambi iliyonse ili ndi chigawo chake cha ulamuliro, koma imagwirizanitsidwanso ndi utope ndi maauti a [[FLT: 1] amene amaletsa nthambi iliyonse kulamulidwa ndi ulamuliro. Mabungwe ameneŵa samakhudza mwachindunji mmene malamulo akupangidwira, amatsutsidwa, ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mudzi mwanu.

Nthambi Yolamulira: Kumene Malamulo Amayambira

Nyumba ya Malamulo ili ndi zipinda ziŵiri: Nyumba ya Oimira (mamembala 435, ogawidwa ndi anthu a boma) ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo (mamembala 100, aŵiri pa boma limodzi). Khoti lililonse liyenera kupitirira zipinda zonse ziŵiri mumkhalidwe wofanana asanafikire pulezidenti. Kachipangizoka kamatsimikizira kuti mayiko akuluakulu ndi aang'ono ali ndi mawu. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo la zaumoyo losintha zinthu limene lingakhudze anthu mamiliyoni ambiri, makambitsirano a m'chipinda, mapulogalamu, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri komiti ya msonkhano yogwirizanitsa zinthu. Kachitidwekameneka kanali kochedwa ndi koonetsa, kamodzi, kakupereka nthaŵi ya kuchirikiza, kutsutsa, kapena chichirikizo.

Pambuyo pa kutsata lamulo: Pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo ipereka lamulo lokweza malipiro ochepa a boma, kusintha miyezo ya kuipitsa, kapena ntchito za zachuma, zosankha zimenezo zimaloŵa m'cheke ya malipiro anu, mpweya umene mumapuma, ndi misewu imene mumayendetsa. Nthambi ya malamulo ndi imene imalemba malamulo a boma [1] Koma pambuyo pololera ndi kukambirana. Chifukwa chakuti zipinda zonse ziŵiri ziyenera kugwirizana, malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri amaimira malo apakati osati chithunzi chabwino cha masinthidwe a gulu limodzi. Zimenezi zingaletse awo ofuna kusintha mofulumira koma zingaletsenso kusintha kwa malamulo, osasinthasintha.

Nthambi Yotsogolera: Kugwiritsira Ntchito Malamulo

Pulezidenti, limodzi ndi Pulezidenti Wolamulira, Kabinati, ndi zikwi za mabungwe a boma, ali ndi thayo la kukhazikitsa malamulo operekedwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Nthambi imeneyi imakhazikitsa malamulo a akuluakulu a nthambi, kutsogolera mabungwe monga Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ndi Food and Drug Administration (FDA), amalamulira malamulo akunja, ndi kulamulira asilikali. Maulamuliro audindo a akuluakulu awonjezeka kwambiri m’zaka za zana lapitalo, koma Konsitayo ikali kukhazikitsa malire omveka: Prezidenti sangapange malamulo atsopano kapena ndalama zoyenera popanda chivomerezo.

Chiyambukiro cha tsiku ndi tsiku: Mukalemba msonkho wanu wa ndalama zimene mumalandira, bungwe la Internal Revenue Service (bungwe loyang'anira) limakhazikitsa malamulo a msonkho. Pamene tsoka lachilengedwe, Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) imagwirizanitsa chithandizo. Pamene mufunsira paspotipo kapena pakhadi la Social Security, mumagwirizana ndi madipatimenti a akuluakulu a boma. Malangizo a akuluakulu oyendetsa malo kapena malamulo a malo okhala ndi malo okhala, angasinthe ufulu wanu ndi udindo wanu usiku wonse, ngakhale kuti iwo amakhalabe oyang'anira malamulo a boma.

Nthambi Yoweruza: Kumasulira Malamulowo

Chikalata cha boma, chotsogozedwa ndi Bwalo Lapamwamba ndi kuphatikizapo makhoti 13 a milandu ya apilo ndi makhoti 94, amamasulira malamulo ndi kuwapenda kaamba ka malamulo. Mphamvu imeneyi ya ya kuweruza , yokhazikitsidwa m'nkhani [1803] . Madison ndi . , imalola makhoti kuswa malamulo kapena ntchito zapamwamba zimene zimaswa malamulo. Chigamulo chakhala chotetezeredwa mwapadera kuchokera ku chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko chifukwa chakuti oweruza amatumikira moyo (kuyang'aniridwa ndi khalidwe labwino). Kudziimira kumeneku kumateteza ufulu wa anthu ochepa ndi malamulo, ngakhale pamene anthu ambiri angayanjane.

Chiyambukiro cha tsiku lirilonse: Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu zimakhudza mwachindunji moyo wanu wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Lingalirani [[FLT:] Brown v. Board of Education (1954), imene inathetsa tsankho la fuko m'masukulu a onse, kapena Mainda v. Hogme. , 2015], kuchotsa mimba (], kumene kumafuna apolisi kukudziŵitsani za ufulu wanu panthaŵi ya kumangidwa. Kwaposachedwapa, kuweruza za ukwati upo wofanana ([[FFLT:]]] - v [2], ndi kachitidwe kamodzi ka) ka ka kachitidwe ka . Malamulo a m'dziko, kakhozanso kukhudzana ndi kabwino ka.

Kupenda ndi Kulinganizika pa Ntchito

Maluso a dongosololi si kungolekanitsa kokha komanso kuyang'anirana. Nthambi iliyonse ili ndi zida zoletsa zina. Mwachitsanzo, Pulezidenti angapereke malamulo operekedwa ndi Congress, koma Congress angachotse ndi anthu atatu aŵiri m'zipinda zonse ziŵiri. Nyumba ya Malamulo imatsimikizira kapena kukana kuikidwa kwa pulezidenti ku nthambi ya judicaria ndi ya mkulu wa ntchito. Makhoti angalengetse malamulo kapena malamulo osavomerezedwa ndi malamulo. Ndipo Congress ingachotse Pulezidenti kapena woweruza wa "milandu yaikulu ndi yolakwa."

Kuseŵera kumeneku kumayambitsa mbali yaikulu imene imayambukira kwambiri malamulo. Lamulo la pulezidenti pa kusintha kwa nyengo lingatsutsidwe m'khoti, kuchedwetsedwa ndi kusokonezeka kwa nyengo, ndipo potsirizira pake kulowedwa mmalo ndi uyang'aniro watsopano. Congress directlock . Kaŵirikaŵiri imatchulidwa kukhala kufooka [1] kwenikweni ndi mbali: imakakamiza kusintha kwakukulu kusanakhale lamulo. Komabe, pamene anthu afuna kuchitapo kanthu mofulumira pa nkhani zofulumira monga mliri kapena mavuto a zachuma, dongosololi limakhumudwa. Kumvetsa zimenezi kumathandiza nzika kuchepetsa kuyembekezera ndi kuzindikira phindu la kukhazikika, ulamuliro.

Chitsanzo Chenicheni cha Dziko: Chichitidwe Chovuta Kuchisamalira

Kudutsa ndi kupulumuka kwa Affordal Care Act (ACA) kukusonyeza bwino lomwe. Nyumba ya malamulo inapereka ACA mu 2010, Pulezidenti anaisayina, ndipo pafupifupi nthaŵi zambiri maboma ambiri ndi zipani zinazetsa milandu yotsutsa lamulo lake. Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza makonzedwe ambiri mu [[FLT: 0] National Federation of Independent Business v. Seberius [20], koma linalamula kuti malamulo akhoza kuchotsa kufalikira kwa Medicaid. Pambuyo pake, Bwalo linachirikizanso malamulo a boma kaamba ka kusinthana kwa inshuwalansi. Panthaŵiyi, nthambi inatsatira malamulo, kukhazikitsa malamulo opangidwa ndi makampani a inshuwalansi. Ngakhale kuti abwereze, ACUSA amakhalabe lamulo chifukwa cha kugaŵana kwa maiko ambiri chifukwa cha kugaŵana kwa maiko ochepera ogaŵa dziko. Koma ngakhale kuti adalitse lamulo la kumbuyo kwa dziko la dziko lapansi, ngakhale kuti likhalenso logwirizana ndi logwirizana ndi lothandiza ndi logwirizana ndi logwirizana.

Mmene Kupatukana kwa Mphamvu Kumakhudzira Moyo Wanu wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku

Ganizirani zinthu zitatu zimene zimakhudza anthu ambiri: malamulo a zachuma, ufulu wawo, ndiponso chitetezo cha anthu.

Kusintha Zachuma ndi Chitetezo cha Ogula

Congress imakhazikitsa maziko aakulu a misika ya zandalama, malamulo a ntchito, ndi chisungiko cha anthu. nthambi yoyang'anira imapanga tsatanetsatane kupyolera mwa mabungwe onga Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) ndi Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CPB). Makhoti amatchula mavuto ku malamulo amenewo. Pamene mutenga ngongole, malamulowo amalamulidwa ndi malamulo amene adutsa m'nthambi zonse zitatu. Pamene kampani isokeretsa ogula, Federal Tradenti Commission (FTC) ikhoza kukhazikitsa chilango, poyang'ana ndi kuweruza. Njira yoikapo ndalama zambiri imeneyi ingathe kuchepetsa lamulo koma imaletsanso machitidwe olakwika kapena olakwika.

Chitsanzo cha tsiku lililonse: Kutsutsana kwa uchete kwa makampani a pa Intaneti kungaike patsogolo magalimoto ena . Omwe akuyenda kudzera ku bungwe la Federal Communications Commission (bungwe lophera anthu), anatsutsidwa m'khoti, ndipo pomalizira pake anatsogolera ku kumvetsera mayeso a bungwe. Kufufuza kwanu ndi kulembedwa kwa makompyuta kumadalira pa mmene nthambizi zimalankhulira ndi mphamvu. Mofananamo, malamulo a zachitetezo cha chakudya kuchokera ku FDA amayambukira zimene mungagule kusitolo, ndipo malamulo a chisungiko chantchito kuchokera ku OSHE amakhudza mikhalidwe yanu ya ntchito.

Kumasulidwa kwa Chiŵeniŵeni ndi Ufulu Wamunthu Aliyense

Nthambi yachiweruzo ndiyo yoyang'anira ufulu walamulo, koma nthambi zinanso zimachita mbali. Nyumba za Malamulo zingapereke malamulo kufutukula kapena kuchepetsa ufulu (m’chitsanzo, Voting Rights Act, Patriot Act). Mkulu wa bungweyo amakakamiza malamulo amenewo ndipo angapereke zitsogozo zimene zimayambukira mmene apolisi amachitira ndi kukayikira kapena mmene sukulu zimachitira ndi mawu achipembedzo. Makhotiwo amalamulira pa malamulo a machitidwe amenewo. Ufulu wanu wa kulankhula mwaufulu, kunyamula zida, ku umbeta ku zigamulo za boma, ndi kutetezera kofanana pansi pa lamulo ndi zonse zimene zidzachitika pansi pa malamulo ameneŵa.

Chiyambukiro chenicheni: Pambuyo pa ziukiro 9 / 11, Nyumba ya Malamulo inakhazikitsa USA PARIYOTT AS, mphamvu zoyang’anira. nthambi ya akulu inagwiritsa ntchito mphamvuzo kuchititsa kuti pakhale kugwiritsa ntchito foni popanda kugwiritsa ntchito foni, zimene pambuyo pake zinakayikiridwa m’khoti. Zosankha zotsatirazi zinachititsa kuti pakhale kusintha mu Extrain Performal Surveillance Act (FA). Lerolino, chinsinsi cha masheledi anu ndi ma email chikupangidwa ndi nkhondo zimene zikuchitika pakati pa nthambi zonse zitatu. Mofananamo, ufulu wa ukwati waukulu sunaperekedwe ndi nthambi imodzi: mabungwe a ndale ndi mabungwe a ndale, nthambi yapamwamba inasiya kuteteza Chitetezo cha Malamulo, ndipo Khoti Lapamwamba linaka la Malamulo linakantha.

Kutetezeka kwa Anthu Onse ndi Chitetezo cha Dziko

Pamene mphepo yamkuntho iyandikira, nthambi yaikulu imasonkhanitsa FEMA ndi National Guard , koma Nyumba ya Malamulo iyenera kuvomereza kupereka ndalama zamwadzidzidzi. Makhoti angaloŵetsepo ngati njira zangozi ziswa ufulu wa anthu (m’chitsanzo, malamulo okakamiza olimbana ndi ufulu wa anthu). Pambuyo pa tsoka la mphepo ya mkuntho ya Katrina, yankho lochedwa , chifukwa cha kugawidwa kwa madendereze [“kugawidwa kwa madendereze, ” NW] , kusokonezeka kwa mayanjano a boma ndi maboma a boma. Mtsogoleri wa dziko angalamulire ndi kuukira kwamphamvu ya kugwiritsa ntchito Gulu la Misasanja la Misasansi (AMFF) mu 2005, koma kuyang'anira kwa khoti sikukukwanira.

Mavuto a M’dongosolo

Palibe chigwirizano cha anthu chopanda ungwiro. Otsutsa amanena kuti kupatukana kwa maulamuliro kungatulutse Gridlock , makamaka m'nyengo za boma logawanika pamene gulu limodzi lilamulira Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi lina limakhala ndi ulamuliro. Zimenezi zingachedwetse mavuto ofulumira monga kusintha kwa nyengo, kuwonongeka kwa zinthu za m’mabanja, kapena mavuto a zaumoyo. Kuwonjezera apo, kukwera kwa malamulo a akuluakulu ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo kwasintha mphamvu kuchokera ku Congress, kukweza nkhaŵa za anthu opotonza. Nthambi ya , ndi moyo, ingachoke maganizo a anthu ambiri, komabe mphamvu yake youkira malamulo opangidwa ndi democratic ikhoza kuoneka ngati yotsutsa ulamuliro.

Chitokoso china nchakuti dongosololi limadalira kwambiri pa malamulo ndi kulemekezana pakati pa nthambi. M'zaka makumi angapo aposachedwapa, kugawana kwakhala kuyesa malamulo awa: Nyumba ya malamulo ya anabuster, ziwopsezo zakufutukula Khoti Lalikulu, ndi kukana kutsimikizira atsamunda zawononga kugwirizana. Akatswiri ena akuda nkhaŵa kuti dongosololo nlofooka ndipo silingakhale bwinopo pansi pa kupsinjika kwakukulu. Komabe, Malamulo apirira pa nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni, kunyonyotsoka kwa chuma, ndi kusagwirizana kwa anthu, makamaka chifukwa cha kulekana kwake kwa mphamvu zolamulira zogonjera ndi kusintha kwakukulu.

Chifukwa Chake Zimenezi Zili Zofunika kwa Inu

Kuzindikira kulekana kwa mphamvu kumakukonzekeretsani kukhala nzika yogwira mtima. Pamene musankha, simumangosankha wobatizidwa; mukusankha amene adzalamulira, amene adzatsimikizira oweruza, ndi gulu limene lidzalamulira malamulo. Kudziŵa mmene malamulo amapangidwira ndi mmene angatsutsidwe. Ngati mukufuna kulamulira bwino mfuti, mungakakamizenso Congress, komanso kusamala za zochita za akuluakulu a boma ndi milandu. Ngati mudadada nkhaŵa ndi malamulo, mukhoza kukambirana ndi oimira anu aŵiriwo ndi njira yothandizira kukhazikitsa malamulo.

Kulekanitsidwa kwa maulamuliro kumafotokozanso chifukwa chake kusintha kumachitika pang'onopang'ono. Kuchedwako kungakhale kogwetsa ulesi, komanso kumateteza ufulu wa anthu ochepa. M’mayiko amene muli mphamvu zambiri, wolamulira mmodzi angasinthe chilichonse usiku wonse(nthaŵi zina, nthaŵi zina chifukwa cha tsoka. Dongosolo la America limalinganizidwira kulepheretsa kuchita zinthu mopupuluma pamene mukulimbikitsa. Kudziŵa kuti, mungathe kusamalira zoyembekezeredwa zanu ndi kusumika maganizo pa pangano la anthu anthaŵi yaitali.

Kumaliza

Kulekanitsidwa kwa maulamuliro sikuli kanthaŵi kochepa m'zaka za zana la 18, ndiko kakhalidwe, kupuma kumene kumalamulira zonse kuyambira mmaŵa kufikira kusungidwa kwanu kwa ntchito. Mwa kugawa ulamuliro pakati pa nthambi zitatu zopikisana, Konsichushoni imapanga boma lomwe lili lamphamvu kwambiri kuchititsa kudalira ufulu. N’kwachikale, kochedwa, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri kumasokoneza. Kumvetsa mfundo imeneyi kumakuthandizani kulinganiza malamulo, malamulo, ndi ndale zimene zimaumba moyo wanu wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Nthaŵi yotsatira muŵerenga za chigamulo cha Bwalo Lapamwamba, detio, kapena mkangano wa bungwe la akulu, kuzindikira kuti muli mboni zaufulu.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, fufuzani U.S.[FLT , Project ya milandu ya Khoti Lalikulu, ndi Goverment Office yofalitsa ya mapepala a lamulo. Phunzirani zambiri kuchokera ku judiary ya boma.