Mfundo ya ulamuliro wa ulamuliro wakhala maziko a ulamuliro kwa zaka mazana ambiri, kuumba malamulo, chitsogozo, ndi makhalidwe enieni a mitundu. Kuyambira ku maufumu akale mpaka ku mayiko amakono, njira imene ulamuliro umaperekedwa, kupatsidwa, ndi kulamulidwa ndiyo kukhazikitsa utsogoleri ndi kukhala bwino kwa nzika. Kumvetsa maziko a ulamuliro wa ulamuliro sikuli kokha njira yamaphunziro ya maphunziro koma chofunika kwa atsogoleri ndi anthu onse. Mphamvu za ulamuliro, pamene zigwiritsidwa ntchito mwanzeru, zingatsogolere ndi kutetezera ufulu wa anthu; pamene zikhoza kutsogolera ku ulamuliro wa auchiŵerembere, katangale, ndi kuwonongeka kwa kakhalidwe kakhalidwe ka anthu. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza mmene ulamuliro wa akuluakulu, malamulo amene ayenera kutsogolera, ndi njira za kayendetsedwe kake kake, ndi kayendetsedwe ka zinthu zimene zimayendera, kujambula ndi kuyesa kuyang’anira zinthu za m’mbiri ndi kuyesa kutsogolera zinthu zaudindo laudindo lamphamvu.

Kufotokoza Mphamvu ya Utsogoleri

Mphamvu za akuluakulu a boma zikuimira ulamuliro woikidwa pa nthambi ya boma kuti asungitse malamulo, apereke malamulo a boma, ndi kuyendetsa ntchito za boma tsiku ndi tsiku. Mphamvu imeneyi imayang'aniridwa ndi mtsogoleri mmodzi . "presidenti kapena nduna yaikulu" yodalira pa malamulo. M'madongosolo a pulezidenti, monga United States, mkulu amasiyana ndi malamulo a boma ndi kukhala ndi ufulu wapadera. M'madongosolo a palamente, mofanana ndi United Kingdom, mkulu amatenga ulamuliro wake ku nyumba yogawira malamulo ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amatsogoleredwa ndi nduna yaikulu ndi bungwe la kayendetsedwe ka ulamuliro. Mphamvu zapamwamba zimaphatikizapo osati kokha kusungitsa lamulo la dziko lachilendo, malamulo a boma, lamulo la akuluakulu a boma, oika a boma, ndi malamulo a boma, ndi malamulo audensi a bungwe la bungwe la akuluakulu a boma.

Malamulo a ulamuliro amasiyana koma kaŵirikaŵiri amachokera ku malamulo olembedwa, malamulo a malamulo, kapena chitsanzo cha mbiri yakale. Mwachitsanzo, Mfundo II ya Malamulo a U.S. imapatsa pulezidenti “mphamvu yophera” ndi ntchito ya“ kusamalira kuti Malamulo aperekedwe mokhulupirika. Kusiyanako, Malamulo a ku French a Republic imapatsa pulezidenti ulamuliro wodalirika m'nkhani zachilendo ndi kutetezera pamodzi ndi nduna yaikulu. Kumvetsetsa maziko a malamulo ameneŵa nkovuta chifukwa chakuti iwo amalongosola malire amene maulamuliro ayenera kugwira ntchito. Popanda malire omveka bwino, mphamvu yapamwamba ingawonjezeke kuposa pamlingo wake wolingaliridwa, monga momwe zimawonera atsogoleri a boma pamene akutchula mphamvu zamwaŵika kutsendeka malamulo a boma.

  • [[ML:0] Kukakamiza malamulo: Kupereka ndi kuchirikiza malamulo operekedwa ndi bungwe lokhazikitsa malamulo.
  • Kusintha kwa malamulo a boma: kukwaniritsa maprogramu a boma ndi kutumiza mautumiki.
  • Kumasulira nkhani zachilendo: Kuvomereza mapangano, kuimira dziko, ndi kuyendetsa mapangano.
  • Kugonjetsa dziko: kuwona asilikali ndi kuyankha ziwopsezo za chisungiko.

Kufunika kwa Kulamulira Moyenera

Utsogoleri waudindo umatsimikizira kuti ulamuliro wa olamulira umachitidwa mwanjira imene ili ya makhalidwe abwino, yowonekera, ndi yoŵerengera kwa anthu. Ndilo maziko a kuyenera kwa demokrase ndi chitetezo chachikulu pa ulamuliro wodziimira. M'mbiri, anthu oganiza monga John Locke ndi Montesquieu anatsutsa kuti ulamuliro wa maulamuliro aakulu wosatsekeredwa umatsogolera ku unkhanza; chotero, kulamulira kuyenera kulinganizidwa kuti kulinganizike ndi kuchirikiza ubwino wa onse. Ulamuliro wapamwamba suli kokha kutsatira malamulo koma ponena za kumanga ndi kusungitsa [[FLT:]. Pamene nzika zimakhulupirira atsogoleri awo ndi umphumphu ndi chikondwerero cha anthu, iwo ayenera kugwirizana ndi malamulo, kugawana nawo m’moyo, ndi kuchirikiza mabungwe a democracy.

Kusoŵa kwa ulamuliro wathayo kumasonyeza ziphuphu, kupondereza, ndi kusadalirika. Maiko amene ali ndi njira zolephera zodziŵerengera mlandu kaŵirikaŵiri amachepetsa kukwera kwa chuma, kusalingana kwa madera, ndi mavuto a ndale zadziko. Mosiyana, mitundu imene imakhazikitsa thayo / kupyolera mwa majaji odziimira paokha, kusindikiza, ndi kugamula mogaŵana, ndi kupanga zigamulo zokhala ndi kupambana. Mitundu Yogwirizana ndi mabungwe onga OECD yakulitsa maziko abwino a kugawana, kuvomereza, kuwonekera, kukhutiritsa, kupambana, ndi kusalakwa. Maprinsi ameneŵa si zolinga zosatsimikizirika; iwo ali ziŵiya zothandiza kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa mphamvu zaudindo.

  • Atsogoleri a boma amayankha mlandu wawo pogwiritsa ntchito masankho, uyang’aniro, ndi malamulo.
  • Kuwona: [[FT:1] ntchito za Boma ndi zosankha ziri zotseguka kuyang'aniridwa ndi anthu.
  • Anthu onse amakhulupirira kuti: Nzika zili ndi chidaliro chakuti boma lawo limachita zinthu zowakomera.
  • Inshuwalansi zimagwirizana ndi malamulo: machitidwe onse a boma amagwirizana ndi malamulo okhazikitsidwa.

Malamulo Amakhalidwe Abwino Autsogoleri Waudindo

Mfundo zofunika kwambiri zimene zingathandize kuti munthu azitha kuyendetsa bwino ntchito yake, ndizo mfundo zimene zingathandize kuti munthu asapambane kapena kuchitiridwa nkhanza.

Kuŵerengera

Kuŵerengera kumatanthauza kuti mabwana ayenera kuyankha pa zosankha zawo ndi zochita zawo ku nthambi zina za boma ndipo potsirizira pake kwa anthu. Izi zingachitike m’njira zambiri: kuŵerengera mlandu kwa osankhidwa (ofufuza angachotse atsogoleri), kuŵerengera kwalamulo (makalata angakantha ntchito zosakhala zololeka), ndi kuyankha mlandu wa ndale zadziko (malamulo angale kapena kutsutsa). Malamulo a mlandu ayenera kukhala otsimikizirika ndi odziimira paokha kuti akhale othandiza. Mwachitsanzo, mabungwe oletsa kuipitsa ndi ofufuza za kayendetsedwe ka zinthu ndi kaundula angafufuze za maulamulirowo popanda kuopa kubwezera chilango.

Kuwunikira

Kuoneka bwino kumafuna kuti zochita za boma zikhale zomasuka ndi zofikirika kwa anthu. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kupanga malamulo, malamulo, bajeti, ndi zosankha zalamulo zopezeka poyera panthaŵi yake. Kuona mtima kumathandiza nzika kumvetsa mmene zosankha zimachitikira ndi kuchititsa atsogoleri kuŵerengera. Kumathandizanso kuchepetsa mipata ya ziphuphu, chifukwa chakuti mabizinesi achinsinsi ndi ovuta kuteteza. Luso lamakono, monga ngati madoko a maboti otsegulira zinthu ndi misonkhano ya boma yapansi, likhoza kukulitsa kwambiri kuonekera bwino, koma ngati ndale ndiyo idzakhalapo kuti ikhaleko.

Ulamuliro wa Chilamulo

Lamulo la boma limafuna kuti akuluakulu a boma azichita zinthu mogwirizana ndi malamulo amene alipo. Palibe mtsogoleri amene ali pamwamba pa malamulo, ndipo malamulo a akuluakulu ayenera kukhala ndi maziko alamulo. Makhoti a Independent amafunika kumasulira malamulo ndi kupenda zochita za akuluakulu a boma kuti akhazikitse malamulo a boma. Pamene akuluakulu anyalanyaza malamulo a boma kapena kulembanso malamulo popanda kulakwitsa, lamulolo limanyalanyazidwa. Mfundo imeneyi ikusonyezanso kuti malamulo enieniwo ayenera kukhala omveka bwino, okhazikika, ndiponso ogwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana.

Kutenga Nawo Mbali Pagulu

Nzika ziyenera kukhala ndi mipata yopanga zosankha zimene zimakhudza miyoyo yawo. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kuvota, komanso njira zonga kufunsira kwa anthu, malofoni, makhoti a nzika, ndi ufulu wa zofalitsa. Kugawana kwapoyera sikumangowongolera kayendetsedwe ka malamulo mwa kuphatikizapo malingaliro osiyanasiyana komanso kumakulitsanso kudziona kukhala mwini wa munthu ndi woyenerera. Komabe, otsogolera ayenera kukhala oona mtima ndipo sayenera kungomvera ndi kuyankha.

Ntchito ya Mapeseji ndi Kulinganizika

Macheke ndi magoli a mabungwe ndi njira zotetezera nthambi imodzi ya boma kukhala yamphamvu kwambiri. M'mantha olekanitsidwa, akuluakulu a boma, alamulo, ndi achiweruzo, iliyonse ili ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana ndipo ili ndi mphamvu yochepetsana. Malo amenewa ndi mbali yaikulu ya mademocracy ndipo ngofunika kwambiri kuti alamulire.

Uyang'anira walamulo mwinamwake ndi kupenda kwachindunji kwamphamvu ya kayendetsedwe ka maulamuliro. Malamulo angapende ntchito zaudindo, kuvomereza ma bajeti, kutsimikizira kuikidwa, kutsimikizira kusalungamitsa, ndipo m'zochitika zina akuluakulu a boma. Mwachitsanzo, Nyumba za Malamulo za U.S. zimamvetsera ndipo zili ndi mphamvu ya kachikwama, kamene kangakakamize zotsogolera za pulezidenti. M'malamulo, nyumba ya malamulo ingachotse bwino boma (kupyosapanga chisankho).

Kupenda kwachiyubikiya [[FLT: 1] kumalola makhoti kupenda kuyenera ndi kuyenera kwa zochita za akuluakulu a boma. Nkhani za pa posimark zonga Marbury v. Madison (1803]) anakhazikitsa lamulo mu United States, ndipo maiko ena ambiri ali ndi madongosolo ofanana. Makhoti angatsutse malamulo a akuluakulu amene amaposa ulamuliro walamulo kapena kuswa zoyenera. Komabe, kudziimira paweruzi nkoyenerera kuti kukhale kwatanthauzo. Maneste amene amaika makhoti ndi okhulupirika kapena kunyalanyaza malamulo a khoti atsutsa lamulo.

[[FLT: 0] Kuŵerengera mlandu kwa anthu kudzera m'manyuzipepala omasuka ndi chitaganya cha anthu amatumikiranso monga kupenda. Kufufuza nyuzipepala, timagulu tausilikali, ndi oulutsa mapilo angavumbule kusaona bwino kumene kungakhale kobisika. Kulakwa kwa makampani [[FLT:]] [Kusintha] [kusintha kwa] (kupezeka pambuyo pake]) kuli chitsanzo chabwino cha mmene kupenda, kumvetsera kwa makompyuta, ndi kukakamiza anthu onse kuti akhale ndi mlandu wa prezidenti. M'nyengo ya manyuzipepala, a za manyuzipepala ndi nzika zingayambitsenso uyang'a, koma kufalitsa nkhani zokopa mawu, kupanga kulemba ndi kulemba nkhani zofunika kuposa kale lonse.

  • [[MLT:0] Udindo woimira: Nyumba ya malamulo ingapende, kukana, kapena kusintha zochita za maulamuliro, ndi kugawa akuluakulu.
  • [[FUL:0] Judicial Review: [ Makhoti angatopetse kuyenera kwa malamulo a zigamulo za akuluakulu ndi malamulo.
  • Umboni wa kampani ya nyuzi ndi yachiweniweni ifufuza ndi kuvumbula nkhanza, kuchirikiza malingaliro a anthu odziŵa bwino.
  • Fateralism / Decentralition : M'madongosolo ena, maboma a maiko amapereka mayeso mwa kupangitsa mphamvu kukhala zosiyana ndi bwana wamkulu.

Kufufuza za Ulamuliro wa Olamulira

Kupenda zitsanzo za m’mbiri ndi zamakono za mphamvu ya maulamuliro kumapereka chidziŵitso chothandiza cha mmene thayo lingasungidwire ndi kutayikiridwa.

Franklin D. Roosevelt ndi New Deal

Mkati mwa Kutsika kwa Chuma Kwakukulu, Prezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt anafutukula mphamvu ya boma mwapadera kupyolera mwa maprogramu ake a New Deal . Iye analinganiza mabungwe atsopano, kukhazikitsa malamulo mofulumira kupyolera mwa Congress, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo a akuluakulu kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti machitidwewa anakayikiridwa, iwo anavomerezedwa kwambiri chifukwa chakuti analongosola mavuto a dziko lonse omwe sanachitikepo ndipo anali oyang’aniridwa ndi boma (Ngakhale kuti Khoti Lapamwamba linakantha ntchito zina). Bungwe la New Department linawonjezera ntchito ya mkulu wa boma koma linalimbikitsanso lingaliro lakuti mphamvu ya kayendetsedwe ka boma ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti anthu onse azikhalabe m'malamulo. Zokumana nazo zina zinatsogolera ku mabungwe a za za zachitukuko monga Social Security Adcial Adcity ndi Sermeties ndi Sermes , zimene zikuyang'iridwa ndi Bungwe la Oyang’anira.

Richard Nixon ndi Watergate Scandal

Mwano wa Watergate umaimira kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa mphamvu ya boma. Pulezidenti Richard Nixon ndi othandizira ake amene anachita ntchito yothetsa ntchito pa likulu la Democratic National Committee ndipo kenaka analinganiza chikuto . Pamene manyaziwo anatulukira, Nixon anagwiritsira ntchito mwaŵi wa akuluakulu kuletsa umboni ndi kuyesa kuletsa. Nyumba, makhoti, ndi manyuzipepala anachita mbali zofunika kwambiri poyang'ana akuluakulu opotoka. Khoti Lapamwamba linalamula Nixon kutulutsa tepi, ndi House Judiciary Committee of peating. Kuyang'ana kuchotsako, Nixon . Chilaulo chinatsogolera ku kusintha konga konga konga kwa Ecccs m'Chilamulo ndi zofunika zazikulu, kusonyeza mmene kuyendera ndi kulinganiza ngakhale kutsutsana ndi kuyendetsa ntchito kwa mkulu wapamwamba.

Kuchirikiza Ulemu Kwamakono ndi Kuchirikiza Democratic Specialism

M’zaka makumi angapo zaposachedwapa, mayiko ambiri aona maulamuliro akuchuluka pa kugwiritsa ntchito mabungwe a demokrase. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo Hungary pansi pa Viktor Orbán, Turkey pansi pa Recep Tayyip Erdoãan, ndi Venezuela pansi pa Nicolás Maduro. M’nkhanizi, akuluakulu agwiritsira ntchito masinthidwe a boma, mamentinte, ndi kupotoza boma kuti athetse ulamuliro wa boma. Ofalitsa nkhani za boma aletsedwa, magulu otsutsa avutidwa, ndipo mabungwe a anthu asonyeza mmene machekecheke ndi maalamu a boma angawonongedwe pamene maulamuliro a boma ayamba kulamulira malamulo ndi a bungwe la janti. Maboma a mayiko ambiri ndi maboma achilendo kaŵirikaŵiri amavomereza ndi kulekerera kapena kuponderezana, koma kuyendetsa zinthu zoterezi. Chikhalidwe cha anthu aungwe cha boma la democracy ndi chikunja la anthu osoŵa mphamvu.

  • New Dec: [[FL:1] Kufutukuka kwa FDR kwa mphamvu ya maulamuliro kuthetsa Kutsika kwa Matenda Kwakukulu, kolinganizidwa ndi kupenda malamulo ndi chiweruzo.
  • Watergate Scandal: [[FLT] Kuzunza kwa Nixon kunatsogolera ku kulephera, kuleka, ndi kusintha kosatha m'kuyang’anira.
  • Modern Authoritarianism: Milandu ku Hungary, Turkey, ndi Venezuela imasonyeza mmene mabwana angapangire mayeso olinganiza.

Njira Zolimbikitsira Ulamuliro Wodalirika

Kuti mutsimikizire kuti mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mphamvu ya mabwana, palibe bungwe kapena lamulo limodzi limene lingatsimikizire kuti muli ndi ulamuliro wathayo; m’malo mwake, limafunikira mwambo wa kuŵerengera ndi kuwongokera kosalekeza.

Maphunziro ndi Kusamala

Maphunziro a Chipulogalamu ndi maziko. Nzika ziyenera kuzindikira zoyenera zawo, kapangidwe ka boma, ndi kufunika kwa macheke ndi kulinganiza. Sukulu, mayunivesite, ndi manyuzipepala a anthu onse angachirikize chidziŵitso cha mmene maulamuliro amagwirira ntchito ndi chifukwa chake amaloŵetsera nkhani. Mwa kulimbikitsa anthu ophunzira zandale, anthu amakupangitsa kukhala kovuta kuti akuluakulu a boma asinthe maganizo a anthu kapena kupeputsa malamulo a demokrase.

Kulimbikitsa Maseŵera

Mabungwe aufulu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kutenga Nawo Mbali Kwabwino

Kuthandizana ndi anthu kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama, kukambirana ndi anthu komanso kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a zaumoyo kumathandiza anthu komanso magulu a anthu. Mabungwe a boma, monga Transparency International ndi Carter Center, amayang’anira kuyendetsa ndi kuchirikiza kusintha zinthu. Anthu akafuna kulowa m’pangano, akuluakulu a boma amachita zinthu mwanzeru poopa kuti anthu asintha.

Kutsatira Miyezo Yabwino

Malamulo a khalidwe, malamulo otsutsana, ndi zofunika zandalama zimathandiza kuletsa ziphuphu ndi mikangano. Mabungwe amakhalidwe abwino kapena mabungwe otsutsa ziphuphu angasungitse miyezo imeneyi. Mwachitsanzo, Ofesi ya Boma la United States imapereka chitsogozo ndi kuyang'anira akuluakulu a nthambi. Njira zimenezi zimafunika kusungitsa bwino ndi moonekera bwino kuti apitirizebe kukhala odalirika.

  • Kuphunzitsa ndi Kuzindikira: Kuchirikiza kumvetsetsa kwa kuvomereza ulamuliro ndi chipangano cha boma mwa maphunziro amwambo ndi amwamwaŵi.
  • Kukulitsa Institutions: Kumanga matupi olimba, odziimira okha amene angapangitse akuluakulu kuŵerengeredwa mlandu.
  • Kutengamo mbali kogwirizana: Fisteri wokangalika wa nzika m'kupanga zosankha ndi kuyang'anira.
  • Kutsatira Miyezo ya Kutsatira: kukhazikitsa malamulo omveka ndi njira zosungitsira mtsogoleri wa khalidwe.

Tsogolo la Ulamuliro ndi Kulamulira

Magulu a anthu akasintha, ndiye kutinso zinthu zimene zikuchititsa kuti pakhale ulamuliro waukulu ndiponso kuti anthu azilamulira bwino zimakhudza tsogolo la anthu amene ali ndi udindo.

Kutsatira Zipangizo Zamakono

Zida zogwiritsa ntchito zida zamakono zingathandize kuti anthu aziona bwino komanso adziwitse kuti adzipereke. Kutsegula mabogi a boma, malo a pa Intaneti kuti avomereze mfundo za malamulo, ndiponso kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zopangira zinthu zopangira ndalama kungawonjezere mavuto.

Kugwirizana Padziko Lonse

Zitokoso , kusintha kwa mayiko, miliri, kudalirana kwa pa Intaneti . Oyang'anira ayenera kugwira ntchito ndi mabungwe achilendo ndi apadziko lonse monga United Nations kapena World Trade Organization. Komabe, madongosolo apadziko lonse kaŵirikaŵiri satha kuŵerengera kwa nzika. Kulimbitsa mabungwe a mayiko onse pamene akusunga ulamuliro wa dzikolo kuli ntchito yovuta. Mapangano ndi mapangano ayenera kuphatikizapo kuonekeratu ndi kupenda makonzedwe otsimikizira kuti ayendetsa bwino ntchito za boma.

Kulimbikitsa Kuyanjana

Mphamvu ya kayendetsedwe ka ulamuliro yaperekedwa kale m’manja mwa anthu angapo, kaŵirikaŵiri kuchotsa akazi, timagulu tating’ono, ndi timagulu tapansi. Utsogoleri wophatikizapo umatsimikizira anthu osiyanasiyana popanga zosankha ndi malamulo osamalira zosoŵa za nzika zonse. Mawu, inde, ndi mapempho angathandize. Pamene akuluakulu akusonyeza chiŵerengero cha anthu amene amatumikira, kuyenera ndi kudalirana.

  • Technology yokopa: Ziŵiya za foni zogwiritsira ntchito pounikira ndi kutengamo mbali pamene akuchinjiriza ku nkhanza.
  • Global Global Global Global Global Global Global: [[[FL:1] Keyala inagawana zovuta kupyolera m'makonzedwe ogwirizana okhala ndi njira zoŵerengera mlandu.
  • Kugwirizanitsa: kutsimikizira mbali zosiyanasiyana kukhazikitsa kuyenera ndi zotulukapo zabwino.

Kumaliza

Mphamvu ya ulamuliro ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri ya ulamuliro umene umafuna kuyang'anira mosamala kuti ukhale utsogoleri wabwino. Mbiri imasonyeza kuti popanda kuyang'ana kolimba, kuonekera, ndi kutenga nawo mbali kwa anthu, ngakhale mabwana okonzeka bwino angapose malire awo. Mwakumamatira ku malamulo a kuŵerengera, kuonekera, ndi kugawana kwapoyera, mayanjano, anthu angayambitse maulamuliro amene amapindulitsa anthu onse. Mtsogolo mwa demokrase imadalira pa kukhoza kwathu kusunga ndi kugwirizanitsa chitetezo chimenechi m'dziko lomakhazikika. Kulamulira kwamphamvu sikuli chotulukapo chokhazikika koma njira yopitirizabe ya kuyang'anira, kusintha ndi kugwirizanitsa anthu. Atsogoleri ndi nzika mofananamo za anthu ayenera kukhazikitsa dongosolo limeneli kuti aletse mphamvu ndi kumanganso anthu.

Kuŵerenganso za mphamvu yaudindo, onani kuloŵa kwa Britannica pa mphamvu yophera. Kusanthula mozama macheke ndi madiresi, National Constitution Center imapatsa zinthu pa mphamvu za ulamuliro [[FLT:]. Chiseŵero cha madzi chalembedwa kwambiri ndi National Archives pa link [[FLT:] . Pomalizira, OCD’s [FLT:] [FLT] [FLT:] [ma]